A&P 220 - Chapter 13b: Nervous System - Brain and Cranial Nerves
Cardiac center, Respiratory center
What are functional centers associated with the medulla oblongata?
Memory and taste
What are the functions of the insula?
caudate nucleus
When a person begins to walk, the neurons in the ______ stimulate the appropriate muscles to produce the pattern and rhythm of arm and leg movements associated with walking.
visual association
When we look at a face, the primary visual cortex receives bits of visual information, but the ______ area is responsible for integrating all of this information into a recognizable picture of a face.
CN VII, facial
Which cranial nerve innervates muscles for facial expression, tear production, and most salivary glands?
CN XII Hypoglossal
Which cranial nerve would produce swallowing and speech difficulties due to impaired tongue movement if it were injured?
Trochlear (CN IV), Oculomotor (CN III)
Which cranial nerves are found in the mesencephalon (midbrain)
-Trigeminal -Facial -Glossopharyngeal -Vagus
Which cranial nerves have significant motor and sensory function? -Trigeminal -Facial -Hypoglossal -Vagus -Glossopharyngeal
Precentral gyrus
Which is one of the important features of the frontal lobe?
cerebral nuclei
Within the white matter, the brain contains clusters of gray matter called
Gray
______ matter lies on the surface of the brain and in internal clusters.
Projection
______ tracts link the cerebral cortex to the inferior brain and spinal cord.
occipital
the primary visual area (cortex) is located in the ______ lobe.
motor units
A lot of area on the motor homunculus is devoted to the hands because there are many ______ devoted to the muscles that move the hand and fingers.
somatosensory
A sensory area known as the ______ association area allows us to identify objects when our eyes are closed.
decussation of the pyramids
As a result of ______, each cerebral hemisphere controls the voluntary movements of the opposite side of the body.
smell
Cranial nerve 1 aids in our sense of
Vision
Cranial nerve II has which function?
VIII
Cranial nerve ______ conducts equilibrium and auditory sensations to the brain.
anterior
Cranial nerves are numbered according to their positions, beginning with the nerve that is most
peripheral
Cranial nerves are part of the ______ nervous system.
olive
Immediately lateral to each pyramid of the medulla oblongata is a distinct bulge called the
white, gray
In the brain, the ______ matter lies deep to the ______ matter of the cortex
tracts
Most of the central white matter is grouped into bundles called
-pain -touch -temperature
Neurons in the somatosensory cortex receive somatic sensory information from -smell -pain -touch -temperature -vision
dorsal
Posterior is synonymous with ______, meaning "toward the tail"
anterior
Rostral is synonymous with ______, meaning "toward the nose"
cerebral peduncles
Somatic motor axons descend from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord through the ______
cannot be assigned to any single region
Some functions of the cerebral cortex such as memory and consciousness ______
Recognizing written words and understanding spoken words
The Wernicke area is involved in
inferior colliculi
The ______ ______ are at work when you hear the loud "BANG" of a car back-firing and you turn suddenly toward the noise.
superior colliculi
The ______ ______ are at work when you think you see a large animal running at you and turn suddenly toward the image.
medulla oblongata
The ______ ______ is the most inferior part of the brainstem.
cerebral nuclei
The ______ are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres.
middle cerebellar peduncles
The ______ are transverse groups of fibers that connect the pons to the cerebellum.
globus pallidus
The ______ both excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone.
oculomotor
The ______ cranial nerve innervates the upper eyelid muscle and four of the six extrinsic eye muscles.
tegmentum
The ______ integrates information from the cerebrum and cerebellum and issues involuntary motor commands to the erector spinae muscles of the back.
primary motor cortex
The ______ is located within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.
auditory association area
The ______ is located within the temporal lobe and interprets the characteristics of sound and stores memories of sounds heard in the past.
gray
The ______ matter houses cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.
accessory
The ______ nerve innervates the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and the pharynx muscles.
medulla
The ______ oblongata contains the nucleus cuneatus and the nucleus gracilis which relay somatic sensory information to the thalamus.
pyramids
The anterior surface of the medulla oblongata has two longitudinal ridges called the
association
The areas of the cerebral cortex that are responsible for the integration of new information with stored information are the ______ areas.
-Nuclei of many cranial nerves -Autonomic centers -reflex centers for survival
The brainstem contains
left
The cerebral hemisphere that controls language in most people is the ______ hemisphere.
hemisphere
The cerebrum is composed of two halves called the left and right cerebral
cerebral hemispheres
The cerebrum is divided into right and left
cerebrum, cerebellum
The four major parts of the adult brain are the ______, diencephalon, the brainstem, and the ______
voluntary motor functions (including motor functions involved with speech), concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality.
The frontal lobe is primarily concerned with ______
corpus callosum
The largest of the white matter tracts that connect the cerebral hemispheres is the ______ ______
VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
The medulla oblongata has which cranial nerves?
midbrain
The mesencephalon is also called the ______ and forms the superior portion of the brainstem
precentral
The motor homunculus is located on the ______ gyrus.
vocalization
The motor speech area is responsible for controlling movements necessary for
Vision Visual memories
The occipital lobe is responsible for which actions?
gyri
The outer surface of the cerebrum has a number of folds, each one is called a
Recognizing the texture of objects Evaluating shape of objects Sensory function
The parietal lobe of the cerebrum is involved with which major functions?
-Evaluating shape of objects -Sensory function -Recognizing the texture of objects
The parietal lobe of the cerebrum is involved with which major functions? -Hearing -Evaluating shape of objects -Recognizing the texture of objects -Vision -Sensory function
V, VI, VII, VIII
The pons houses which cranial nerves?
left hemisphere
The portions of the brain that are responsible for controlling speech and understanding written words and speech are most often located in the
coordinating learned, skilled motor activities, such as moving the eyes in a coordinated fashion
The premotor cortex has many functions including
temporal
The primary auditory cortex area is located in the ______ lobe.
insula
The primary gustatory cortex is in the
smells
The primary olfactory cortex provides conscious awareness of
corpus callosum posterior commissure anterior commisure
The prominent commissural tracts that link the cerebral hemispheres include ______
left
The right cerebral hemisphere controls the ______ side of the body.
texture, temperature, pressure, and shape of objects
The somatosensory association area is responsible for interpreting sensations to determine
lips, fingers, genitals
The somatosensory cortex has a lot of its area devoted to the
produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, which affects brain processes to control movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain.
The substantia nigra houses clusters of neurons ______
the processing pathway of visual and auditory sensory input
The tectum, also called the corpora quadrigemina, are relay stations for ______
-Hearing -Smell
The temporal lobe is responsible for which functions? -Vision -Hearing -Smell -Motor function
motor, sensory, association
The three categories of functional areas in the cerebral cortex are ______ area, ______ area, and ______ area.
association
The type of tract that connects the primary motor cortex to the premotor area is a(n) ______ tract.
12
There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves.