a&p 2 exam 4

Which of the following structures are shared between the digestive and respiratory systems?

-Laryngopharynx -Oropharynx

Which of the following digestive processes does the stomach contribute to?

-Propulsion -Chemical Digestion -Absorption -Mechanical Digestion

Which of the following are forces that act to decrease lung volume and help to generate negative intrapleural pressure?

-Surface tension of alveolar fluid (0.375)

If Oxygen makes up ~20% of the total volume of atmospheric air, which of the following numbers is closest to the expected partial pressure?

160 mm Hg

During a physical examination, Joe learns that his resting tidal volume is 550 mL; his average resting respiratory rate is 15 breaths per minute; his total lung capacity is 6,000 mL; and his anatomic dead space is 150 mL. Joe's resting alveolar ventilation is

6.0 L/min.

Which of these is demonstrated by the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

At normal resting systemic arterial P O2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.

In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood?

Bound to hemoglobin

Which of the following terms describes the function of pepsin?

Chemical Digestion

Which of the following terms describes the function of brush border enzymes?

Chemical digestion

Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift?

Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate.

Which of the following structures is severed during a vasectomy?

Ductus deferens

Which of the following terms refers to eliminating waste as feces?

Egestion

What is the main function of bile in lipid digestion?

Emulsification of lipids

Which of the following enzyme classes digest proteins by breaking apart the peptide bonds between amino acids from the end of the peptide chain?

Exopeptidases

The only cells of the testis that can secrete hormones are the Leydig cells.

False

Which is TRUE regarding the secretion of HCl in the stomach?

H+ is actively transported into the gastric lumen by ATPase pumps in the mucosal membrane.

A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________.

Haldane effect

Which of the following would cause a decrease in the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

Increased temperature of the blood

Which of the following is the pressure term for pressure within the pleural cavity?

Intrapleural pressure

During a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. During that exhalation, which would NOT be true?

Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.

Julia has just been diagnosed with anemia. Oddly, during her appointment her doctor kept talking about her digestive system and some item that was not being produced in adequate amounts. Julia can't remember what digestive secretion is to blame for her anemia. Which of the following is the most likely culprit?

Intrinsic factor

Which of the following is required to activate pepsinogen?

Low pH environment

Which of the following terms refers to physical processes which either increase the surface area of exposure or mix boluses of food with enzymes?

Mechanical Digestion

Which of the following terms includes the process of segmentation?

Mechanical digestion

Which of the following is responsible for the regulation of respiratory rate and depth?

Medulla oblongata

Which of the following regions would you expect to be lined with stratified squamous epithelium?

Oropharynx

Sarah is taking antacids every day. This habit is raising her stomach and duodenal pH close to neutral. Which of the following enzymes may have decreased activity?

Pepsin

Which of the following is secreted by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa?

Pepsinogen

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Production of seminal fluid

Which of the following statements about the transport of the absorbed products of fat digestion is TRUE?

Products of fat digestion first go to the lymph system, and then to the veins leading to the heart.

Which of the following terms includes peristalsis?

Propulsion

Which function(s) of the respiratory system do dust cells contribute towards?

Protection of respiratory surfaces

Which of the following are chemoreceptors?

Receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies

What is the term for the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation?

Residual volume

What is the primary regulator of the magnitude of alveolar ventilation under normal circumstances?

The H + concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs?

The capillary constricts.

What brain center has neurons that fire mainly during inspiration and have input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles?

The dorsal respiratory group of the medulla oblongata

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?

The ribs and sternum move upward.

Which of the following cartilages forms the laryngeal prominence?

Thyroid cartilage

What is the term for the amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath?

Tidal volume

Which of the following is the term for the inactive form of protein digesting enzymes?

