A&P 233 Kidneys and electrolytes

Emphysema can lead to which of the following?

Respiratory acidosis

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

Steven, who had way too many margaritas, has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body.

all of the above

Functions of the urinary system include

all of the above helping to stabilize blood pH. regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. conservation of valuable nutrients. regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in blood pressure by

all of the above. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. stimulating thirst. causing the release of ADH. vasoconstriction.

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water could result from all of the following except:

an increase in the production of aldosterone.

The macula densa cells respond to:

changes in solute content of the filtrate.

An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of CO2 in the blood and a pH of 7. 43, this would indicate the individual probably has:

compensated respiratory acidosis.

ANG II does all of the following, except

constrict mesangial cells.

The descending limb of the loop of Henle:

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla.

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

cotransport with Na and K ions.

A rapid increase in Brian's blood potassium levels will lead to:

depolarzation of cells

Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of ________.

diabetes mellitus

Aldosterone acts on the ________.

distal convoluted tubule

Most body water intake is from ________, whereas most body water lost is via ________.

drinking; urine

Aldosterone is stimulated to be released by

elevated K+

The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers, which is the proper order from from inside to ouside?

endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

Acidosis can cause all of the following, except

hyponatremia

Andy is working in the desert and is drinking adequete amounts of pure water without taking in food or anything else. This practice will lead to:

hypotonic hydration

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except

increase the glomerular filtration rate.

Atrial natriuretic peptide does all of the following, except

increases potassium secretion.

Emily is hyperventilating due to anxiety over the test causing respiratory alkalosis, in response to correct the problem the

kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the ________, to form angiotensin I.

liver

Rosie gets hit by a car while on her bike and has extensive damage to her kidneys resulting in decreased kidney hormone levels leading to

more than one of the above

A slow increase in Mattie's blood potassium levels resulting from acidosis will lead to:

more than one; muscle weakness and depolization

Hypocalcemia can lead to

muscle spasms

The primary nitrogenous waste found in the urine is:

none of the above

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to

none of the above.

One aspect of renal autoregulation involves:

none of the above.

Megan is drinking pure water and eating nothing this will cause

osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of:

plasma protein.

The structures located in the renal medulla that contain the Loop of Henle and Vasa recta are called

pyramids.

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for:

regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure. 2nd option ?? regulating the rate of filtrate formation and blood volume homeostasis.

Blood plasma is filtered in the ________.

renal corpuscle

Jack, who has COPD, will develop

resp acidosis

Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to ________.

respiratory acidosis

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

secondary active symport with Na+.

In the loop of Henle

sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb.

Caitlin is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates low levels of bicarbonate in the blood, this would indicate the individual is probably:

suffering from metabolic acidosis and is breathing faster than normal.

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures? 1) blood hydrostatic pressure 2) capsular hydrostatic pressure 3) capsular colloid osmotic pressure 4) blood colloid osmotic pressure 5) urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

1, 2, and 4 are correct.

Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case?

24 mm Hg

What is the normal pH of tissue fluid?

7.35 - 7.45

Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through?

?? NO! Nephron loop

A patient presents with severe liver failure, which of the following would NOT be a possible consequence.

?? NO! an increase in GFR

The juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to produce renin:

?? NO! by an increase in filtrate osmolarity in the DCT.

After a night of trying to keep up with Jess's drinking, Jacob spent the day vomiting, until his breathing rate became severly depressed and he was admitted to the ER with muscle spasms resulting from

?? NO! hypercalcemia NO! resp alk

ADH is inhibited by:

?? NO! increased blood pressure NO! alkalosis

A decrease in the pH of the body will lead to:

?? NO! increased secretion of bicarbonate.

Water output is largely controlled by varying ________.

?? NO! metabolic water prod NO! drinking

The creation of NEW bicarbonate ions in Tewin's Kidneys are coupled with the elimination of protons and:

?? NO! reabsorption of HPO4-2 NO! the the chloride shift.

An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of CO2 in the blood and a pH of 7. 32, this would indicate the individual probably has:

?? NO! uncompensated metabolic acidosis. NO! compensated respiratory acidosis.

Renal autoregulation in Danielle's kidneys results from:

?? increased blood pressure in the afferent arteriole. NO! changes in osmotic NO! two of the above

Which of the following is(are) important buffers inside cells?

?? more than 1 NO! Phosphate NO! bicarb

Many cations are reabsorbed as a result of

?? passive attraction to vasa recta NO! Primary active transport in the Loop of Henle.

In order to control Ellen's physiological problems associated with stress, she is given a drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following EXCEPT

??Increased in potassium secretion NO! increased urinary loss of Na

A hemorrhage results in which of the following?

A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity

Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following?

A drop in blood osmolarity

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

A, B, and C

Which of the following descriptions best matches loop of Henle?

A, B, and C creates high interstitial medullary osmotic concentration gradient enables production of hypertonic urine relies on countercurrent multiplication

Diabetes insipidus is caused by decreased levels of which of the following hormones?

ADH

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?f

ADH

Which hormone stimulates Elana's thirst mechanism?

ADH

Each of the following play a role in sodium reabsorbtion/secretion EXCEPT

ANG II

How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis?

By secreting more hydrogen ions

Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia?

Cells are hyperpolarized.

What is the principal anion of the ECF?

Cl-

The production of dilute urine is due to

Impermeability of collecting ducts

Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found?

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?

It causes hyperpolarization.

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

It promotes water conservation.

In tubuloglomerular autoregulation, an increase in filtrate osmolarity will lead to the ______________ cells signalling for ____________.

Macula densa; constriction of the affferent arteriole

An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following?

Metabolic alkalosis

Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following?

Metabolic alkalosis

What is the principal cation of the ECF?

Na+

Natriuretic peptide inhibits ________ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which ________ urine output.

NaCl; increases

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

Net filtration would decrease.

Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high?

None of the above.

What is the principal anion of the ICF?

PO4-

Which of the following wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus for structural support and to form part of the filtration membrane?

Podocytes

Which of the following is not a method by which natriuretic peptides reduce blood volume and pressure?

Preventing sodium loss in the urine

An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of HCO3- in the blood and a pH of 7. 47, this would indicate the individual probably has:

uncompensated metabolic alkolosis.

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with a higher concentration of potassium ions.

The part of the nephron that protects the medullary gradient from the lose of osmotically active solutes is the

vasa recta.

Amy has a Tm for a particular amino acid of 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid:

will appear in the urine.

In response to high plasma osmolarity,

there is an increased permeability of the membrane of the renal collecting ducts to water.

Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment. Which of the following statements is true concerning the volume of intracellular fluid?

Approximately one-third of the water is in the extracellular fluid compartment.

Rudy discovers he has a dangerous condition known as floating kidney which can lead to obstruction of the ureters and renal arteries which could lead to which of the following conditions?

B and C only

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except

HPO4-2.

A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms?

Hyperventilation

Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia?

The resting membrane potential is more negative.

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

absence of ADH.

Consuming a meal high in salt will contribute to all the following EXCEPT

activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

The mechanisms for creating the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla of Elyse's kidneys require

active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.

albumin

Which of the following hormones is directly involved in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations?

aldosterone

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

bicarbonate

The process of filtration is driven by

blood hydrostatic pressure

The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the ________.

body's water volume is high

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

both a and c more urine produced osmolarity of urine decreases

Which of the following does NOT normally play a role in removing protons from the body trough the urine

the amine group of amino acids binding to H+.

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?

the lungs and the kidneys

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is:

the nephron.

In the loop of Henle

there are no aquaporins in the ascending limb.