Biol 1030 Final Exam Ballen
Cnidaria: Cubozoa vs. Scyphozoa
- cubozoans have a square shape when viewed from above - Cubozoans have tentacles in groups of four and well developed imaging producing eyes - Scyphozoa DO NOT have velum like structures, Cubozoans have a velarium
Factors contributing to Cnidarian and Ctenophore population explosion...
- overfishing - Eutrophication - climate change - introductions bu balast water
Ecdysozoans: Arthropods: Chelicerata
"arm lips" long pinchers (chelicerae); Lack antennae; includes: spiders, horseshoe crabs, ticks, mites, scorpions, sea spiders, harvestmen; six pairs of appendages- chelicerae, pedipalps and four pair of legs; lack mandibles; most suck liquid food from prey; includes the classes- Merostomata, Arachnida, Pycnogonida
Cnidaria: Cubozoa
"box jellies"; after sponges are the oldest boy structured animals; only jellies that can propel themselves as fast as 4mph; 20 species, some harmless some deadly, medusa dominant form; umbrella edge turns inward to form a velarium; tentacles in groups of 4; feed mostly on fish; internal fertilization; four sets of six eyes that form images!; their venom is considered the deadliest in all oceans instantly paralyzing the heart and nervous system EX: Sea Wasp- size of a basketball, common off coast of Australia, causes excruciating pain and a burning sensation, has enough venom to kill 60 adult humans
Archaeplastida: Land Plants: Vascular Seedless: Lycophytes
"club mosses" common in moist woodland understory, 1200 species, comprised vast forest in Carboniferous period(385mya to 298mya)
Cnidaria
"cnido"-nettle; 10000 species, solitary or colonial lifestyle, tentacles, cnidocyte cells that house the nematocyst which is a stinging organelle; some freshwater but most marine; most are sessile some move slowly and some are swifter and more complex
Archaeplastida: Land Plants: Vascular Seed: Angiosperms
"covered seeds" 90% of plants, double fertilization, flowers, fruit; endosperms-joining of female gametophyte with two male gametes, typically triploid but some go up to 15n
Ecdysozoans: Arthropods: Decapods
"crustaceans"; 67000 species; shrimp, crabs, lobster; mostly aquatic and marine; Carapace- dorsal cuticle of head extends posteriorly and around sides to cover and fuse with thoracic and abdominal segments; in some species it can form clamshell like valves that cover most of the body; carapace may protect gills, which crustaceans use to breathe
Cnidaria: Scyphozoa
"cup animals"; mesoglea with cells and elastic fibers; true jellies; marine; polyp stage reduced or absent; no velum; most of the larger jellies; nearly all float in open sea; the margin of the umbrella has indentation each bearing a pair of lappets
Archaeplastida: Land Plants: Vascular Seed: Gymnosperms
"naked seeds" gametophyte is multicellular but no longer photosynthetic Include confiers- woody trees, largest and oldest living land organisms EX: Cycads- tropical, spiny, most are short, but some reach 20 meters EX: Ginkgo- native to china, often used in medicinal purposes
Halophiles
"salt loving" Archaea, live in the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea, EX: Halobacterium- requires 9% salinity to survive
Large leaves were a major innovation of the fern ancestors because...
- competition for sunlight - enlarged surface area available for photosynthesis
Plants moving to land problems...
Desiccation, Physical Support, Movement of Nutrients, Increased UV radiation
If an organism's first opening (blastopore) develops into its anus, it is considered a _______. -protostome -deuterostome -ectostome -mesostome
Deuterostome
Starting with the chordates, what is the correct sequence of nodes to get to sea anemones? -Deuterostomes, Bilateria, Eumetazoa, Cnidaria - Protostomes, Eumetoza, Amniotes, Cnidaria - Deuterostome, Bilateria, Eumetazoa, Lophotrochozoa - Protostomes, Echinoderms, Bilateria, Animals, Cnidaria - Deuterostome, Bilateria, Animals, Ctenophores
Deuterostomes, Bilateria, Eumetazoa, Cnidaria
Match the group with the appropriate synapomorphy group- Dikarya, Glomeromycota Fungi, Sac Fungi, club fungi Synapomorphy: basidium, ascus, arbuscles, separate hyphae
Dikarya- Separate hypae Glomeromycota Fungi-Arbuscules Sac Fungi-ascus club fungi-basidium
Outgroup
A group of organisms that is outside of the monophyletic group under consideration, but closely related to that group. Used to infer the ancestral states of characters
What is the name for the smallest clade that includes a flying insect, a lobster and a tick? - Arthropods - chelicerates - Ecdysozoas - Arachnida
Arthropods
Feeding in Cnidarians
Capture prey and insert into mouth, start digestion extracellularly with enzymes, finish with intracellular digestion Gastrovascular cavity also performs respiration, circulation and excretion via diffusion of oxygen and waste products
What is the group of unicellular organisms that is most closely related to animals?
Choanoflagellates
Lophotrochozoans: Annelids: Sedentarians: Oligochaeta
Earthworms, Few Setae; Not monophyletic; aquatic forms have longer more conspicuous setae; 3000 species; Freshwater, marine, terrestrial, parasitic; feed on decayed organic matter; Direct development(no trochophore larvae) Close to anterior end is clitellum which is where sperm and eggs are deposited; hermaphroditic; most sexually reproduce
Lophotrochozoa: Mollusca: Cephalopod: Mating
Sexes are seperate, males display and court females, in the male seminal vesicle spermatozoa are packaged in spermatophores and stored, one arm of the male pluck a spermatophore from the mantle cavity and inserts it into the female, fertilized eggs leave the oviduct and are attached to stones
Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelminthes: Flatworm Reproduction
Sexual conflict: occurs when the two sexes have conflicting optimal fitness strategies Penis Fencing is when two flatworms fight to stab the other with their penis first to expel sperm into the others body
Which reptile group contains the most number of species?
Squamates
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms and naming organisms
True or False. Pedicellariae are not present in all echinoderms.
True, only present in asteroids and echinoids
the echinoderm doesnt have a head or brain but what kind of nervous system
nerve net as well as ring and radial nerves
Yes or no. Do any echinoderms have a notochord?
no
what is positive pressure breathing in amphibians
air moved into lungs by force, movements gulp air in and force it backward
what are characteristics of neognaths
all birds not in paleognaths, very diverse
binary fission
asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts, occurs every 1-3 hours; the depletion of nutrients, aging and competition prevents bacteria from exponentially growing that would be heavier than the size of earth
in what echinoderms are pedicellariae seen
asteroids and echinoids only
Birds migrate because of all of the following reasons EXCEPT: - more breeding grounds - energetically costly to stay year round - abundant food - less predators - weather is better
energetically costly to stay year round
Species
basic unit of classification or taxonomy
A juvenile sea urchin has ___ symmetry, consistent with ___ development. -bilateral, mollusc -bilateral, echinoderm -radial, echinoderm -radial, deuterostome -radial, radiate
bilateral, echinoderm
what is crocidilia sister taxa too?
birds and dinosaurs
when does the notochord persist for the entire life
cephalochordates (lancelets) and cyclostomes (hagfish and lamprey)
Reversals
character similarity in distantly related taxa resulting from reversal to original state
convergent evolution
character similarity resulting from independent responses to a similar environment
what is class urochordata
chordates but not vertebrates, tunicates and sea squirts
what are the disadvantages of migration
energy costs, risk of injury, risk of predation, loss of territory
what were the tetrapod characteristics of tiktaaklik
eusthenopteron which comes after lungfish
Which option best describes the structure operculum? -operculums are structures that cover the 5-7 gill openings bony fish possess - every bony fish has two bone flaps, or operculums, which cover their gill openings -bc chondrichthyes are the cornerstone of the transition from cartilage to bone - none of these accurate description
every bony fish has two bone flaps, or operculums, which cover their gill openings
what are some characteristics of lizards
every continent except Antarctica, most prey on insects or small animals, autotomy in some ( tail falls off as tactic for escape) generally have skull kinesis
what are some characteristics of chondrichthyes
exposed gill slits (except in chimeras), no swim bladder or lung (due to lightweight cartilage), vision/mechanoreceptor/electroreception well developed, separate sexes with internal fertilization, placoid/dentine scales
Fish reproduce through __ fertilization, sharks through __ fertilization.
external, internal
Which of the following is NOT a function of tube feet? -gas exchange -locomotion -food manipulation -fertilization
fertilization
what is the function of pharyngeal slits
filter feeding in protochordates or tunicates and sea squirts (urochordates)
Lophotrochozoa
clade of protostomes that exhibit a Lophophore-crown of ciliated tentacles; Trochophore larva with ciliated girdle around mid section; Most diverse group of bilaterians but very little that underpins other than DNA; Includes Flatworms, Annelids and Mollusks
Dikarya: Basidiomycota
club fungi; true fungi- mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, coral fungi, some edible some poisonous; symbiotic-includes plant pathogens such as rusts and smuts which attack wheat and eat other crops
The tiktaalik is considered the "missing link" between lobe fins and terrestrial animals because it has both fish and tetrapod characteristics. Which of the following is a characteristic that a tiktaalik has that would NOT belong to a lobe fin? - scales -fins -fin skeleton -gills and lungs
fin skeleton
what does polyphyodonty mean in chondrichthyes
constantly shedding teeth
Archaeplastida: Green Algae
freshwater, marine, symbionts, most singled cell Ex: Volvox- spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells, freshwater, look like little green spheres rolling through water Ex: Lichen- mutualistic symbiotic relationship, body formed of fungal filaments surrounded by green algae Ex: Ulva lactuca- edible green algae
what is class anura
frogs and toads
when did transition to land occur
devonian period
Amphibians gulp the air through positive pressure breathing because they lack a...
diaphragm
What is fungi made of?
fungal structure, called a mycelium, is composed of thread-like, filamentous hyphae. Hyphae are made of cells with chitin cell walls (same thing that forms Arthropod Exoskeleton)
what is the furcula
fused clavicles
what is primary means of respiration for most terrestrial salamanders
gas exchange across skin
Mutualism
ecological interaction between a species and its host in which both species benefit
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
ectoderm-which developed into your epidermis and central nervous system endoderm-which forms the lining of your gut and associated organs mesoderm- which contributed to all the stuff in between your gut tube and your skin, muscle, bone, connective tissue, blood, etc.