Zymogens

Which of the following are structural features of the trachea?

all of the above

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve?

all of the above

When do fetal breathing movements begin?

around week 20

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ________.

bronchopulmonary segment

A person without a gallbladder

cannot store bile

If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect?

difficulty inflating the lungs

A full complement of mature alveoli are present by ________.

early childhood, around 8 years of age

The olfactory pits form from which of the following?

ectoderm

Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following?

hemoglobin and oxygen

Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure.

high; low

Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called ________.

hyperventilation

A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure.

increase in

Following strenuous exercise, blood levels of lactic acid are __________ compared to pre-exercise levels. This change in acid concentration causes a reflex __________ in ventilation by activating __________.

increased; increase; peripheral chemoreceptors

Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called ________.

internal respiration

Bile is synthesized and secreted by the

liver.

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?

oral cavity

A decrease in metabolism without a similar, compensatory decrease in alveolar ventilation will have what effect on the systemic pH?

pH will increase.

The type of smooth muscle contraction occurring in the esophagus during swallowing is called

peristalsis

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?

pulmonary ventilation

The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.

respiratory

Spermatogenesis takes place in the ________.

seminiferous tubules

The main source of enzymes that cleave disaccharides into monosaccharides is

the luminal membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestine.

The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________.

transpulmonary pressure

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________.

visceral and parietal pleurae.

Which function(s) of the respiratory system do the paranasal sinuses contribute towards?

-Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces -Protection of respiratory surfaces -Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces

Which of the following muscles are contracted during the inspiration phase of quiet breathing?

-External intercostals -Diaphragm

Which of the following muscles are contracted during the inspiration phase of forced breathing?

-External intercostals -Erector spinae -Diaphragm

Which substances would cause stimulation of gastric HCl secretion when applied to parietal cells?

-Gastrin -Histamine -Acetylcholine

You embark on a hiking trip on Mt. Kilimanjaro (altitude = 19,000 ft; Atmospheric air pressure = 379 mmHg). As you ascend, what happens to the PO 2 in the alveoli?

Alveolar PO 2 decreases.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the structure of the respiratory membrane:

By sharing a fused basal laminae, type 1 alveolar cells and capillary endothelium reduce the distance required for diffusion of gases.

Which of the following statements regarding digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is TRUE?

Digestible polysaccharides are broken down into the monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and fructose, which can be absorbed.

Which is NOT a function performed by saliva?

Emulsifying lipids

Which of the following enzyme classes digest proteins by breaking apart the peptide bonds between amino acids from the middle of the peptide chain?

Endopeptidases

Which of the following is false with respect to structures of the bronchial tree

Epithelium changes from PSCC to simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following processes is NOT associated with gastrointestinal function?

Filtration

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of sperm within the testis?

Follicle stimulating hormone

Which of the following best describes the movement of gases due to partial pressure?

Gases will move from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure as a passive transport process

The onset of puberty is triggered by an increase in

GnRH secretion.

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following?

H2O and CO2

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide?

It diffuses into the alveoli.

What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth?

It is absorbed shortly after birth.

Drug X is a new drug to treat Alzheimer's Disease. This drug is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and circulate in the CSF. The drug is slightly acidic and at the recommended dose it decreases the CSF pH from 7.4 to 7.3. Will Drug X have any effect on respiration?

It will cause an increase in respiratory rate.

Which of the following epithelia is most commonly encountered in the conductive zone?

PSCC

What structure secretes the enzyme that breaks down starch to smaller carbohydrates?

Pancreatic exocrine cells

Which of the following pathways is activated during the cephalic phase of gastrointestinal control?

Parasympathetic nerves to enteric nervous system

Within which structure are sperm produced in the testicular system?

Seminiferous tubules

Which of the following would be most likely to cause metabolic alkalosis?

Severe vomiting

Which of the following tissue types would you expect to find lining the oropharynx?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following enzymes do you expect to breakdown sucrose into glucose and fructose?

Sucrase

Which is TRUE about gastric motility?

The basic electrical rhythm of the gastric smooth muscle (three depolarizations per minute) is the same regardless of whether or not food is present.

The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is continuous with the external environment.

True

Which of the following is the layer which contributes most directly to absorption?

Tunica mucosa

Which of the following is the layer which contributes most directly to chemical digestion?

Tunica mucosa

Which of the following is the layer which contributes most directly to mechanical digestion?

Tunica muscularis

What is the term for the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation?

Vital capacity