A&P 2 Exam 2

For which of the following would a vaccine NOT be suitable? A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio

D) snake bites

Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the ________. A) respiratory system B) lymphatic system C) endocrine system D) immune system

B) lymphatic system

Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph? A) trabeculae B) macrophages C) follicles D) erythrocytes E) lymphocytes

B) macrophages

Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver? A) tonsils B) spleen C) thymus gland D) appendix E) Peyer's patches

B) spleen

What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells? A) membrane-attack complexes (MAC) B) keratin C) interferons D) pyrogens E) complement

C) interferons

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________. A) inteferon B) T cells C) macrophages D) antigens E) histamine

C) macrophages

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ________.

complement fixation

What does fever accomplish? A) Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process. B) Fever promotes cell lysis by direct cell attack. C) Fever enables macrophages to attack microorganisms. D) Fever prevents the spread of pathogens to adjacent tissues. E) Fever prevents the formation of complement fixation.

A) Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process.

T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________.

immunocompetent

Which of the following is often used to treat allergies? A) vaccines B) antihistamines C) blood transfusions D) bone marrow transplants E) immunosuppressor drugs

B) antihistamines

Where do B cells develop immunocompetence? A) thymus gland B) bone marrow C) spleen D) thyroid gland E) lymph nodes

B) bone marrow

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________.

individual genetic makeup

Which of the following is NOT a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

virus

How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity? A) Plasma cells reproduce rapidly to crowd pathogens out of the blood. B) Plasma cells bind to viruses and bacteria to immobilize them. C) Plasma cells produce interferons. D) Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies. E) Plasma cells secrete pyrogens.

D) Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies.

Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies? A) The constant regions are the same or nearly the same on all antibodies of a given class. B) The constant regions form the "stem" of an antibody. C) The constant regions determine the specific type of antibody class formed. D) The constant regions form an antigen-binding site. E) The constant regions determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role.

D) The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.

Humoral immunity is provided by ________. A) pyrogens B) skin and mucous membranes C) interferon D) antibodies E) complement fixation

D) antibodies

Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response? A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) chills E) pain

D) chills

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________. A) antigen-presenting cells B) plasma cells C) memory cells D) helper T cells

D) helper T cells

Which system is a functional system, not an organ system in the anatomical sense, that consists of innate and adaptive defense mechanisms? A) respiratory system B) lymphatic system C) endocrine system D) immune system E) cardiovascular system

D) immune system

Which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier? A) IgA B) IgM C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE

D) IgG

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________.

acute inflammation

What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected?

interferons

What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody?

variable or V region

What is the origin of lymphatic vessels?

veins of the blood vascular system

Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called ________.

anaphylactic shock

Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses? A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the inflammatory response D) fever E) natural killer cells

B) antibody production

Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen ________. A) axillary lymph nodes B) cervical lymph nodes C) tonsils D) Peyer's patches E) inguinal lymph nodes

B) cervical lymph nodes

The adaptive (specific) defense system ________. A) is an innate defense B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances C) includes the skin and mucous membranes D) is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens E) provides mechanical barriers to the body

B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances

Which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis? A) the movement of neutrophils through capillary walls B) the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules C) the dilation of blood vessels, which causes local edema D) the release of a lytic chemical by perforins E) the limitation of joint movement

B) the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules

Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed ________. A) naturally acquired active immunity B) artificially acquired active immunity C) naturally acquired passive immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) passively acquired natural immunity

A) naturally acquired active immunity

From what part of the body does the right lymphatic duct collects lymph? A) right arm B) right leg C) left leg D) left side of the head E) right and left legs

A) right arm

Where are the tonsils located? A) throat (pharynx) B) small intestine C) large intestine D) overlying the heart E) left side of the abdominal cavity

A) throat (pharynx)

Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive ________. A) vaccines B) serum C) antivenom D) antitoxin

A) vaccines

What are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species called? A) xenografts B) autografts C) allografts D) isografts

A) xenografts

Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________. A) lymph nodes B) MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue C) germinal centers D) lymphatics

B) MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ________. A) interferon B) complement fixation C) natural killer cells D) keratin E) phagocytes

B) complement fixation

Which of the following is NOT applicable to the third line of defense? A) This system recognizes and acts against particular pathogens or foreign substances. B) Humoral immunity is provided by antibodies in the body's fluids. C) The injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease. D) Immunity in this system is not restricted to the initial infection site. E) This system recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens.

C) The injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease.

A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response. A) interferon B) antibody C) antigen D) pyrogen

C) antigen

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________. A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) coagulation E) antibody production

C) diapedesis

Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________. A) stroke B) shock C) edema D) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)

C) edema

All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the ________. A) spleen B) liver C) heart D) pancreas

C) heart

Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body? A) macrophages B) antibodies C) pathogens D) allergens

C) pathogens

Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called ________. A) neutralization B) complement fixation C) precipitation D) agglutination

C) precipitation

Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response? A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self-antigens D) fungi E) virus particles

C) self-antigens

What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms? A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) inflammatory response E) fever

C) skin and mucous membranes

The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) dilate blood vessels B) attract neutrophils to the area C) stimulate the release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors.

C) stimulate the release of lysozyme

Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart? A) milking action of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes within the thorax C) the pumping action of the heart D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels

C) the pumping action of the heart

Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth? A) Peyer's patches B) lymph nodes C) thymus D) spleen E) tonsils

C) thymus

The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat. A) thymus B) spleen C) tonsils D) lymph node

C) tonsils

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ________. A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation

D) neutralization

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________. A) cellular or cell-mediated immunity B) active immunity C) natural immunity D) passive immunity

D) passive immunity

Which of the following is NOT one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)?

lymph nodes

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________. A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cells D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies

A) T cells

Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true? A) T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses. B) T lymphocytes (T cells) produce antibodies. C) T lymphocytes (T cells) activate lymphocytes that respond to specific antigens. D) T lymphocytes (T cells) can target specific extracellular antigens. E) T lymphocytes (T cells) oversee humoral immunity.

A) T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses.

Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? A) allergic contact dermatitis B) multiple sclerosis C) Graves' disease D) type I diabetes mellitus E) rheumatoid arthritis

A) allergic contact dermatitis

What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly? A) cytotoxic T cells B) regulatory T cells C) antigen-presenting cells D) helper T cells

A) cytotoxic T cells

What are troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective called? A) haptens B) antibodies C) pyrogens D) interferons

A) haptens

What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens? A) helper T cells B) cytotoxic T cells C) regulatory T cells D) killer T cells E) suppressor T cells

A) helper T cells

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________. A) lymph nodes B) tonsils C) the spleen D) thymus

A) lymph nodes

What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)? A) lymphocytes B) antigens C) mucous membranes D) pathogens

A) lymphocytes