What does oviparous mean?
egg laying (skates and some sharks)
what is unique about holothuroidea
elongated in their oral and aboral axis, oral tentacles around the mouth, only echinoderm to use internal respiration
what were the musculoskeletal modifications of vertebrates
endoskeleton of cartilage or bone, probably started cartilage and transformed to bone, permits unlimited body size, and forms excellent jointed scaffolding for attached and segmented muscles
Are birds endothermic or ectothermic?
endothermic
what is the hollow, dorsal nerve cord and how is it formed
hollow cord that is dorsal to the gut and is formed in embryo by infolding of the ectoderm on dorsal side of body
what are the class under echinodermata
holothuroidea, echinoidea, and asteroidea
what are some characteristics of snakes
no legs ( lost pelvic girdle and pectoral), unique anatomy, some constrict prey, lack tympanum but can see low frequency vibrations with jaw bone
Which of the following groups of organisms would require the largest taxon to accommodate all organisms represented in the set of taxa? - insect, snail, sponge, coral, octopus - comb jelly, anemone, coral, and jellyfish - nematode, insect, sea star, and octopus - octopus, snail, leech, marine worm - beetle, nematode, flatworm, earthworm, and snail
insect, snail, sponge, coral, octopus
In which group do we see decreased leg number within ecdysozoans? - decapods -insects - scorpions -spiders
insects
what is the stereom in echinoderms
internal mesh structure that makes up the ossicles
What is parthenogenesis in actinopterygii?
is the development of an egg into an embryo without fertilization
Biogeography
is the study of the distribution of species in geographic space and through geological time
Birds are all of the following except: - Amniotes - Oviparous - Placental - reptiles - vertebrates
placental
Match the organisms with the smallest clade to which the belong. organisms- Planaria, marine worm, sea anemone clades- metazoa, annelids, platyhelminthes
planaria- platyhelminthes marine worm- annelids sea anemone- metazoa
Cnidarian life stages
polyp- anchored- mouth up medusa- free floating mouth down
Unikonts: Amoebozoans: Testate Amoebae
polyphyletic group, presence of a test that partially encloses the cell, with an aperture from which the pseudopodia emerge test allows the protection of the internal organs and the attachment of soft flesh
what kind of shark is ovoviviparous
porbeagle shark
What is the madreporite on the aboral side?
porous entrance to the water vascular system that serves as both pressure regulator and simple filter
Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? -jaws -ventral hollow nerve cord -post-analtail -vertebrae
post anal tail
A structure unique to molluscs is the - Nephridium - Gills - Radula - Trochopore larvae
radula
what are the three clades in anura
ranidae(frogs), bufonidae(toads), and hylidae(tree frogs)
what is the class actinopterygii
ray-finned fish
Archaeplastida: Red Algae
reddish accessory pigment phycoerythrin(helps collect light and pass to chlorophyll a) masks green chloroplasts in low light, 4000 species, marine, multicellular, often attached by hold fast EX: Nemalion helminthoides
what is the notochord in vertebrates
replaced by vertebra as the primary structure of support
what are the spines on sea urchins
specialized ossicles that can move
Ecdysozoans: Arthropods: Chelicerata: Arachnida
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, harvestmen; 80000 species; predaceous with sucking mouth parts; most harmless
Ecydysozoa: Arthropods
segmented bodies, reduced coelom: hemocoel/hemolymph, ventral nervous system, Exoskeleton of chitin-secreted by the underlying epidermis and molts through a process called ecdysis, Tracheal system of air filled tubes, trophic breadth through metamorphosis
Ecdysozoans: Arthropods: Insects: metamorphosis
separates the physiology of larval growth, pupal differentiation, and adult reproduction about 88% of insects Stages: egg-larva-pupa-adult
What brought on the movement of tetrapods to land
severe draught that made lobe finned fish live in shallower water
what were the sensory changes in vertebrates
shift from filter feeding to predation, brain and its protected by cranium, paired special sense organs for vision, equilibrium, and hearing, as well as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, electroreceptors, and olfactory receptors.
S.A.R/ Stramenopiles/ Diatoms
silica "petri dishes", photoautotrophs, almost all are marine, major component of plankton, 20% of all carbon fixation on earth
what are characteristics of aminote jaws
stronger jaws allowed more pressure to be applied to prey, skull fenestration allows for bulkier muscles around jaws, muscular tongue and expanded jaw muscles allow a wider gap
Fruit
swollen ovarian tissue surrounding the seed(s), some evolved for seed dispersal, others provide fertilizer for the seed
homoplasy
similarities that result from factors other than common ancestry
Archaeplastida: Land Plants: Nonvascular: Liverworts
simplest land plants, small leaf like sheets of tissue as the visible organism, attach by hairlike rhizoids, 9000 species, terrestrial but in very moist places, EX: Marchantia polymorpha- common liverwort, widely distributed around the world
protist: choanoflagellates
single celled, some colonial, flagellates, Metazoa likely evolved from a colony of these -often spherical with a long flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli -very similar to a layer of flagellated cells found in sponge body cavity -over time, teamed up to more efficiently filter water and get food -many gene families in common with animals
Which of these is NOT true of metazoans? - ingest nutrients -single cellular eukaryote - motile in atleast one stage of life - develop from a blastula
single cellular eukaryote
Synapomorphy of all opisthokonts?
single posterior flagellum
what is the dermal branchiae also known as
skin gills or papulae
Which choices are dermal branchiae, a synapomorphy of echinoderms, also known as? - skin gills - tube feet - papulae - pedicellariae -ampullae
skin gills, papulae
what is important about the amniotic skin
skin is dry not moist, less water lost via skin than amphibians
What characteristic do all gnathostomes possess? -jaws - endoskeletons made of bone - scales -fingers
jaws
what are examples of ancestral body plans for paleognaths
kiwis and smaller birds
Archaea structure
lack peptidoglycan, Different linkage patterns in the phospholipid layer of the cell wall
how many gill slits do lamprey have vs hagfish
lamprey has 7 while hagfish have 12
how do birds know where to migrate
landmarks, position of stars or sun, earths magnetic field, young may have innate knowledge or follow adults of same species, many birds return to same nesting grounds every year
Opisthokonts
large clade composed of fungi, choanoflagellates(sister group to animals) and animals that all descended from a common ancestor not shared by other eukaryotes
Island Dwarfism
large mainland species sometimes become much smaller on islands
what are some characteristics of birds
lay amniotic eggs, no teeth, kinetic skulls, internal fertilization but they generally dont have penises
what is the parental care of crocidilia
lay eggs terrestrially, nest made of aquatic vegetation, 35-50 eggs that take 65 days to hatch, female guards nest until hatching then removes vegetation to release young into nursery
what are pharyngeal slits
lead from pharyngeal cavity to the outside
What range on the electromagnetic spectrum, can organisms possessing a pit organ utilize?
light and infrared
Endotoxins
lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, released only at cell death
What does ovoviviparous mean?
live birth but young nourished by egg yolks (rays and some sharks)
What does viviparous mean?
live birth to fully formed young that were retained in the uterus
In a group of organisms that has polyphyodont teeth, exposed gill slits, and lacks a swim bladder, which organ produces squalene oil to provide buoyancy? -claspers -liver -both kidneys - depending upon the species, right or left kidney
liver
First land plants
liverworts and mosses
what is class squamata
lizards and smakes; most diverse group in relation to body plan
what is nerve chord in most invertebrates
solid and ventral to gastrointestinal tract
Lophotochozoa: Mollusca: Gastropod: Avoiding fouling
some adaptation to avoid fouling which is to make dirty or pollute are.. - incurrent and excurrent siphon and left gill - variation in shell shape - nudibranchs: another form of twisting some taxa have evolved longer shells that excrete waste farther away
The "living fossil" coelacanth found by Latimer is a member of which of the following groups? -tetrapods - ray finned fish -amniotes - lobe fined fish -cartilaginous fish
lobe finned fish
what is class actinistia (coelacanths)
lobe-finned fish
where is the endostyle located and what is its purpose
located in the pharyngeal floor, and secretes mucus that traps small food particles in the pharyngeal cavity. some cells secrete proteins homologous with hormone-secreting thyroid of lampreys and vertebrates
Notochord
long supporting rod that runs through a chordate's body just below the nerve cord
what are the advantages of migrating south
longer days, more food, and warmer weather
Which is a more common name for class Dipnoi? - coelacanths - lungfish -tetrapods -skates
lungfish
what is class dipnoi
lungfish
where is the single basal element also located other than lobe fish
lungfish
autotrophs
make their own food; require only CO2, Photoautotroph- energy source is light example is photosynthesis Chemoautotroph- energy source is inorganic chemical
monecious plants
male and female reproductive structures on the same plant
what is the difference between male and female chondrichthyes
males have claspers
Lophotochozoa: Mollusca: Gastropod: Snails-Love darts
many land snails have love darts which are made of calcium carbonate, chitin, or cartilage they generally shoot and stab once but some repeatedly stab In some a substance in mucus coating dart causes receiver to not digest sperm thus leaving only the most active for fertilization -Dart success not related to copulation success or size of ensuing sperm donation -But dart success increases amount of sperm stored by recipient - and dart success increases relative paternity when competing with an unsuccessful dart shooter
what are the characteristics of the actinopterygii
marine and freshwater grazers, most species have swim bladder, gills open into single chamber covered by operculum, incredibly diverse body forms, every major aquatic habitat
what are neuromasts in chondrichthyes
mechanoreceptors that help them locate prey at long distances; on side of body
What is the allantois?
membrane sac that stores waste
which of the following do all deuterostomes exhibit? -radial symmetry -blastopore becomes mouth -pseudocoelom -mesoderm
mesoderm
what happens to urochordates that makes them lose the notochord
metamorphosis sometimes multiple ones
what are spiracles in chondrichthyes
modified gill slits that allow them to take in oxygenated water
Consider an animal in which as an embryo has a blastopore that turns into its mouth, and it has a protective shell secreted from a mantle. Its hermaphroditic and has a soft unsegmented body. Which group does it belong in? -insects -mollusc -annelids - decapods - demosponges
mollusc
Generally speaking which of these is true? -Ecinoderms and Cnidarians dont have heads -Cnidarians and Chordates have complete guts -Echinoderm and Flatworms have heads -Crustaceans and Cnidarians have heads
Ecinoderms and Cnidarians dont have heads
Birds are all of the following EXCEPT - Archosaurs -Ectotherms -Diapsids -Amniotes
Ectotherms.... all birds are endothermic
List the 5 synapomorphies of echinoderms.
Endoskeleton of ossicles, water vascular system, pedicellariae, dermal branchiae, biradial symmetry
Mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from a ______
Endosymbiotic bacteria
Endospores (bacteria Structure)
Ensure the survival of bacteria through periods of environmental stress.....In stressful conditions, bacteria can form resistant cells; copies DNA-> multilayer surrounding-> water is removed and metabolism stops-> bacterial cell lyses and releases these endospores; can stay in this state for centuries
Archaeplastida: Land Plants: Vascular Seedless: Monilophytes: Horsetails
Equisetum is only living genus, 15 species, can be common in moist areas, gametophyte is small, sporophyte is big, secondary reduction of leaves, flagellated gametes need to swim
Synapomorphy of Excavates
Excavated groove on the side of the cell body
4 Main Protist Groups
Excavates, SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians), Archaeplastida, Unikonta
The following features were innovations in vertebrate except: -Exoskeleton of cartilage or bone - shift from filter feeding to active predation - efficient transport system for nutrients - paired special sense organs
Exoskeleton of cartilage or bone
Archaea
Extremophiles, 3 major groups...Halophiles, Thermophiles, Methanogens
True or False. Sharks, like fish, possess a swim bladder.
False
True or False: All tetrapods alive today have four limbs.
False
True or False: Birds and fish are oviparous amniotes.
False
True or False: Echinoderms are asymmetrical.
False
True or False: Multicellularity evolved on one singular occasion from a common ancestor.
False
True or False: One benefit of molting is that the exoskeleton is light with increasing body size, increasing Arthropods ability to grow indefinitely.
False
What are the primitive kidney like cells in Platyhelminthes?
Flame Cells
Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelminthes: General form and function of Excretory System
Flame cells= protonephridia (1st kidney) -Flagella beat and create negative pressure to draw water and waste products in through small perforations (pulls in water and ions, keeps proteins out). Selective reabsorption can take place along tube cell before exiting at nephridiopore -probably arose from osmoregulation in freshwater species and then excretory function came later
Predatory fungi
Fungi that have specialized hype to feed on living animals and organisms. how?- toxins, adhesives, constricting ring; prey on amoeba, roundworms, and rotifers. Many of these fungi secrete adhesive substances over the surface of their hyphae causing any animal passing to adhere firmly to it.
Freshwater demosponges have a protective structure called:
Gemmules
Vertebrate jaws are modified...
Gill arches
What is the smallest group that includes a shark, mammal, and lungfish? - Tetrapod -Chordate -Vertebrate -Cyclostome -Gnathostome
Gnathostome
What type of metabolism do methanogens use? -Obligate Anaerobe -Facultative Anaerobe
Obligate Anaerobe
Archaeplastida: Land Plants: Nonvascular: Mosses
Larger more complex than liverworts, 15000 species, moist terrestrial habitats, decaying layers in water form peat bogs
LUCA
Last Universal Common Ancestor,
According to modern phylogeny, which of the following groups is most closely related to earthworms? -Flatworms -Leech - Arthropods -spiders - nematoda
Leech
what is special about teeth in chondrichthyes
teeth are modified scales, jaw contains disposable teeth, shark's jaw made of calcified cartilage
antibiotic resistance
the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic
synapomorphy of Dikarya: Ascomycota
the ascus; cell in which meiosis occurs
dorsal-lateral-ventral
the back-sides- belly
Dikarya: Basidiomycota synapomorphy
the basidium- cell in which meiosis occurs
what is important about bird courtship
the change in size and shape of feathers for courtship can hinder flight and warmth ability
Island Endemism
the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location
what in the jawless fish created the jaw fish
the gill arches developed into jaws
what is the pit organ?
the heat sensing organs between each eye and nostril of the rattlesnake
what is the amnion?
the innermost membrane that encloses the embryo
what is amphibian amplexus
the mating position of frogs and toads
what are sand dollar doves
the mouth of sand dollars, look like tiny white birds
Porifera: Calcarea
the only group with asconoid and synconoid body forms; 400 species, found mainly in temperate ocean waters
Phylogeny
the pattern of genealogical relationships among species
Tree of Life
the phylogenetic tree that includes all organisms
What anatomical feature make coelacanths important in our understanding of the evolutionary transition from water to land?
the single basal element in their pectoral fin
Index case
the source of the outbreak, someone who is initially infected by an animal or brings a human pathogen to a new geographic location
biological species concept
the species successfully interbreed
Phylogenetics
the study of phylogenetic relationships and the use of phylogenetic trees to elucidate
what is maternal dermatophagy in apoda
the young eat the skin of the mom to be nourished and the mom can regenerate her skin to take care of them
what is important about feathers
they are dead, they molt gradually to avoid bare spots, the flight and tail feather molt in pairs to maintain balance and waterfowls lose all primary feathers at once and are grounded during the molt
Porifera: Homoscleromorpha
used to be part of demisoingiae, currently >100 species, marine often in dark but shallow conditions, leuconoid organization
what is the chorion?
vascularized for gas exchange
what were the transport enhancements in vertebrates
ventral 3 chambered heart and red blood cells containing hemoglobin, muscular gut with additional digestive glands, and paired kidneys
Which of the following is NOT one of the five hallmark chordate characteristics? -Notochord -Post anal tail -ventral nerve cord -pharyngeal pouches or slits -endostyle
ventral nerve cord
what is the difference between hagfish and lamprey
vertebrae present in lamprey but rudimentary and only in embryos for hagfish
what are the different kinds of fangs in snakes
vipers have mobile fangs so they move into place to strike, elapids have fixed fangs in the front of their mouth, and colubrids have rear fangs and grooved teeth to guide the venom in place
Which is false about the class which consists of sharks, rays, and skates? - they have annually shedding teeth - they dont have exposed gill slits - vision, mechanoreception and electroreception are well developed in all - their swim bladders are encased by their livers
vision, mechanoreception and electroreception are well developed in all
Arthropods are arguably the most successful group of animals on the planet. Which of the following statements is not a characteristics contributing to their success? - well developed dorsal nervous system - Exoskeleton of chitins - wings - segmentation '- metamorphosis
well developed dorsal nervous system; they have the characteristic of a Ventral nervous system
earliest vascular plants
• Diploid (2n), spore-producing plants, Did not have true roots or leaves, Grown in dense stand around freshwater swampy lands; But...Had stomata on the stem
Ecdysozoa: Arthropods: Insects: Cost vs. Benefits of Exoskeleton
Costs- - non expandable - molting of cuticle required for growth - relatively heavy with increasing size Benefits- - Structural support - protection - prevents desiccation
Lophotochozoa: Mollusca: Bivalves
'"Two Shells" includes clams, oysters, mussels, scallops with a siphon Adaptations for burrowing lifestyle- very little cephalization, no radula, filter feeders, some move with foot, pin hole eyes help detect fish that might nibble them; most are sedentary suspension feeders dependent on ciliary currents to bring in food; most marine but some live in streams and pond; Anterior/posterior adductor muscles, eyes/photoreceptors along the mantle edge to detect predators
Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelminthes
(Flatworms); 30000 species; free living and parasitic; incomplete digestive tract; Bilateral triploblasts; Hermaphroditic Includes: Tapeworms, Planaria, Liver fluke
Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Aurelia
(Moon jellies); has short marginal tentacles; 4 frilly oral lobes; feeds on small planktonic animals; Polyp medusa alternation but medusa dominated so sexual in the medusa form; the mouth is beneath the umbrella; a manubrium forms four oral lobes to capture and ingest prey; entire body may have nematocysts; Aurelia has short tentacles plankton caught in mucus of the umbrella are carried to food pockets; Extending from the stomach are four gastric pouches with gastric filaments covered with nematocysts.; Sexes are separate and fertilization is internal in the gastric pouch of the female.; Usually single Sexed; the gonads which are the sex organs are located in the stomach lining and mature gametes are expelled through the mouth
what is special about bird bones
(pneumatized) they are not solid and have honeycomb pattern to conserve energy and make their bodies lighter while still being strong enough to fly
Saprobic Fungi
)decompose complex organic compounds into simple molecules that go back into the soils and can be reused by plants, enzymes digest: cellulose, lignin, keratin; earths garbage disposal Saprobic means feeding on dead organic matter EX: Jelly ear fungus (Auricularia auricula-judae)- saprobic on wood of elderberry trees EX: Horn stalkball (Onygena equina)- breaks down keratin on putrefying horns and hooves
The big six organisms are...
- Bacteria -Eudicots - Fungi - Arthropods - Nematodes - Chordates
What eats jellyfish?
- Bearded Goby - Ctenophore - Ocean sunfish - Leatherback sea turtle(Which avoid getting stung because of the thick skin around and in their mouths)
Essential mutualism between Corals and Zooxanthellae....
- Zooxanthellae give food & O2 to host; while the coral gives nutrients and place to live But... Zooxanthellae are picky they must have warm water but not too warm, low turbidity, just the right salinity Which is causing an increase in coral reef extinction because of global warming
Cnidaria: Hydrozoa vs. Scyphozoa
- hydrozoan medusae generally have a muscular shelf or velum projecting inward from the margin of the bell; Scyphozoans do not have velum - Hydrozoa commonly has colonial organization; Scyphozoa do not typically have a colonial organization - Hydrozoa typically have a dominant polyp stage; Scyphozoa have a dominant medusa stage
What makes something an animal?
