A&P 220 - Chapter 13b: Nervous System - Brain and Cranial Nerves

Cardiac center, Respiratory center

What are functional centers associated with the medulla oblongata?

Memory and taste

What are the functions of the insula?

caudate nucleus

When a person begins to walk, the neurons in the ______ stimulate the appropriate muscles to produce the pattern and rhythm of arm and leg movements associated with walking.

visual association

When we look at a face, the primary visual cortex receives bits of visual information, but the ______ area is responsible for integrating all of this information into a recognizable picture of a face.

CN VII, facial

Which cranial nerve innervates muscles for facial expression, tear production, and most salivary glands?

CN XII Hypoglossal

Which cranial nerve would produce swallowing and speech difficulties due to impaired tongue movement if it were injured?

Trochlear (CN IV), Oculomotor (CN III)

Which cranial nerves are found in the mesencephalon (midbrain)

-Trigeminal -Facial -Glossopharyngeal -Vagus

Which cranial nerves have significant motor and sensory function? -Trigeminal -Facial -Hypoglossal -Vagus -Glossopharyngeal

Precentral gyrus

Which is one of the important features of the frontal lobe?

cerebral nuclei

Within the white matter, the brain contains clusters of gray matter called

Gray

______ matter lies on the surface of the brain and in internal clusters.

Projection

______ tracts link the cerebral cortex to the inferior brain and spinal cord.

occipital

the primary visual area (cortex) is located in the ______ lobe.

motor units

A lot of area on the motor homunculus is devoted to the hands because there are many ______ devoted to the muscles that move the hand and fingers.

somatosensory

A sensory area known as the ______ association area allows us to identify objects when our eyes are closed.

decussation of the pyramids

As a result of ______, each cerebral hemisphere controls the voluntary movements of the opposite side of the body.

smell

Cranial nerve 1 aids in our sense of

Vision

Cranial nerve II has which function?

VIII

Cranial nerve ______ conducts equilibrium and auditory sensations to the brain.

anterior

Cranial nerves are numbered according to their positions, beginning with the nerve that is most

peripheral

Cranial nerves are part of the ______ nervous system.

olive

Immediately lateral to each pyramid of the medulla oblongata is a distinct bulge called the

white, gray

In the brain, the ______ matter lies deep to the ______ matter of the cortex

tracts

Most of the central white matter is grouped into bundles called

-pain -touch -temperature

Neurons in the somatosensory cortex receive somatic sensory information from -smell -pain -touch -temperature -vision

dorsal

Posterior is synonymous with ______, meaning "toward the tail"

anterior

Rostral is synonymous with ______, meaning "toward the nose"

cerebral peduncles

Somatic motor axons descend from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord through the ______

cannot be assigned to any single region

Some functions of the cerebral cortex such as memory and consciousness ______

Recognizing written words and understanding spoken words

The Wernicke area is involved in

inferior colliculi

The ______ ______ are at work when you hear the loud "BANG" of a car back-firing and you turn suddenly toward the noise.

superior colliculi

The ______ ______ are at work when you think you see a large animal running at you and turn suddenly toward the image.

medulla oblongata

The ______ ______ is the most inferior part of the brainstem.

cerebral nuclei

The ______ are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres.

middle cerebellar peduncles

The ______ are transverse groups of fibers that connect the pons to the cerebellum.

globus pallidus

The ______ both excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone.

oculomotor

The ______ cranial nerve innervates the upper eyelid muscle and four of the six extrinsic eye muscles.

tegmentum

The ______ integrates information from the cerebrum and cerebellum and issues involuntary motor commands to the erector spinae muscles of the back.

primary motor cortex

The ______ is located within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

auditory association area

The ______ is located within the temporal lobe and interprets the characteristics of sound and stores memories of sounds heard in the past.

gray

The ______ matter houses cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

accessory

The ______ nerve innervates the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and the pharynx muscles.

medulla

The ______ oblongata contains the nucleus cuneatus and the nucleus gracilis which relay somatic sensory information to the thalamus.

pyramids

The anterior surface of the medulla oblongata has two longitudinal ridges called the

association

The areas of the cerebral cortex that are responsible for the integration of new information with stored information are the ______ areas.

-Nuclei of many cranial nerves -Autonomic centers -reflex centers for survival

The brainstem contains

left

The cerebral hemisphere that controls language in most people is the ______ hemisphere.

hemisphere

The cerebrum is composed of two halves called the left and right cerebral

cerebral hemispheres

The cerebrum is divided into right and left

cerebrum, cerebellum

The four major parts of the adult brain are the ______, diencephalon, the brainstem, and the ______

voluntary motor functions (including motor functions involved with speech), concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality.

The frontal lobe is primarily concerned with ______

corpus callosum

The largest of the white matter tracts that connect the cerebral hemispheres is the ______ ______

VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

The medulla oblongata has which cranial nerves?

midbrain

The mesencephalon is also called the ______ and forms the superior portion of the brainstem

precentral

The motor homunculus is located on the ______ gyrus.

vocalization

The motor speech area is responsible for controlling movements necessary for

Vision Visual memories

The occipital lobe is responsible for which actions?

gyri

The outer surface of the cerebrum has a number of folds, each one is called a

Recognizing the texture of objects Evaluating shape of objects Sensory function

The parietal lobe of the cerebrum is involved with which major functions?

-Evaluating shape of objects -Sensory function -Recognizing the texture of objects

The parietal lobe of the cerebrum is involved with which major functions? -Hearing -Evaluating shape of objects -Recognizing the texture of objects -Vision -Sensory function

V, VI, VII, VIII

The pons houses which cranial nerves?

left hemisphere

The portions of the brain that are responsible for controlling speech and understanding written words and speech are most often located in the

coordinating learned, skilled motor activities, such as moving the eyes in a coordinated fashion

The premotor cortex has many functions including

temporal

The primary auditory cortex area is located in the ______ lobe.

insula

The primary gustatory cortex is in the

smells

The primary olfactory cortex provides conscious awareness of

corpus callosum posterior commissure anterior commisure

The prominent commissural tracts that link the cerebral hemispheres include ______

left

The right cerebral hemisphere controls the ______ side of the body.

texture, temperature, pressure, and shape of objects

The somatosensory association area is responsible for interpreting sensations to determine

lips, fingers, genitals

The somatosensory cortex has a lot of its area devoted to the

produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, which affects brain processes to control movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain.

The substantia nigra houses clusters of neurons ______

the processing pathway of visual and auditory sensory input

The tectum, also called the corpora quadrigemina, are relay stations for ______

-Hearing -Smell

The temporal lobe is responsible for which functions? -Vision -Hearing -Smell -Motor function

motor, sensory, association

The three categories of functional areas in the cerebral cortex are ______ area, ______ area, and ______ area.

association

The type of tract that connects the primary motor cortex to the premotor area is a(n) ______ tract.

12

There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves.