A&P 2 - Exam 2
life span of erythrocytes
120 days
Plasma makes up ___% of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.
55
When trying to diagnose infection that alters the percentages of leukocytes types found in the blood it is useful for clinicians to perform
A white blood cell differential count
Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
A, B, E
Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes
A, B, E
Which statement best describes arteries
All carry blood away from the heart.
Typically, fluid filters out of the ___ end of a capillary
Arterial
Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules
B, C, E
Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B
B, C, F
Choose the one answer that best describes what normally happens in a capillary bed
Blood colloid osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed
The only pressure component in a capillary bed that changes from the arterial to the Venus and is
Blood hydrostatic pressure
The only pressure components in a capillary bed that changes from the arterial end to the Venus and is
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Which pressure is the only want to change significantly between the arterial end and the venous end of a capillary
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Choose the one answer that best describes what normally happens in a capillary bed
Blood hydrostatic pressure drops as blood moves away from the arterial end to the Venus end of the capillary bed
The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attached to
Both oxygen and carbon dioxide
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the direct primary function of
Capillaries
Which is the correct sequence of veins carry blood from the capillaries back to the heart
Capillaries, post capillary venules, muscular venules, medium veins, heart
Which blood vessel type contains endothelial layer
Capillaries, resistance arteries, and large veins
Which of the following is an example of a molecule that is normally reabsorbed why capillaries in systemic tissues (example skeletal muscle) during the process of exchange
Carbon dioxide
The primary force driving reabsorption is
Colloid osmotic pressure
The formation of a web like polymer of fiber and occurs late in the ____ pathway
Common
Which capillary type is most common in the body
Continuous
In the brain fluid that filters are capillaries is tightly regulated to prevent pathogens and toxic materials from damaging nervous tissue what class of capillaries would you expect to find in the brain
Continuous capillaries
Which type of capillary exhibits tight junctions making these vessels the least porous
Continuous capillaries
Which is going to result in significant agglutination
Donor is type AB, recipient is type B
The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole which of the following statements best describes the structure of the aorta that allows this function
Elastic fibers are extensive to help dampen the pressure generated by the heart
Which of the following statements about erythrocyte structure is correct
Erythrocytes lack most organelles including mitochondria
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
The primary force driving filtration is
Hydrostatic pressure
If a patient is administered injection of Erythroprotein you would expect to see
Increase red blood cell count
Which of the following would lead to an increase in blood flow
Increase the vessel radius
Which of the following would not promote filtration from the arterial end of the capillary bed
Increasing plasma protein concentration
Which of the following would not promote reabsorption from the Venus end of the capillary bed
Increasing the concentration of large proteins in the nearby interstitial fluid
In order to allow for the transport of gasses, oxygen will bind to the ____ of hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide will bind to the ____.
Iron, globin
The velocity of blood is slow and pressure is low in capillary beds which of the following is not an accurate description of the benefits of slow flow and low pressure in capillary beds
Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure and the venous circulation to aid and blood flow
Which cell types include B cells T cells and natural killer cells
Lymphocytes
Which cells are functional units of the immune system?
Lymphocytes
Which of the following is not a structural characteristic that contributes to the gas transport function of erythrocytes
Mitotically active
In hematopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _____ line.
Myeloid
Why do fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end
Net hydrostatic pressure is greater than oncotic pressure the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes (all leukocytes except lymphocytes/NK cells)
The "Buffy coat "in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of
Platelets and leukocytes
______ are single smooth muscle cells that regulate blood flow to a capillary bed by either relaxing to allow perfusion or contracting to force blood to bypass the capillary bed
Precapillary sphincters
Under normal circumstances which of the following is the most important components of resistance to blood flow
Radius of the vessels
Where in the body are hematopoetic stem cells found
Red bone marrow
The highest pressure exerted on the arterial walls during cardiac cycle is
Systolic blood pressure
What is hydrostatic pressure
The FORCE EXERTED ON THE CAPILLARY WALLS by the volume of fluid within the intravascular space.
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
What is oncotic pressure
The difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood and that of the tissue fluid
Which characteristic distinguishes the lymphatic capillaries from the blood capillaries
The lymphatic vessels are closed ended
What is net filtration pressure?
The net force favoring filtration of fluid from vocabulary or venueual when all pressure forces of the blood and tissue fluids are taken into accounts
What is colloid osmotic pressure?
The portion of osmotic pressure that is due to the presence of large materials that cannot pass through capillary walls
What is capillary exchange
The two way exchange of materials between the circulating blood and surrounding tissues
Choose the mechanism to aid lymph movement that is different than venous blood movement:
The use of valves
The process that specifically leads to the production of platelets is
Thrombopoiesis
The term "primary lymphoid structure" applies
To Red bone marrow and thymus
Which blood vessel layer is most important for capillaries
Tunica interna
Choose the blood vessel layer that plays an active role in regulating blood pressure
Tunica media
Choose the best answer the best describes the role that valves play in Venus blood flow
Valves prevent backflow of blood so that blood only moves towards the heart
Which of the following is the first response to damage to a blood vessel as a part of hemostasis
Vascular spasm
Choose the correct order of steps that are carried out to seal brakes and vessels and stop bleeding via homeostasis
Vascular spasm then platelet plug formation then coagulation
Fluid will renter circulation via reabsorption at the _____ end
Venous
The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the
albumins
Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood a. Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b. Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c. Always has Rh (D) antigen d. only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e. Is inherited independent of the ABO group
b & e
Which cells aid in the body's defense processes by secreting histamine and heparin?
basophils
The first phase of hemostasis involves
blood vessel constriction
Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte
c, a, e, b, d, f
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
changes in arterial pressure
During platelet plug formation platelets begin to stick to
collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor
If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely
decrease
If a person were to have substantial blood loss you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to EXCEPT one. Select the LEAST likely response to substantial blood loss.
decreased heart rate
A reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by
decreasing blood colloid osmotic pressure
The main function of leukocytes is
defend against pathogens
mean arterial pressure
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
The most numerous of the formed elements are the
erythrocytes
The viscosity of blood is due more to the presence of __________ than to any other factor.
erythrocytes
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis
fibrinolysis
How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?
four
The percentage of volume of red blood cells is called the _______________.
hematocrit
Which of the following is not normally found in plasma
hemoglobin
Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.
hemostasis, 9
If a person stands up suddenly from the prone (lying) position they may feel a sudden dizzy or lightheadedness. Which of the following is the least likely physiological response to this situation?
increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart
Leukocytes are the ___ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have _____.
largest, prominent nuclei
Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the:
liver and spleen
Loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following?
loss of blood clotting
T lymphocytes are category of
lymphocytes
The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence of the tissues as a macrophage is a
monocyte
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.
monocytes and lymphocytes
Lymphatic capillaries are
more permeable than blood capillaries
In hemopoiesis granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the_____ line
myeloid
The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)
neutrophil
Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a
platelet repellant
Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are:
proplatelets
In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow.
sinusoid capillaries
When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.
sympathetic
_____ is a growth factor that stimulates both the production of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and the subsequent formation of platelets.
thrombopoietin
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
thymus gland
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system
transporting respiratory gases
Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.
urinary output
