A&P Ch.17 Vocab

Olfactory nerves

40 or so bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells form the right and left olfactory (I) nerves

Olfactory tracts

A bundle of axons that extends posteriorly from the olfactory bulb to olfactory regions of the cerebral cortex.

presbyopia

A loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye due to advancing age, with resulting inability to focus clearly on near objects.

Olfactory bulbs

A mass of gray matter containing cell bodies of neurons that form synapses with neurons of the olfactory (I) nerve, lying inferior to the frontal lobe of the cerebrum on either side of the crista galli of the ethmoid bone.

odorants

Chemicals that bind to and stimulate the olfactory receptors in the olfactory cilia

tastants

Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells

Myopia

Defect in vision in which objects can be seen distinctly only when very close to the eyes; nearsightedness.

accommodation

The increase in the curvature of the lens for near vision

binocular vision

In humans, both eyes focus on only one set of objects

near point of vision

The minimum distance from the eye that an object can be clearly focused with maximum accommodation.

Refraction

When light rays traveling through a transparent substance (such as air) pass into a second transparent substance with a different density (such as water), they bend at the junction between the two substances.

Lysozyme

a protective bactericidal enzyme. The fluid protects, cleans, lubricates, and moistens the eyeball.

conjuctiva

a thin, protective mucous membrane composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells that is supported by areolar connective tissue.

Hearing

ability to perceive sounds

taste buds

an oval body consisting of three kinds of epithelial cells: supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, and basal cells

Foliate Papillae

are located in small trenches on the lateral margins of the tongue

astigmatism

either the cornea or the lens has an irregular curvature. As a result, parts of the image are out of focus, and thus vision is blurred or distorted.

papilae

elevations on the tongue

hyperopia

farsightedness, also known as hypermetropia, the eyeball length is short relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens, or the lens is thinner than normal, so an image converges behind the retina

Vallate Papillae

form an inverted V-shaped row at the back of the tongue.

electromagnetic radiation

is energy in the form of waves that radiates from the sun.

convergence

medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both are directed toward the object being viewed. Ex: tracking a pencil moving toward your eyes.

fungiform papillae

mushroom-shaped elevations scattered over the entire surface of the tongue

olfactory epithelium

occupies the superior part of the nasal cavity, covering the inferior surface of the cribriform plate and extending along the superior nasal concha.

taste pore

opening in taste bud

filiform papillae

pointed, threadlike structures contain tactile receptors but no taste buds. They increase friction between the tongue and food, making it easier for the tongue to move food in the oral cavity.

gustatory microvilli (hairs)

project from each gustatory receptor cell to the external surface through the taste pore

Olfactory receptors

proteins that detect inhaled chemicals.

electromagnetic spectrum

range of electromagnetic radiation

visual acuity

resolution (sharpness of vision)

tarsal glands

secrete a fluid that helps keep the eyelids from adhering to each other

Olfaction

sense of smell

Gustation

sense of taste

gustatory receptor cells

sensory cells in the taste bud that transduce the chemical stimuli of gustation

basal cells

stem cells found at the periphery of the taste bud near the connective tissue layer, produce supporting cells, which then develop into gustatory receptor cells.

vision

the act of seeing

olfactory receptor cells

the first-order neurons of the olfactory pathway.

visible light

the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths ranging from about 400 to 700 nm.

opthamology

the science that deals with the eyes and their disorders.

olfactory cilia

which are the sites of olfactory transduction.