A&P Acid-Base Balance Ch 19

aerobic, or cellular, respiration

CO2 formed during the cellular breakdown of the nutrient glucose in the presence of oxugen.

Respiratory disturbances usually have an effect on the______part of the buffer pair.

H2CO3

What is the most abundant acid in body fluids?( because it is formed by the buffering of fixed acids and also because CO2 forms it by combining with H2O)

H2CO3

respiratory alkalosis

H2CO3 deficit (hyperventalation caused by anxiety, overventalation on ventalators, or heptic coma

respiratory acidosis

H2CO3 excess (hypoventalation caused by drugs, or emphysema and pneumonia)

What is one of the most abundant of the "fixed" acids(acids that do not break down to form a gas)?

Lactic acid

diabetic ketoacidosis

The accumulation of ketone bodies results in a condition that causes the blood to become dangerously acidic.(the body attempts to correct by rapid breathing)

Normal venous blood pH?

about 7.35

normal arterial blood pH?

about 7.45

ketone bodies

accumulation of acidic substances in the blood from the excessive metabolism of fats most often in uncontrolled type 1 diabeties

Of what is pH a measurement?

acids and bases

Severe vomiting is a metabolic disturbance that can cause metabolic_______.

alkalosis

A pH lower than 7.0 indicates what?

an acid solution

carbonic anhydrase

an enxyme found in red blood cells, that converts CO2 and H2O into carbonic acid.

acidosis

anything that causes an appreciable decrease in respirations

alkalosis

anything that causes an excessive increase in respirations.

buffers

are chemical substances that prevent a sharp change in the pH of a fluid when and acid or base is added to it.

What is one of the main buffers of the normally occurring "fixed" acids in blood?

baking soda(sodium bicarbonate) or NaHCO3

Metabollic disturbances usually have an effect on the _________part of the buffer pair.

bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

metabolic acidosis

bicarbonate deficit (renal disease, uncontrolled diabetes, or prolonged diarrhea, or ingested toxic chemicals such as antifreeze or wood alcohol)

metabolic alkalosis

bicarbonate excess (diuretic therapy, loss of acid-containing gastric fluid caused by vomiting or suction, or from certain diseases such as Cushing syndrome.)

H+

hydrogen ions

OH-

hydroxide ions

compensated metabolic alkalosis

is obtained by slowing respiration to retain more carbon dioxide in the body, thus increasing carbonic acid levels; and it increases the elimination of bicarbonate in the urine.

What does it mean when a solution's pH increases?

it is alkaline, or basic, solution and the more alkaline the solution is, the higher is its pH.

What are the main blood buffer pairs?

ordinary baking soda(sodium bicarbonate[NaHCO3]) and carbonic acid(H2CO3).

What is meant by saying the pH of a solution is "neutral"?

pH of 7.0---equal amounts of H+ and OH-

uncompensated metabloic alkalosis

the bicarbonate levels increase the ratio of H2CO3 to NaHCO3 may reach 1:40 in extracellular fluid.(vomiting)

What three mechanisms does the body have for regulating pH of body fluids?

the buffer mechanism, the respiratory mechanism, and the urinary mechanism.

What are the body's last and best defense against wide variations in blood pH?

the kidneys

What are the body's most effective regulators of blood pH?

the kidneys

buffer pairs

two kinds of substances (buffers)