A&P Chapter 13 The Human Brain

13.16 Describe the basic events that occur along a sensory pathway?

1. Arriving stimulus: pitching skin 2. depolarization of receptor: a graded potential happens which is when there a change in membranes potential 3. Action potential generated: which is carried out enough to where it reaches threshold or past a action potential occurs in initial segment. 4. Propagation over labeled line 5. CNS processing

13.2 Name the four major regions of the brain and their functions?

1. Cerebrum: cerebral functions like, couscous thought, memory storage & processing, sensory process, regulate skeletal muscle. 1a.Fissure: are grooves that subdivide each cerebral hemisphere. 1b.Gyri: are folds in the cerebral hemisphere's that increase its surface area. 1c. Sulci: are shallow grooves in the cerebral hemisphere's that separate adjacent gyri. 2.Cerebellum: Function's being coordinating and modulating motor commands from the cerebral cortex. 3. Diencephalon: This is the link between hemisphere's and rest of (CNS). Structure contains epithalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus. 4. Brainstem: Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

13.12 Identify the locations of the motor, sensory, and association areas of the cerebral cortex, and discuss the function?

1. Each sensory and motor region connected to a nearby association area-Regions that interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response 2. Primary motor cortex: direct voluntary movement Pre-motor cortex: or somatic motor association area, coordinates learned movements. 3. Primary somato-sensory cortex: receive somatic sensory information from receptors for touch, pressure, pain, vibration, or temperature. Somatosensory association area: allows you to recognize a touch as light as a mosquito landing on your arm. 4. Primary auditory cortex: is responsible for monitoring auditory (sound) information. Auditory Area: recognizes sounds, such as spoken words. 5. Primary visual cortex: Receives information with eyes, allows you to see. Visual association area: Monitors patterns, allows you to recognize c a r as car.

13.6 List the main components of the cerebellum and their functions?

1. Monitors proprioceptive, visual, tactile, balance, and auditory sensations 2. Structures: a. Large anterior and posterior lobes b. Two hemispheres c. Arbor Vitae 3. Functions: a. Adjusting the postural muscles of the body b. Programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at the conscious and subconscious levels

13.15 Identify the cranial nerves by name and number, and cite all their functions?

1. Olfactory(I): it's special sensory, that allows us to smell. 2. Optic(II): it's special sensory, that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. 3. Oculomotor (III): it's motor, that innervates extrinsic eye muscles that enable most movements of the eye and that raise the eyelid. 4. Trochlear (IV): it's motor, innervates to Superior oblique muscle. 5. Trigeminal (V): it's mixed, is a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. 6. Abducens (VI): it's motor, that is one of the nerves responsible for the extraocular motor functions of the eye. 7. Facial (VII): it's mixed, that controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. 8. Vestibulocochlear (acoustic) (VIII): it's special sensory, that has Vestibule (receptors for motion and balance) Cochlea (receptors for hearing). 9. Glossopharyngeal (IX): it's mixed, is responsible for swallowing and the gag reflex, along with other functions. 10. Vagus (X): it's mixed, is to stimulate smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretions in these organs. 11. Accessory (XI): it's motor, It has a purely somatic motor function, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. 12. Hypoglossal (XII): it's motor, cause Tongue musculature.

13.11 Identify the major superficial landmarks of the cerebrum, and cite the location of each?

1. Pre-frontal lobe 2. paretial lobe 3. occupital lobe 4. Temporal lobe 5. Insula

13.10 Describe the structure and function of the basal nuclei of the cerebrum?

1. Structure- Are masses of gray matter that lie within each cerebral hemisphere deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle. 2. Function- Provides sub-counsiness control of skeletal muscles tone and help coorindate learned movement patterns.

13.4 List the main components of the medulla oblongata, and their functions?

1. Structures: Autonomic reflex centers, ascending & descending tracts, All communication from the spinal cord and brain passes through here. 2.a White matter: Coordinate's complex autonomics reflexes. 2.b gray matter: ascending (sensory tracts) and descending (motor) tracts.

13.7 List the main components of the midbrain, and their functions of each?

1. Structures: There are three main parts of the midbrain the colliculi, the tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles. 2. Functions: Are vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

13.3 Explain how the brain is protected and supported and how cerebrospinal fluid form's and circulates?

1. The brain is protected with cranial bones, cranial meninges, and CSF protects delicate bones. Also inner layers of dura matter extends into cranial cavities forming dura-folds. Which helps stabilize brain. 2. (CSF)- choroid plexus produces and maintains CSF. 3. Circulates: from choroid plexus through the ventricles & fills the central canal of the spinal cord.

13.13 Discuss the significance of the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres?

1. White matter are (myelinated axons or fibers) organize into groups that share. 2. Associated fibers that interconnect everything under one cerebral hemipshere. Long- Longitudinal fasciculi connect frontal lobe to other lobes of same hemisphere short- short associated fibers are called arcuate fibers.

13.14 Discuss the origin and significance of the major categories of brainwave's seen in an electroencephalogram?

Electroencephalogram: measure neural activity aka measure's brain waves. 1. Alpha waves: occur in the brains of healthy, awake adults who are resting with their eyes closed. 2. Beta waves: higher frequency waves, shows concentrating on a task and under stress. 3. Theta waves: may appear in adults in sleep, but most commonly view in children and frustrated adults. other circumstances indicate the presence of a brain disorder, such as a tumor. 4. Delta waves: are large-amplitude, lowfrequency waves. They are normally seen during deep sleep in people of all ages. But in awake adults when a tumor, vascular blockage, or inflammation has damaged portions of the brain.

13.5 List the main components of the pons and their functions?

Links the cerebellum with midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum, medulla oblongata, spinal cord. 1. Structures: Ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts. Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers, and reticular formation. 2. White matter: ascending sensory tract: Carry Sensory information to thalmus and Descending motor tracts: carry motor commands from higher centers to motor cranial and spinal nerves. 2.a Gray matter: Adjust activities of the respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata and pons

13.9 Identify the main components of Limbic system and their specific functions?

Structures involved are hippocampus, Amygalda, thalamus, hypothalamus, and fornix. Functions: 1. Establishing emotional states 2. Linking the conscious, intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic functions of the brain stem 3. Facilitating memory storage and retrieval 4. Affecting motivation

13.8 List the main components of the diencephalon, and their functions?

The diencephalon has three parts Epithalamus, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus. Functions: Epithalamus: It's primary function is to act as a connection point, because it connects the limbic system to the rest of the brain. Thalamus: Final relay point for sensory info to be sent to cerebral cortex, it also acts as filter to only passing small portions of arriving sensory info. Hypothalamus: controls Autonomic centers, Hormonal centers, and Preoptic area which ◦Regulates body temperature by coordinating adjustments in blood flow and sweat gland activity.