A&P Ch. 4 vocab and MCQ
loose connective tissue
(also, areolar tissue) type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix
areolar tissue
(also, loose connective tissue) a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix
lacunae
(singular = lacuna) small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy
mesoderm germ layer gives rise to what?
1) connective tissue proper 2) bone 3) cartilage 4) blood 5) muscle 6) serous membranes 7) synovial membranes 8) kidneys
ectoderm germ layer gives rise to what?
1) epidermis 2) glands on the skin 3) some cranial bones 4) pituitary gland 5) adrenal medulla 6) the nervous system 7) the anus
endoderm germ layer gives rise to what
1) lining of airways and digestive system except at the mouth and the distal part of the digestive system 2) glands such as the digestive glands, endocrine glands, and the adrenal cortex
In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? a. columnar b. stratified c. squamous d. transitional
A. columnar
The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________. a. differentiation b. maturation c. modification d. specialization
A. differentiation
The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. a. holocrine; apocrine b. eccrine; endocrine c. apocrine; holocrine d. eccrine; apocrine
A. holocrine; apocrine
The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________. a. myoblasts b. endoderm c. fibrocytes d. chondrocytes
A. mytoblasts
The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________. a. neurons b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes d. microglia
A. neurons
Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. a. skeletal muscle only b. cardiac muscle only c. smooth muscle only d. skeletal and cardiac muscles
A. skeletal muscle only
Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? a. tendon b. adipose tissue c. reticular tissue d. dense connective tissue
B. adipose tissue
The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body. a. dendrite b. axon c. microglia d. collagen fiber
B. axon
Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid
B. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________. a. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium
B. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? a. collagen b. histamine c. hyaluronic acid d. meylin
B. histamine
Atrophy refers to ________. a. loss of elasticity b. loss of mass c. loss of rigidity d. loss of permeability
B. loss of mass
In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. a. mesoderm b. mesenchyme c. ectoderm d. endoderm
B. mesenchyme
Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct? a. transitional b. stratified columnar c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar d. stratified squamous
B. stratified columnar
Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? a. areolar tissue b. adipose tissue c. dense regular connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue
C. dense regular connective tissue
Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a. muscle b. nervous c. embryonic d. epithelial
C. embryonic
Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a. redness b. heat c. fever d. swelling
C. fever
Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________. a. diet b. exercise c. genetic factors d. stress
C. genetic factors
Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? a. columnar b. pseudostratified c. simple squamous d. transitional
C. simple squamous
epithelial membrane
Covers the outer layer of the skin, lines open body cavities of the digestive and respiratory system. Covers the walls of the organs.
Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? a. microglia b. neuroglia c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes
D. astrocytes
Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________. a. loose connective tissue b. a tendon c. bone d. hyaline cartilage
D. hyaline cartilage
Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? a. nuclei b. striations c. golgi bodies d. mitochondria
D. mitochondria
Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a. mesothelium b. lamina propria c. mesenteries d. mucosa
D. mucosa
In bone, the main cells are ________. a. fibroblasts b. chondrocytes c. lymphocytes d. osteocytes
D. osteocytes
myelin
a mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which impulses are conducted. layer of lipid inside some neuroglial cells that wraps around the axons of neurons
necrosis
accidental death of cells and tissues
mesenchymal cell
adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived
striation
alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern of sarcomeres
gap junction
allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between near by cells
clotting
also called coagulation; complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding
muscous membrane
an epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and that lines many body cavities
neuroglia
are the cells in myelin. supportive neural cells. also called glial cells. cells in the nervous system that aren't neurons
Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?
because a layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers cartilage, not allowing any blood vessels in the cartilage.
chondrocytes
cells of the cartilage
histamine
chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium permeability
primary union
condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing
connective tissue proper
connective tissue containing a viscous matrix, fibers, and cells
synovial membrane
connective tissue found in synovial joints. produces synovial fluid
dense connective tissue
connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection
connective tissue membrane
connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints
What are the main parts of a nerve cell?
dendrites, soma (cell body), nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, node of ranvier, schwann cells, and axon terminals
Why does skeletal muscle look striated?
different bands of sarcomeres
mesenchyme
embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive
serous membrane
epithelial membrane that is composed of mesothelium that is supported by connective tissue
neuron
excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses
matrix
extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers
elastic fiber
fibrous bundles of proteins within connective tissue, composed mainly of elastin that allows the tissue to stretch
reticular fiber
fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting "nets" within connective tissue
collagen fiber
flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength
ground substance
fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix
transitional epithelium
form of stratified epithelium found in the urinary tract, characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine
astrocyte
form the blood-brain barrier. star-shaped cells in the central nervous system and are the most abundant glial cells in the brain. regulate ions and the transmission of electrical impulses within the brain.
tight junction
forms an impermeable barrier between cells
parenchyma
functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ
mesoderm
germ layer that gives rise to muscle tissue
endoderm
germ layer, gives rise to the lining of airways and the digestive system
tissue
group of cells that have the same structure and function
mucous gland
group of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant
serous gland
group of cells within the serous membrane that secrete a lubricating substance onto the surface
exocrine gland
group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body
endocrine gland
groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood
cardiac muscle
heart muscle, each cell contains a single nucleus, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers
basement membrane
in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina
lamina propria
is the underlyning connective tissue that supports epithelial membranes
fibrocyte
less active form of fibroblast
adipocytes
lipid storage cells
atrophy
loss of mass and function
What is the function of synovial membranes?
makes synovial fluid, this reduces friction in joints etc.
reticular lamina
matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane
what are anchoring junction, and what are the 3 types of anchoring junctions
mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane 1) desmosomes 2) hemidesmosomes 3) adherens
fibroblast
most abundant cell type in connective tissue. secretes tropocollagen to form collagen, and protein fibers. responcible for the ground substance (or matrix) which fills spaces between the cells and fibers in connective tissue
hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance
myocyte
muscle cells
totipotent
name given to the first embryonic cells. it means the embryonic cells have the ability to divide, differenciate, and develop into new organisms
oligodendrocyte
neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the central nervous system
Schwann cell
neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system
cell junction
point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue
wound contraction
process whereby the borders of a wound are physically drawn together
apoptosis
programmed cell death
apocrine secretion
release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell
holocrine secretion
release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion
merocrine secretion
release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis
inflammation
response of tissue to injury
mesothelium
simple squamous epithelial tissue which covers the major body cavities and is the epithelial portion of serous membranes
adipose tissue
specialized areolar tissue rich in stored fat
fluid connective tissue
specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins
mucous connective tissue
specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord
histology
study of tissue
apical
that part of a cell or tissue which, in general, faces an open space
basal lamina
thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues
what are the 3 types of connections in epithelia
tight junctions, anchoring junctions, and gap junctions.
simple columnar epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs
simple cuboidal epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules
simple squamous epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract
stratified squamous epithelium
tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion
stratified columnar epithelium
tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts
stratified cuboidal epithelium
tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts
endothelium
tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium
fibrocartilage
tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance
elastic cartilage
type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity
supportive connective tissue
type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue
reticular tissue
type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver
smooth muscle
under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber
goblet cell
unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous
skeletal muscle
usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels
secondary union
wound healing facilitated by wound contraction