- multicellular eukaryote - ingest nutrients - motile at some point in life - characteristic development - lack cell wall
Radiate Animals...
- simplest animals to possess true nerve cells but no central nervous system - Absence of head - Gastrovascular cavity: single opening that serves as mouth and anus, No excretory system - no true respiratory, circulatory or digestive system -both asexual (budding) and sexual reproduction - Diploblastic, no coelom - muscles that create muscular contractions (Locomotion!!!!)
Lophotochozoa: Molluscs: General Form and Function: Radual
- used for feeding - works like a conveyor belt to rake food off of surfaces and move to digestive tract - complex muscles move the radula and its supporting cartilages(odontophore) -radula teeth made of chitin, constantly replaced - feeding is modified in some groups; bivalves-filter feeders, cephalopods-beak and jaws
Cnidaria: Anthozoans: Corals, Fans, Pens
-Blue Corals- Colonial, In the tropics of the indian and pacific oceans and are unusual because of their blue color which is actually their skeleton - Organ Pipe- Indian ocean and the central and western regions of the Pacific Ocean, tube like; on each tube is a series of polyps which each have eight featherlike tentacles, skeleton is bright red color, in size colonies can reach up to a meter across - Sea Fan- grow together in a flat fanlike pattern, central flexible internal skeleton, form a plankton catching net -Sea Pen- colonial marine order, have a cosmopolitan distribution being found in tropical and temperate waters worldwide
Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelminthes: General form and function of Nervous system
-Cephalization: the concentration of sense organs and nervous control at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain both during evolution and in the course of embryos development - Ganglion: simple anterior brain -Longitudinal nerve cords in pairs, carry nerve impulses to muscles allowing coordinated activity Ventral nerve cords- present in all except simpler tubellarians, nerves are now sensory and motor association types
Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelminthes: Parasitic Flatworms: Flukes
-Lancet Liver Fluke: parasitic fluke of cattle or sheep, intermediate host of snails and ants, infected ants climb leaves at dusk and hang from jaws to be eaten by grazing animals -Blood fluke: Schistosomiasis- freshwater snails carry the parasitic worm; the snail can then transmit it to water; within days of becoming infected you may develop a rash or itchy skin, fever, chills and cough; second most common tropical disease
Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelminthes: General form and function of Sense Organs
-Ocelli:"eyespots" light detection organs, allows for directional light absorption and phototaxis; do not like light and will run from it -Auricles: Chemosensory -Statocysts: organ for detecting equilibrium - Rheoreceptors: Organ for water currents -Tactile and chemoreceptive cells are abundant, esp in the ear shaped auricles
Two major early evolutionary branches of Metazoans...
-Parazoans- collection of cells but no tissue level organization - Eumetazoans- have distinct specialized tissues, clade with all major animal groups except sponges
Porifera Anatomy
-Pores: allows water to enter the sponge and continue in a unidirectional pattern as follows below -Atria or spongocoel: Large central cavity within sponges. After entering through pores it filters through this region. Could be simple or very branched and complex. -Choanocytes: Use flagellum to create water flow through the sponge. Food particles get stuck to the mucus inside on of the choanocyte cells. The allows them to filter and phagocytize food particles. -Osculum: excretory structure in a sponge that opens to the outside through which water exits after passing through the spongocoel -Spicules made of silica or calcium carbonate - provide structural support and deter predators
Novel traits of Lycophytes...
-True branching roots - small vascularized leaves - vascular system - independent, branching sporophyte (2n)
Three types of lichens
-crustose:crust like develops close to a substrate -foliose: leafy, closely attached and take on a leaf like form -fruticose: more shrubby form like
All of the following are characteristics of Echinoderms EXCEPT... -water vascular system -papulae -pedicellariae -exoskeleton of ossicles -anus derived from the blastopore
-exoskeleton of ossicles..... All Echinoderms have an ENDOSKELETON of ossicles
Excavates
-move via flagella -have a feeding groove -heterotrophic and lack mitochondria Include Diplomonads and Euglenozoans
Porifera (sponges)
-multicellular, composed of an aggregation of specialized cells -aquatic -no symmetry - no organs, true tissue or nervous system - most sequential hermaphrodites - skeletal structure of spicules - body with pores, atria and osculum that serve for passage of water -sessile- depend on water current to bring food and carry away waste
Causes of antibiotic resistance
-over prescribing -patients not finishing their treatment -poor infection control in clinics and hospitals -over use of antibiotics in livestock and fish farming - lack of hygiene and poor sanitation -lack of new antibiotics being developed
Four fungal lifestyles
-saprobic fungi -parasitic fungi - predatory fungi - mutualistic fungi
Monocots- one major radiation within angiosperms
-seed sprouts single cotyledon(single leaf) -examples: grasses, orchids, palms, lillies, sedges
Eudicots- one major radiation within angiosperms
-seed sprouts two cotyledons(seed leaves) -examples: legumes, most nonconiferous trees, composites, crucifers, citrus, most flowering plants!
Avian evolution for flight adaption....list
-wings -feathers -pneumatized bones -furcula -keeled sternum -cardio pulmonary adaptations -reduction in reproductive structures -no urinary bladder, uric acid excretion -highly developed sensory perception
Examples of each big six organisms
1. Bacteria- E. coli 2. Eudicots- Arabidopsis thaliana 3. Fungi- Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4. Arthropods- Drosophila melanogaster 5. Nematodes- Caenorhabditis elegans 6. Chordates- Mus musculus
Carolus Linnaeus
18th century Swedish botanist; developed a system of classification that is the basis of what is used today
Synapomorphy of Stramenopiles
2 unequal flagella, many have lost
SAR: Stramenopiles
2 unequal flagella, which many have lost, include brown algae(2000 sp.) and Diatoms(>100000sp)
Multicellularity likely evolved how many times?
23 times
Cnidaria: Hydrozoa
2700 species; most diverse group; often colonial; polyps often predominate in this group EX:Portuguese man of War; multiple cnidarians coming together; one is the sail which is inflated with gas, one is the gonad polyp associated with reproduction, one is the defense or tentacles and one serves as the digestive poly
Rank the following from most inclusive(biggest clade) to least inclusive (smallest). 1. Vertebrates 2. Gnathostomes 3. Bilateria 4. Chordates 5. Deuterostomes
3,5,4,1,2
The following are all characteristics of earthworms. In what order did these characteristics evolve(from oldest to most recent)? 1. segmented bodies 2. a completely terrestrial lifestyle 3. blastopore that develops into a mouth 4. bilateral symmetry
4-3-1-2
With the current molecular based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from least inclusive to most inclusive. 1. Eukaryotes 2. Metazoa 3. Eumetazoa 4. Unikonts 5. Bilateria
5-3-2-4-1
Actinopterygii or ray-finned fish make up _____ of all vertebrate species.
50%
Cnidaria: Anthozoa
6000 species; 70% of all cnidarians; all marine solitary or colonial; polyp only medusa absent; reproduce asexually or sexually; include Anemones, Sea fans, sea pens, and coral; Their gastrovascular cavity is large and partitioned by septa or mesenteries inward extensions of body wall
Lophotochozoa: Mollusca: Gastropoda
62000 living species about 80% of mollusca; snails, whelks, limpets and slugs; some have no radula; live everywhere on earth; some drill holes in their shelled prey for food; only group of molluscs that contain terrestrial animals; identifiable by their shell if it isnt reduced like slugs; move using their muscular foot; lost gills, lungs are open to the outside by the pneumostome; Aquatic species have one pair of tentacles; Land forms have two pairs of tentacles; the posterior pair in both has eyes; twist their organ systems into figure eights which causes them to lose organs on either side of their midline and generate a shell that coils to the opposite side this process is known as torsion
SAR: Chromalveolata: Alveolates: Ciliates
7000 species, covered with cilia(small numerous versions of flagella)freshwater, marine, soil, endosymbionts, can be multinuclear Ex: Freshwater, Paramecium- contractile vacuoles pump water out Ex: Marine, Euplotidium- bundle of cilia act as legs for crawling
What are pedicellariae?
A defensive organ (pincher)
phylogenetic species concept
A definition of species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life.
morphological species concept
A definition of species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria.
Dikarya
A vast fungal group that includes about 98% of all described fungal species and in which dikaryotic cells are formed; include Ascomycota(sac fungi) and Basidiomycota(club fungi)
Porifera: Demospongiae
All leuconoid and all marine except Spongillidae which are freshwater, 80% of sponges-8800 species, Silica spicules + spongin Collagen protein spongin might be true synapomorphy of these sponges
Lophotochozoa: Molluscs: body plan
All molluscs have similar body plan with three main parts... - Muscular foot -Visceral Mass -Mantle Many also have a water filled mantle cavity and feed using a straplike radula Muscular foot is usually large and used for crawling but can also be modified for burrowing leaping swimming or clamping; typically bears an operculum that seals the shell opening when the head and foot is retracted into the shell
The notochord... -always found in chordates at some stage of life -is replaced by vertebrae in most vertebrates -provides flexible structure -None of these -All of these
All of these
Which is NOT true of bilateria? - all options are true - they have distinct tissues - they have 3 tissues layers -they possess bilateral symmetry
All options are true
Ecdysozoans: Arthropods: Chelicerata: Arachnida: Scorpions
All predators feed on insects and spiders; Pedipalps modified into pincers to capture prey; chelicerae rip apart prey; well developed young with maternal care; nocturnal; most common in tropical and subtropical zones; the short cephalothorax has the appendages and 1 to 6 pair of eyes; the abdomen contains a broad preabdomen and postabdomen-long slender tail of five segments that ends in a stinging apparatus; the stinger has venom that varies from mildly painful to dangerous; bear live young carried on the mothers back-undergo first molt on her back
Which is true about echinoderms? - They have a complete digestive system with more than two stomachs. - They have no nervous system - All echinoderms secondarily develop radial symmetry - They have incomplete digestive systems
Answer-All echinoderms secondarily develop radial symmetry - They have a complete digestive system with more than two stomachs.(usually have exactly 2) - They have no nervous system(no head or brain but do have nervous system) - They have incomplete digestive systems
Which suite of characteristics are found in all echinoderms? -Radial symmetry, external skeleton, water vascular system, external fertilization - Anus developed from blastopore, tube feet, water vascular system - presence of cilia at some stage of life cycle, radial symmetry. internal skeleton, eater vascular system - Triploblastic, anus develops from blastopore, sessile lifestyle, external fertilization
Anus developed from blastopore, tube feet, water vascular system
Eukaryotic cells are a fusion of different lineages between....
Archaea and bacteria
Methanogens
Archaea that release methane as a byproduct of metabolism, poisoned by oxygen, live Under Kilometers of ice in Greenland, in swamps and marshes and the guts of cattle and other herbivores
Porifera body plans
Ascon- simple pore structures opening directly into the spongocoel Sycon- more complex body plan, the ostia lead to a network of canals that are line with choanocytes; filtered there before reaching the spongeocoel Leucon- canal system forms a more elaborate branched network and the canals lead to digestive chambers instead of a spongeocoel
Dikarya: Ascomycota reproduction
Ascus- cell where meiosis occurs; sexual reproduction, spore bearing cells contain ascospores, spores are encased
Two types of metabolism in Bacteria
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Gram-positive bacteria
Bacteria that have simple cell walls with much peptidoglycan. Rival proteobacteria in diversity
Bacteria vs Archaea
Bacteria- Peptidoglycan cell wall, no introns, found everywhere on earth, glycolysis and Krebs Cycle, affected by antibiotics, circular chromosomes Archaea- Pseudo-peptidoglycans(polysaccharides and proteins without peptidoglycan), Has introns, found in extreme conditions, no growth inhibition, circular chromosomes
Chemotaxis
Bacterial Motility; movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus, move up to 50 body lengths per second
Transformation bacteria
Bacterial Reproduction; occurs naturally and can be engineered, uptake of foreign naked DNA from the environment
Flagella
Bacterial motility; may be all over the cell or centered at ends, independently arose in all 3 kingdoms, analogous not homologous, hook motor and filament, 42 kinds or proteins only 21 are consistent across all species
Transduction
Bacterial reproduction; Bacteriophages-viruses that infect bacteria, typically due to error in the viral replication cycle
You have a single celled dikaryon fungi with spore producing structures with horn like appearance. Which group does this individual belong to?
Basidiomycota
Crocodilia is most closely related to what group of animals?
Birds
Multicellular organisms evolved only SIX times in eukaryotic groups...
Brown Algae, Red algae, Green algae, Plants, Fungi, Animals
The amphibians that no longer use four limbs are the
Caecilians
Porifera classes
Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha
What are the spines of sea urchins made of?
Calcium carbonate
Notochords are a synapomorphy to?
Chordates
Which of the following organisms shares the oldest ancestor with a snake? -Lamprey -Cnidarian - Humans - Mussel (bivalve) - all of these
Cnidarian
Which of the following organisms shares the oldest common ancestor with a deuterostome?
Cnidarians
Body cavities of animals
Coelom- internal fluid filled body cavity, lets organisms become larger; coelomates Those who dont have internal fluid filled body cavities are acoelomates
Lophotrochozoa: Mollusks
Coelomate(Coelom around heart, luman of gonads, part of kidneys and sometimes intestine), triploblastic, protostomes, Advanced locomotion, Shell secreting mantle, Usually possess a radula; Eyes are analogous to humans eyes; Bilaterally symmetry(some bilateral asymmetrical) unsegmented with definite head; circulatory usually open; Metanephridia- pair of kidneys; Gas exchange by gills, mantle, body surface or lungs; almost all sexual reproduction; complex sensory structures(highly developed eyes in cephalopods)
Lophotrochozoa: Annelids
Coelomates; The advantage of Segmentation for annelids is in burrowing efficiency which allows the body to change shape; their larva develop in segments; Segmentation permits modification of body regions for specialized function such as feeding, locomotion, reproduction it allows the annelid built in redundancy-harm one segment others can still function Closed Circulatory system- dorsal and ventral blood vessel, ventral nerve cord: earthworms have 5 aortic arches/hearts that are segmented and pump blood throughout its body Setae- stiff structure resembling hair which help them anchor and have control when moving through soil Monoecious and dioecious; Cephalization; No respiratory system ( respiration occurs directly through the body wall)
SAR: Stramenopiles: Brown Algae
Color from carotenoid which maximize light absorption, almost all are marine photoautotrophs, Largest protist, multicellular EX: Saccharina Latissima, and Fucus vesiculosus which produce numerous gas filled pneumatocysts(air bladders) to increase buoyancy
Ctenophora anatomy
Comb plates- Eight equally spaced bands made of transverse plates of long fused cilia; beat in unison begins at the aboral end and moves along combs to oral end, causing animal to move forward mouth first; comb beat is under nervous control. Tentacles- retract into a pair of tentacle sheaths, the surface bears colloblasts or glue cells that secrete sticky material to hold animals
recombination
Combination of DNA from two different sources
Ctenophora synapomorphy
Comblike plates of fused cilia, largest organism to move solely via cilia
Archaeplastida: Land Plants: Vascular Seedless: Monilophytes: Ferns
Common in moist areas, gametophyte is small but still photosynthetic, sporophyte is large, gametes have flagella and need water, spores are produced in clusters on the underside of the fronds; can be up to 10 meters high or small, LARGE leaves!!
Some snakes evolved to have similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments. What is this an example of?
Convergent Evolution
Synapomorphy of Unikonts
DNA!!!
What are the common fundamental characteristics of all life forms?
DNA-RNA, Genetic Code, Biochemistry, Cellular unity/organization
Capsule (bacteria structure)
Dense layer of protein or polysaccharide, less dense layer is referred to as a slime layer, used in adhesion to substrates and other members of the colony, dehydration and immune system avoidance
True or False. All vertebrae have an endoskeleton of bone?
False, bones and cartilage
What is ram ventilation?
Fish maintains water flow over the gills by holding the mouth open
What is true about flightless birds? - There are few examples of flightless fossil forms - Flightlessness has evolved many times in birds - Penguins can fly comfortably Flighlessness usually evolves on islands with many predators
Flightlessness has evolved many times in birds
Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelminthes: Free Living Flatworms: Planaria
Freshwater; ventral nerve cord; pharynx; Ocelli and auricles; ganglia and nerve net Can be cut into 1/279 of original size and regenerate within a week and it will have its full memory
Starting with the coelocanths, what is a correct sequence of nodes to get to demosponges? - Gnathsostomes, Deuterostomes, Bilaterians, Eumetazoa,porifera -Gnathostomes, Deuterostomes, Bilaterians, Metazoa, Porifera G -Lobe fins, Gnathostomes, Vertebrates, Deuterostomes, Bilaterians, Eumetozoa, Cnidarians
Gnathostomes, Deuterostomes, Bilaterians, Metazoa, Porifera
Proteobacteria
Gram negative bacteria, very diverse
SAR: Chromalveolata
Group of protist that include: Alveolates and Stramenopiles
Fimbriae (bacteria Structure)
Hair like appendage, short and numerous, Neisseria gonorrhoeae uses these to stick to mucus membranes of host
4 classes of cnidarians
Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa
Match the clade to the example and synapomorphy: Synapomorphy: Man of war, velium; Lions mane; Box Jelly, velarium; Sea Anemones Clade: Hydrozoans, Schyphozoans, Cubozoa, Anthozoa
Hydrozoans- Man of war, velium Schyphozoans- Lions mane Cubozoa- Box jelly, velarium Anthozoa- Sea anemones
Unikonts
Include ameobozoans (3000 Species) and opisthokonts
What is the most simplistic animal to possess true nerves?
Jellies
Protist
Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi; most diverse group, paraphyletic.... the junk drawer of Eukaryotes
Fungi
Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter, over 100000 species, single celled yeasts
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of Lamprey and Hagfish? -Lampreys are parasitic as adults -lampreys have true jaw -lampreys were invasive species in the Great Lakes -Hagfish are scavengers -Hagfish possess mucus glands
Lampreys have true jaws
Lophotrochozoa: Annelids: Sedentarians: Hirudinida
Leeches: 500 species most freshwater, few marine, few terrestrial; Parasitic with suckers; not ALL parasitic When feeding on host- Anticoagulant, Vasodilators, Anesthetic, and proteinase inhibitors 2 suckers on body; anterior and posterior ends; True leeches have 34 segments with no setae and no parapodia but typically have both suckers Coelom is filled with connective tissue and muscle reducing its effectiveness as hydrostatic skeleton; protrusible proboscis with teeth on it; powerful pharynx provides suction
Mutualistic Fungi
Lichen; (fungi+ photobiont) Absorb nutrients from a host but also give back something to the host; considered pioneer organisms because they are often the first to colonize a new substrate
What is the LIVING sister group to all tetrapods?
Lungfishes
Parts of the water vascular system are...
Madreporite, stone canal, stone ring canals, and tube feet
Pathway of water in the water vascular system of Echinoderms?
Madreporite- radial canal- ampullae- tube feet
The lateral line system in sharks are made of ___ while Ampullae of Lorenzini are___.
Mechanoreceptors, electroreceptors
The coelom is formed from which tissue layer?
Mesoderm
LUCA had all of the following except? -A multicellular organization -genetic material -bimolecular machinery to replicate the genetic material - biochemical machinery to synthesize ATP
Multicellular organization
Flashlight fish
Mutualistic, Bioluminescent bacteria live under the eye, fish provide them with nutrients, bacteria attract prey and mates for fish
Which of the following list of taxa correctly identifies ONLY Vertebrates? - Urochordata, Cephalopod, Lamprey -Myxini, Shark, Lamprey - Asteroidea, Human, Clownfish - Lamprey, Lizard, Tunicate
Myxini, Shark, Lamprey
The Tiktaaklik was an important transitional fossil. What Tetrapod-like characteristics did it possess?
Neck, Ribs, Fin skeleton, flat skull, eyes on top of skull
What type of organelle is used by cnidarians to sting/ capture prey?
Nematocysts
___ is needed for amino acid production in all organisms.
Nitrogen
Prokaryotes
No nucleus, lacks membrane bound Nucleolus, mostly unicellular, cell wall of peptidoglycan polymer, lack complex compartmentalization of organelles
Mutation
No sexual recombination, new genetic variation from mutation
Yes or No. Do organisms within class Chondrichthyes have an endoskeleton made of bone?
No, they have an extensively calcified, cartilaginous endoskeleton but bone is absent
Urochordata is in a separate classification than Echinodermata due to the development of...
Notochord
Which of the 5 hallmark chordate characteristics does the name "chordata" come from? -notochord -dorsal, hollow nerve cord - pharyngeal pouches or slits - endostyle or thyroid gland - postanal tail
Notochord
Internal Organization of bacteria
Nucleoid- contains chromosomes and plasmids, region of cytoplasm not enclosed by membrane
Commensalism
One species benefits, while the other goes unharmed... there are many commensal species of bacteria on human skin; they dont hurt us and dont benefit use, we provide them with nutrients through exuded oils
You're still swimming (this time with goggles), you see a shark and are too scared to move. During your paralyzation you watch a baby shark come out of a momma shark (an example of live birth). Which reproductive strategy have you just witnessed? -oviparity -oviviparity -viviparity
Oviviparity
Some Chondrichthyans nourish young with yolk sacs and give live birth through __ reproduction, while others lay eggs through __ reproduction.
Ovoviviparous, oviparous
Sone sharks nourish young with yolk sacs and give live birth through ___ reproduction, which other produce eggs through ___ reproduction.
Ovoviviparous; oviparous
Chlamydias
Parasitic, can only survive within animal cells, gram negative, with no peptidoglycan
Cholera (contaminated water)
Pathogen; severe diarrhea and dehydration, skin turns bluish grey
Typhoid fever (food and water contamination)
Pathogen;muscle pain, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, rash
Botulism
Pathogen;paralysis beginning in the facial region and spreading out through limbs, respiratory failure
Seastars use their ___ to keep their bodies free of algae and debris?
Pedicellariae
If one of these answer choices were removed, the three remaining answer choices could be referred to as an informal grouping of bony fish. Which answer choice needs to be removed for this to happen? -Petromyzontida - Actinopterygii -Actinistia -dipnoi
Petromyzontida
Bacteria
Proteobacteria, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, Gram Positive Bacteria
protostomes and deuterostomes
Proto- Mouth arises from blastospore; Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusks Deutero- anus arises from blastospore; Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
Pili (bacteria structure)
Pull cells together in order for DNA transfer between cells, conjugation, F-factor: plasmid or chromosomal DNA used to form pilus
Dispersal Biogeography
Range expansion, few members of species move to a new geographical area
what is the internal anatomy of holothuroidea
Respiratory tree
Dikarya: Ascomycota
Sac fungi; monophyletic, accounts for 75% of fungi, 64000 species, includes Morels, yeast, molds, lichens examples: Saccharomyces cerevisiae- first complete DNA sequence of a Eukaryotic genome, baking and brewing yeast; Penicillium- Penicillin antibiotics derived from this fungus
The Tiktaaklik was an important transitional fossil. What Fish-like characteristics did it possess?
Scales, Fins, Gills and lungs
Lophotochozoa: Mollusca: Cephalopods
Squids, Octopus, Cuttlefish, Nautiloids; 800 living species; all united by a suite of shared molluscan characteristics; marine; predatory and have atleast 8 arms derived from the molluscan foot; modified radula and horny like beak for subduing prey; mantle is modified into a siphon for movement via jet propulsion; highly developed nervous and sensory systems including complex eyes and centralized brain; all marine and carnivorous contain the largest invertebrate- the giant squid and smartest invertebrate-the octopus Have internal shells that used to be on the outside but then evolved inside
Avian adaptions for flight include all of the following EXCEPT -keeled sternum -strong dorsal flight muscles -vestigial right oviduct and ovary -pneumatized bones
Strong dorsal flight muscles
Homologous
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Lungs most likely evolved from:
Swim bladder
SAR: Chromalveolata: Alveolate
Synapomorphy- alveoli: balloon like structures just beneath the cell membrane, serve to support cell structure.
Parasitic fungi
Take up nutrients from parasitic interactions with varying dependence on their host. Can be obligate (cannot survive without their host) and facultative (live independent of their host). Plants and insects are the most common host for fungi
Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelminthes: Parasitic Flatworms: Cestodes
Tapeworms; scolex with hooks and suckers for attachment; no digestive system absorb nutrients from host via diffusion; Proglottids(segments that can become mature tapeworms) near scolex are immature ones further down are mature which are where sex organs from and reproduction occurs Atleast two host in life cycle; Definitive host is a vertebrate
How did the mammalian sense of hearing, which uses three ear bones, emerge from our reptilian ancestors who used only one?
The bones that mammals hear with are the bones that reptiles eat with
Which is incorrect? - Ray finned fishes have a bony skeleton - the amniotes are a clade within the gnathostomes - the coelacanths are a sister group of the lungfishes - lampreys are vertebrates
The coelacanths are a sister group of the lungfishes
primary endosymbiosis
The engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a larger eukaryotic cell that gave rise to the first photosynthetic eukaryotes with chloroplasts.
What modification did jaws arise from?
The first two cartilaginous pharyngeal arches
what is unique about echinoidea
The internal organs are enclosed with a test. Dermal ossicles have become close fitted plates.
Cnidaria: Hydrozoa synapomorphy
The velum that forms a shelf of tissue on the inner surface of the bell margin; when the medusa contracts the velum folds out and shoots the water inside out a smaller opening when it fills which results in the net forward movement
Gas exchange in amphibians occurs:
Through the mouth, lungs, skin and by gills
Conjugation
Transfer of plasmid from one cell to another, uses pilus to link the two cells and pull them together, F-facter: F+ cells contain the F-factor and can donate DNA, F-cells receive DNA
Tissue layers of animals
Triploblastic- 3 layers: Endoderm, Mesoderm and Ectoderm, bilateral symmetry, includes all bilteria Diploblastic- 2 layers: Endoderm and Ectoderm, radial symmetry, includes Ctneophora
True or False. Taxonomic terms to describe you would be Chordata, Vertebrata, Tetrapoda, and Amniota
True
True or False: A crab is more closely related to a beetle than it is to a spider.
True
True or False: Holothuroidea have an internal respiratory structure.
True
True or False: One of the major innovations of the sponges. is the idea if self cell recognition and adhesion properties.
True
True or False: Pedicellariae are not present in all echinoderms.
True
True or False: Penis fencing in planarians occurs due to sexual conflict over the differential cost of reproductive investment between male and females.
True
Excavates: Euglenozoans: Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma- parasitic unicellular flagellate protozoa: T.brucei- trypanosomiasis; African Sleeping Sickness, live in cattle reservoir and TseTse fly T. cruzi- American Trypanosomiasis; Changas Disease, live in kissing bug and lots of mammalian reservoirs both of these cause fever, severe headache, irritability, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and aching muscles
Match the organisms with the smallest clade to which they belong.... organisms: Tunicate, Lamprey, Snake, Hagfish, Shark Clades: Deuterostomes, Cyclostome, Osteichthes, Myxini, Gnathostome
Tunicate- deuterostome Lamprey- Cyclostome Snake- Osteichthes Hagfish- Myxini Shark- Gnathostome
SAR: Chromalveolata: Alveolates: Dinoflagellates
Two flagella: one in an equatorial groove, the other longitudinal, photoautotrophs, 3° endosymbiosis of chloroplast, a few are freshwater, many abundant as marine plankton, endosymbionts of corals EX: Zooxanthellae- live as intracellular symbionts to coral, they provide the coral with fixed nitrogen and sugars, without these organisms the coral will experience severely reduced growth, survivorship and fitness Also some are bioluminescent
Symbiosis
Two species living in close contact with each other
Pathogen
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
What is a keeled sternum
a breastbone with a ridge where the very strong ventral flight muscles attach, flattens in flightless birds
what is the single basal element
a coelacanth pectoral fin is homologous to our humerus
What is Aristotle's lantern?
a conical structure of calcareous plates and muscles supporting the rasping teeth of a sea urchin
genus
a group of closely related species
Excavates: Diplomonads
a group of flagellates, most are parasitic, two equally sized nuclei, mitosomes which is degenerate mitochondria, multiple flagella EX: Giardia lambila- most common intestinal parasite in the US
glomeromycota or AM fungi
a group of fungi that form symbiotic relationships with the roots of trees;
Unikonts: Amoebozoans: Slime Molds
a plasmodial(large mass of protoplasm that moves and ingest food) slime mold, movement of the plasmodium by cytoplasmic streaming and pseudopodia, single mass of cytoplasm that is undivided by plasma membrane Ex: Physarum- Pretzel Mold Ex: Lycogala epidendrum- wolfs milk
secondary endosymbiosis
a process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell
Synapomorphy
a shared derived character state
what is the paratoid gland in amphibians
a way of venomous defense
What surface of echinoideas does the madreporite reside on? aboral or oral
aboral
where are the ampullea located
above the tube feet
Which of the following associations is incorrect? - Acoelomate; leech - spherical; protists - coelomate; turtle -bilateral; whale
acoelomate; leech
Do all gnathosomes possess either a humerus or a structure homologous to a humerus? -yes -no -all except two classes -all except two classes
all except two classes....the single basal elementis presentin Actinistia and beyond excluding Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii
what are gnasthostomes
all living and extinct jawed vertebrates, monophyletic groups
alternation of generations
alternation between sexual and asexual reproductive phases
what is important about the notochord in development
always found in some embryonic stage and its the first part of the endoskeleton to appear in the embryo
what are electroreceptors in chondrichthyes called
ampullae of lorenzini
Which pair of organisms listed below is the third most DISTANTLY related? - an invasive garden snail and a nematode - aurelia moon jelly and a Ctenophore - a planaria and a nautilus - a choanoflagellate and a poriferan - all of the pairs are equally distantly related
an invasive garden snail and a nematode
What surface of asteroidea does the madreporite reside on? aboral or oral
answer:Aboral(top of seastars) Oral- is the bottom of the seastar
Which of these is NOT an example of a harmful or invasive organism(s) we talked about in class? -cane toads -any organism within echinodermata - an organism considered to be a cyclostome -chytrid fungus
any organism within echinodermata
what are the classes under amphibians
apoda, urodela, and anura
Thermophiles
archaea that live in extremely hot temperatures, Tolerant of temps in excess of 90° C without denaturation of DNA, Used as a source for Taq Pyrococcus Furiosus, EX: Sulfolobus live in sulfur rich volcanic springs
what is the transitional fossil from dinos to birds
archaeopteryx
Cnidaria: Anthozoan: Sea Anemone
attach to shells, rocks, timber; crown of tentacles surrounds an oral disk; slit shaped mount leads to the pharynx; current carries oxygen and removes waste and also maintains pressure for a hydrostatic skeleton; when in danger water is rapidly expelled through pores as the organism contracts to a small size; equipped with tiny poisonous harpoons and digestive enzymes so strong they can digest the flesh of a small animal in 15 minutes Most harbor symbiotic algae(Protection, CO2 vs sugars for the anemone), some have a mutualistic relationship with hermit crabs(protection vs current and movement); some anemone fishes shelter in them and have a skin mucus that protects them from triggering the nematocysts
Taxiing
bacterial motility, movement toward or away from a stimulus
A restaurant appetizer of escargot (snails), oysters on the half shell, and calamari (squid) would contain which types of molluscs? -Bivalves, gastropod, and cephalopods - chitons, bivalves, and gastropods - gastropods, and cephalopods - bivalves and gastropods - chitons and cephalopods
bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods
Which species is a diecious flatworm, with the female spending her life residing in the canal of larger male individual? - blood fluke - liver fluke - planaria - tapeworm
blood fluke
What are Osteichthyes?
bony fish with air sac (lung or swim bladder)
Which of the options below describes the correct sequence (oldest to newest) for the evolution of Chordate adaptations in response to selective challenges of terrestrial environments? - gills, gas exchange across skin, bony skeleton, amniotic egg - cartilage, water vascular system, single basal fin bone, lungs, amniotic egg - bony skeleton, cartilage, single basal element, lungs, neck, amniotic egg
bony skeleton, cartilage, single basal element, lungs, neck, amniotic egg
what is different about snake skulls
bottom jaws arent connected
absorptive heterotrophs(fungus)
break down food by secreting digestive enzymes onto a substrate and then absorb the resulting small food molecules.
what is the flow of air in a birds respiratory system
breathe in, posterior air sacs, lungs, anterior air sacs, then out the body
Which option best describes ram ventilation? -Chondrichthyes get o2 directly to their lungs by swimming with their mouths open - the pressure created by constantly swimming allows for exhalation -ram ventilation is not restricted to a specific class - by constantly swimming with their mouths open, water is rammed inside their oral cavities and forced to leave through their exposed gill slits, as the water flows over the gill slits
by constantly swimming with their mouths open, water is rammed inside their oral cavities and forced to leave through their exposed gill slits, as the water flows over the gill slits oxygen enters the bloodstream through capillaries residing in the tissue of the gills
what is class apoda
caeclilians or naked snakes
Spines in echinoderms are defined as
calcareous projections for protection and support
what are spines for echinoderms
calcareous projections for protection and support
Excavates: Euglenozoans: Euglena
can alternate as photoautotrophs and heterotrophs, Mixotrophs, Primarily freshwater... this organism harvest energy like a plant but can also move around and hunt other organisms
facultative anaerobes
can survive with or without oxygen, if 02 is present they use it if not they carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration
where are the ribs fused on a turtle
carapace
what are characteristics of urodela
carnivorous, internal fertilization via spermatophore, many have direct development, double metamorphosis
Ctenophora feeding
carnivorous-crab larvae, fish eggs, plankton, digestion begin at the pharynx and then proceeds to intracellular digestion, cilia sends the food into the canal lumen; most use tentacles with colloblasts to catch prey
obligate anaerobes
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2
What are Chondrichthyes?
cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, skates, and rays
Which of the following list of taxa correctly identifies only ecdysozoans? - catepillar, spider, nematode - insect, annelid, bivalve - mollusc, crustacean, scorpion - chiton, lobster, snail - chelicerate, cephalopod, butterfly
caterpillar, spider, nematode
Ctenophora
comb jellies; All warm water marine, some bioluminescent-to attract prey Monoecious: two periods of sexual maturity: one in the larval stage and one in adult stage with the gonads degenerating between the two phases; fertilized eggs are discharged through epidermis into the water No nematocysts, through gut, Nerve net from ectoderm, muscle from endoderm,
what is an echinoderm digestive system like
complete with usually two stomachs
what do large birds of paleognaths represent
convergent evolution of body plan
what is an example of viperidae
copperheads
what is synapomorphy of vertebrata
cranium: braincase of bone or cartilage
Which group has comb like plates of fused cilia? - ctenophora - sea anemones -porifera
ctenophora
Which is true regarding love darts in snails? - Dart success increases sperm storage in females - dart success leads directly to successful mating - dart success decreases chances of paternity
dart success increases sperm storage in females
septate hyphae
dividers between the cells, called septa; septa have openings called pores between the cells that allow the flow of cytoplasm and nutrients throughout the mycelium
polyphyletic group
does not include most recent common ancestor
what is the dorsal and ventral plates on turtles
dorsal- carapace ventral- plastron
Which group is most closely related to echinoderms? - mollusca -annelida -ecdysozoa -Porifera
ecdysozoa
Which of the following is a paraphyletic group, as theyre formally defined? -Cyclostomes; including hagfish and lamprey -fish; including Actinopterygii, Actinistia, and Dipnoi - lobe finned fish - more than one answer -vertebrates; including cyclostomes and Gnathostomes
fish; including Actinopterygii, Actinistia, and Dipnoi
what did the pharyngeal slits develop into in other species
fishes- gill arches, added capillary network with thin gas permeable walls. Terrestrial vertebrates- jaw and inner ear
what are some characteristics of asteroidea
five arms (typically) with central disc and ossicles joined with connective tissue
Of the following Eumetazoa studied in this course, the morphologically simplest group to have three tissues layers are the __. - ctenophores - annelids - chordata - flatworms
flatworms
what are draco lizards
flying lizards that have ribs and the connecting membranes that can extend to make wings. The gular flag (hyoid apparatus) serves as a horizontal stabilizer and is used in communication
Which of the following was not an evolutionary challenge animals faced moving land? -bone structure for structure out of water - lung development - limb development - food availability
food availability
what are the three groups of crocidilia
gharials (long narrow snout), alligators/caimans (broad snout, lower teeth not visible when mouth is closed) and crocodiles (lower teeth visible when mouth is closed)
Which of the following is not one of the descent by modification structures in molluscs? - mantle - gills - visceral mass -foot
gills
what are primary means of breathing for axolotls and some salamanders
gills
what are characteristics of lungfish
gills as well as lungs, nostrils open on inside of mouth, living sister group of tetrapods
Porifera Hexactinellida
glass sponges, not true synconoid differ too much from other synconoids; engage in symbiotic relationship with shrimp
Hagfish and lamprey are NOT which of the following? -cyclostomes - vertebrae -gnathostomes -chordates
gnathostomes
gram positive vs gram negative cell wall
gram +=several layers of peptidoglycan (Pink with purple specks) gram - = peptidoglycan surrounded by two phosholipid bilayer made from Lipopolysaccharide (pink with red specks)
what is an example of elapidae
green mamba, sea snakes, and brown snake
what are causes of amphibian loss
habitat alteration/loss, contaminants, introduced predators, diseases, climate change
Identify the group that is mostly parasitic as adults: - lampreys - leeches - hagfish - tapeworms
hagfish
do hagfish or lampreys have mucus glands
hagfish
Which listed organisms is the notochord persistent throughout its entire lifetime? - hagfish - sea squirts - skates - dipnoi
hagfish, notochords persists through lifetime in cephalochordates (lancelets) and cyclostomes(lampreys/hagfish)
dioecious plants
have male and female reproductive structures on different plants
Spirochetes
helical gram negative species, move with flagellum like filaments, some parasitic species
why do actinopterygii have schooling behavior
helps with finding food, access to mates, spawning aggregation, predator avoidance (confusion effect, dilution effect or the selfish herd, predator detection), and migration
what is the sister taxa for echinodermata
hemichordata
what is a synapomorphy of squamata
hemipenes
what is an example of colubridae
hognose
The single basal element at the base of the pectoral fin is a structure that is similar among some vertebrae species because that same structure was present in the common ancestor of those species. This is an example of... -polytomy -convergent trait - analogy - homoplasy - homology
homology
what is the largest anthropogenic threat to birds
house cats
The single basal element in the pectoral fin of lungfish is homologous to your _. -ulna -radius - humerus - femur
humerus
what was the land dwelling creature that came after tiktaaklik
ichthyostega
basidia
in the gills of fruiting body; club-shaped, spore-producing hypha of basidiomycetes, the basidiospores are produced externally and released when they break off
Where is the endostyle or thyroid gland located?
in the pharyngeal floor
monophyletic group
includes ancestor and all of its descendants
paraphyletic group
includes most recent common ancestor but NOT all descendants
Evolutionary relationships can depict lineages among different things including...
individuals, populations, species, and genes
How is the dorsal hollow nerve cord produced in the embryo?
infolding of the ectoderm on the dorsal side of the body
Gnathostomes consist of what type of group? -polyphyletic -paraphyletic -duophyletic -none of the above
monophyletic, all derived organisms share jaws
Archaeplastida
monophyletic, descended from ancient protist that engulfed cyanobacterial endosymbiont, include red and green algae plus ALL land plants, very diverse habitats
Plants moving to land benefits....
more open niches: reduced competition, reduced herbivory, fewer pathogens; more sunlight, more CO2, rich soils
what is the purpose of a post-anal tail
motility for swimming, efficiency increases in fishes (fins) but may be smaller or vestigial in other lineages, humans have a vestige (coccyx)
Compared to other Echinoderms, all of the following features are unique to Holothuroidea EXCEPT: -Elongated along oral aboral axis - Respiratory structure(respiratory tree) -bipolar feeding' -Cuvierian tubules -Move by tube feet
move by tube feet
what are vertebrae hallmarks
musculoskeletal modifications, enhanced transport of nutrients and gases, new head, brain, and sensory systems
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
mutualistic bacterial in the human digestive system genome of bacteria produces vitamins, minerals and carbs used by humans, signals from bacteria stimulate building of blood vessels in region to take up nutrients also, signals production of antimicrobials that kill off other competing species, benefiting both
what class has hagfish
myxini
Nomenclature
naming system
what is a biphasic lifestyle in amphibians
need water to reproduce so they are water dwellers as young and terrestrial as adults
Cnidarian synapomorphy
nematocysts are only formed by these organisms
Camera eyes between ray finned fish and octopus are...
not homologous... this is an example of convergent evolution
what exactly kind of vertebrae do lamprey have
not true vertebrae, cartilaginous structures above the notochord
Name the evolutionary development in chordates that allows for the bending and resistance of compression, while giving the body structure and scaffolding for muscle attachment? -notochord -endostyle -nerve cord -vertebrae
notochord
what are the five hallmark chordate characteristics
notochord, dorsal and hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or pouch, endostyle or thyroid gland, and postanal tail
Heterotroph
obtains energy from the foods it consumes; require atleast one organic compound, Photoheterotoph- energy source is light Chemoheterottoph- energy source is organic compounds
Ecdysozoans: Arthropods: Chelicerata: Arachnida: Spiders
only few species can have severe or fatal bites; 8 eyes each have lens, optic rod, retina, perceive moving objects, some form images; Setae on the surface is useful for communicating air currents, tension on web, sense vibrations
Unlike sharks, Actinopterygii fishes have an __ covering their gills.
operculum
what side of the starfish has the mouth and what is the other side called
oral side has mouth and aboral side has anus in center
what are the three sides of a echinoidea
oral, aboral, and lateral
parsimony
other things being equal, a simpler explanation is better than a more complex one
You are swimming and find what appears to be a mermaid's purse, or a thick egg casing laid by a marine animal. This mermaid's purse is an example of which reproductive strategy? -oviparity -oviviparity -viviparity
oviparity
Cyanobacteria
oxygen generating photosynthesis, gram negative
Hemipenes
paired penises found in snakes and lizards
Within the phylogenetic tree of the vertebrates, the largest clade containing amphibians, reptiles, turtles, crocs, birds, and mammals is sister to a group of fish called lungfish. Other lineages of fish such as ray finned fish branched off earlier than the common ancestor of all these taxa, including lungfish. This means that a taxonomic group includes all fish back to their common ancestor is:
paraphyletic
Chytrids
paraphyletic fungal group, single celled, aquatic, responsible for amphibian population crashes
What do living crocs and birds have in common? two answers - flight - parental care - endothermy - communication through vocalizations - complex connection of posterior and anterior air sacs for respiration
parental care; communication through vocalization
Lamprey and Hagfish do not possess one of these traits. Which one? - Post anal tail - gills - notochord present as adults - Pectoral fins - paired sensory organs
pectoral fins
This homologous structure serves very different purposes in spiders and scorpions. In spiders, this structure has chemical detectors for taste and smell. In scorpions, it is modified into pincer to capture prey. -antennae - pedipalps - mandibles - chelicerae -fangs
pedipalps
what are the synapomorphies of echinoderms
pentaradial symmetry in the adults (bilateral larvae), endoskeleton of calcareous plates, water vascular system (w/ tube feet), pedicellariea, and dermal branchiea
what class has lampreys
petromyzontida
Phagocytosis
process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
Exotoxins
proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria
Exaptation
proteins that originally arose for one purpose take on new functions through descent after modification
what is the yolk sac?
provides early nutrients (uterine milk) and degenerates after a few days
The fruiting body of fungi is the...
reproductive portion, whose main purpose is to produce spores which are like tiny seeds.
What is paedomorphosis?
retention of juvenile characteristics in an adult, idea that sessile adult and free-swimming larvae
what is the notochord and what is its purpose
rodlike, semi-rigid tissue enclosed in sheath. mainly serves to stiffen the body.
what is urodela
salamanders
what were the fish characteristics of tiktaaklik
scales, fins, gills and lungs
What is in the class Holothuroidea?
sea cucumbers
Which is not an echinoderm? - sea slug - sea urchin - sand dollar - sea star
sea star
You're walking on the beach and find a dead organism and you're inclined to figure out what it is. You notice it has a madreporite on it's aboral surface, then you break it in half and find an Aristotle's lantern. Which answer choice is most likely what you've found on the beach? - sea star - sea urchin - heart urchin - sand dollar
sea urchin, Having a madreporite means echinoderm, Aristotle's lantern means class echinoidea so it must be either a sea urchin, heart urchin or sand dollar. Since sand dollars and heart urchins are irregular urchins
What are the three organisms that are part of class echinoidea?
sea urchins, heart urchins and sand dollars
What is Class Echinoidea?
sea urchins, heart urchins, and sand dollars
what makes up the class asterodiea
seastars
what is unique with symmetry about odd shaped echinoidea
secondarily bilateral so adults are bilaterally symmetric but the left and right halves are not the same halves that they were as larvae
Snake possess a pit organ in order to
see an image of their predator in the infrared spectrum
Flowers
seed bearing structures of angiosperms, inconspicuous in some species(wind pollinated) -coevolved with animal pollinators -showy to advertise nectar reward - petals provide landing platform -uv absorbing patterns point to nectar
Which of the following is a parazoan? -ctenophores -cnidaria - sponges
sponges
what helps provide buoyancy in chondrichthyes
squalene oil in liver
what are the three class of reptilia
squamata, testudines, and archosauria
Which structure is not part of echinoderms water vascular system? -madreporite -stereom -tube feet -ampullae
stereom
what is the keeled sternum homologus to in humans
sternum, clavicle, and shoulder blade
vascular plants have...
stomata-control water loss during gas exchange Waxy cuticle- to reduce desiccation Xylem- (roots) transport water and nutrients, structure support Phloem- (Stem) carry the products of photosynthesis from leaves to growing shoots and growing leaves
what is special about metabolic rate and hearts in birds
they have a high metabolic rate to keep up with the energy of flying, and they have a four chambered heart to have fully oxygenated blood
what is important about the respiratory system of birds
they have two respiratory cycles for one breath to reach the lungs and the lungs are only one directional
what are dermal branchiae
thin folds in the body wall that function in respiration, projections of the coelom
what is the important fishpod to remember
tiktaaklik
what are characteristics of paleognaths
tinamous (can fly a bit) and they have a different palette formation (old jaw)
The evolution of body symmetry did not occur until the evolution of....
tissue layers
Which is false regarding torsion in gastropods? - tension did not lead to fouling - protection is the primary benefit of torsion - animals have undergone changes in shell shape to decrease fouling - torsion plays a part in shell shape variation
torsion did not lead to fouling
posterior-anterior
toward the back/ toward the front
Todays arthropods are small in size. What is the best supported hypothesis of the limited size in todays arthropods? - Energy needed to molt -tracheal density - decreased prey abundance - predatory effects
tracheal density
what are characteristics of apoda
tropical forests, burrowing, eyes often vestigial, internal fertilization, and often direct development with viviparity (w/ embryos eating wall of oviduct)
True or False: A major difference between the myxini and the Chondrichthyans is that only chondrichthyans have jaws.
true
what is the synapomorphy of urochordata
tunic: tough non-living cellulosic test, occur in all seas and at all depths, most are sessile as adults, and in most species only the larvae bear a notochord
Which animal would NOT at some point in their life have all of the following: vertebrae, a hollow nerve cord, and a post anal tail? - Tunicate -coelocanth -lamprey
tunicate
which is a chordate but not a vertebrae? - hagfish -tunicates -petromyzontida - sea cucumber
tunicates.... cephalochordata and urochordata are chordates but not vertebrae
what is class testudines
turtles and tortoises
Lophotochozoa: Mollusca: Gastropod: Torsion
twisting of the mantle cavity; possible hypotheses as to why they use torsion... 1. Torsion allows clean water from the front of the shell to enter the mantle cavity (where the gill is located), rather than water from the rear (which could be muddy from disturbance from the moving mollusk). 2. Without torsion, the gastropod foot would withdraw first into the shell, followed by the more vulnerable head. Thus, torsion may lessen the chance of predation by giving first priority of protection to the head.
The origin of Eukaryotes?
what eventually led to the mechanism of endosymbiosis is thought to be phagocytosis of a bacterium by another prokaryotic cell. In this case the phagocytozed bacteria survived within the host prokaryote, then when the host reproduced more generations contained the descendants of the originally digested bacterium. Over time the prokaryotic host and the bacterial endosymbionts developed something of a mutualist relationship. the host provided a safe environment and nutrients for the bacteria and the bacteria symbiont performed oxidative metabolism. Over time the freeliving aerobic protobacterium became the mitochondria
vicariance
when a natural situation arises to physically divide organisms
horizontal gene transfer
when the DNA comes from two different species
how do birds know when to migrate
when the length of day changes and the internal energy balance and state of their gonads