A&P Chapter 15.1-15.4, 12.5-12.6, 19.4/.6: Quiz 10

Which of the following structures release neurotransmitter molecules in the paravertebral ganglion?

Preganglionic sympathetic fiber

Parkinson disease is a progressive loss of motor function due to the degeneration of specific neurons. These neurons secrete an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prevents excessive activity in motor centers of the brain. What neurotransmitter is this? A. Serotonin B. Dopamine C. Acetylcholine D. GABA E. Glutamate

dopamine

The adrenal medulla secretes mostly ___________. A. norepinephrine (noradrenaline) B. dopamine C. endorphins D. acetylcholine (ACh) E. epinephrine (adrenaline)

epinephrine (adrenaline)

Preganglionic fibers run from the ... to the .... A. posterior root ganglia; gray matter B. posterior root ganglia; autonomic ganglia C. gray matter; posterior root ganglia D. gray matter; autonomic ganglia E. autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors

gray matter; autonomic ganglia

The is an especially important center of autonomic control. A. pons B. medulla oblongata C. hypothalamus D. midbrain E. pituitary gland

hypothalamus

Most preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system synapse with ____ A. no neurons B. somatic neurons C. parasympathetic neurons D. 10-20 postganglionic neurons E. effectors directly

10-20 postganglionic neurons.

How was the activation of sweat glands in the palms measured?

A change in electrical potential difference across the hand and/or feet.

What type of neural circuit is best for producing a prolonged output? A. A converging circuit B. A diverging circuit C. A reverberating circuit D. A presynaptic pool E. An autonomic pool

A reverberating circuit

Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron? A. A voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV B. A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5mV C. A voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70mV D. A voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV E. A voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV

A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV

A cholinergic synapse uses __________ as its neurotransmitter. A. monoamine B. acetylcholine C. epinephrine D. norepinephrine E. catecholamine

Acetylcholine

Muscarinic Receptors bind ______. A. epinephrine B. norepinephrine C. monoamine oxidase (MAO) D. acetylcholinesterase E. acetylcholine

Ach

The neurotransmitter(s) associated with autonomic ganglia is(are) __________. A. norepinephrine (NE) B. acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) C. acetylcholine (ACh) D. dopamine E. dopamine and norepinephrine (NE)

Ach

Which neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle? A. Norepinephrine B. Dopamine C. Histamine D. Acetylcholine E. β-endorphin

Ach

Which of the following is not under dual control of the ANS? Pupil diameter B. Heart rate C. Salivary gland activity D. Adrenal medulla activity E. Gastrointestinal motility

Adrenal medulla cavity

Which of the following structures is not associated with the autonomic nervous system? A. Preganglionic neuron B. Postganglionic neuron C. Splanchnic nerve D. Oculomotor nerve E. All of these are associated with the autonomic nervous system.

All

What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? A. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B. Noradrenaline C. Epinephrine D. Acetylcholine E. Norepinephrine

Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

What effect did applying atropine prior to acetylcholine have on the rate and force of contraction of the frog heart? Atropine increased the effect of acetylcholine, the heart rate and force of contraction both decreased when acetylcholine was applied. Atropine blocked the acetylcholine from decreasing the heart rate, so no change in heart rate or force of contraction was see when acetylchoine was applied. Atropine reversed the effect of acetylchoine, causing and increase in heart rate and force of contraction when acetylcholine was applied.

Atropine blocked the acetylcholine from decreasing the heart rate, so no change in the heart rate or force of contraction was seen when the acetylcholine was applied.

Even though all action potentials are the same, the brain can differentiate a variety of stimuli by source and intensity. The mechanism by which the nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural __________. A. recruitment B. pooling C. integration D. facilitation E. coding

Coding

The respiratory center gathers information from a variety of sources in order to set the rate and depth of breathing. This is an example of what type of neural circuit? A. Convergent B. Divergent C. Reverberating D. Parallel after-discharge

Convergent

Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________. A. anger B. digestion C. exercise D. stress E. arousal

Digestion

Place the following events of synaptic transmission at an adrenergic synapse in order: A - ATP is converted to cAMP B - The cell's metabolism is altered C - G protein binds adenylate cyclase D - The G protein dissociates E - NE binds the receptor

E, D, C, A, B

The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is _________. The effect of somatic fibers on target cells is __________. A. always excitatory; always excitatory B. excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory C. excitatory or inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory D. always inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory E. always inhibitory; always excitatory

Excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory

Which of these happens first in an adrenergic synaptic transmission? A. ATP is converted to cyclic AMP B. Adenylate cyclase is activated C. G protein dissociates from the NE receptor D. G protein binds to adenylate cyclase E. Cyclic AMP induces several effects in the cell

G protein dissociates from the NE receptor.

Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of __________. A. blood clotting B. blood flow to the skeletal muscles C. sweating D. hair erection E. gastrointestinal motility

Gastrointestinal motility

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following? A. Depolarization of the cell membrane B. Repolarization of the cell membrane C. Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane D. No change in the cell membrane potential E. No change of the threshold

Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane

Some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO). What is the function of this enzyme? A. It binds to chloride gates. B. It breaks down monoamines. C. It blocks sodium channels. D. It converts ATP to cyclic AMP. E. It degrades acetylcholine.

It breaks down monoamines

Which of the following is not a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS? A. It originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord. B. It has long postganglionic fibers. C. It has long preganglionic fibers. D. Its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column. E. It has an extensive neural divergence and a relative widespread effect

It has long preganglionic fibers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? A. Its effects are local. B. The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs. C. It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS. D. It has short preganglionic fibers. E. It has short postganglionic fibers.

It has short preganglionic fibers.

Which of the following statements is true regarding parasympathetic tone? A. It holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate. B. It accelerates the resting heart rate above its intrinsic rate. C. It might increase or decrease heart rate depending on the situation. D. It affects heart rate only after myocardial infarction. E. It does not affect heart rate.

It holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.

Which of the following is true regarding the autonomic nervous system? A. It controls skeletal muscle contraction. B. It has no ganglia along its nerves. C. It uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine exclusively. D. Its denervation would cause hypersensitivity. E. It usually controls conscious actions.

Its denervation would cause hypersensitivity

What is the name of the time between the stimulus and the response. resistance rest period latency refractory period

Latency

Sympathetic effects tend to last ____ than parasympathetic effects. One reason is that__ A. shorter; acetylcholine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down B. longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down C. about the same; the two divisions use the same neurotransmitters D. shorter; acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) E. longer; acetylcholine is broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down

The enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine (NE) is called __________. A. noradrenalinase B. adenosine C. monoamine oxidase (MAO) D. norepinephrinase E. norepinephrine hydroxylase

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Atropine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for an eye examination. Which receptor would atropine block? A. Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor B. Nicotinic receptor C. Muscarinic receptor D. Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor E. Beta receptor

Muscarinic receptor

If a cell has α1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to __________. A. acetylcholine (ACh) B. norepinephrine (NE) C. muscarine D. alpha adrenaline E. nicotine

NE

Sympathetic fibers do not release ________ A. acetylcholine B. nitric oxide (NO) C. substance P D. neuropeptide Y E. norepinephrine

Nitric Oxide

Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation? A. Acetylcholine B. Nicotine C. Muscarine D. Norepinephrine E. Thyroxine

Norepinephrine

Damage to the _____ may affect near vision accommodation. A. celiac ganglion B. oculomotor nerve (CN III) C. facial nerve (CN VII) D. glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) E. cardiac plexus

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

__________ is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions. A. Orgasm B. Bronchodilation C. Gastrointestinal secretion D. Heart rate E. Vasomotor tone

Orgasm

Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers? A. Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division B. Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division C. Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division D. All motor fibers of the somatic motor system E. Preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division

Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division

Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex? A. Sensory receptor → interneuron → afferent nerve fiber → efferent nerve fiber → gland B. Sensory receptor → efferent nerve fiber → interneuron → afferent nerve fiber → gland C. Sensory receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → gland D. Sensory receptor → efferent nerve fiber → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → gland E. Sensory receptor → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → afferent nerve fiber → gland

Sensory receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → gland

A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called _____. A. temporal summation B. neural summation C. spatial summation D. neuronal coding E. recruitment

Spatial summation

Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission? A. Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis. B. Neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid. C. Neurotransmitters are no longer released. D. The axon terminal reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis. E. Enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters.

Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitters by exocytosis.

Which of the following is not a reason that somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes? A. The effector pathway in the somatic reflex arc is myelinated. B. The effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more neurons. C. The effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more chemical synapses. D. Some of the neurons in the effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc are unmyelinated. E. The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.

The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.

Which of these happens first in a cholinergic synaptic transmission? A. Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft B. A postsynaptic potential is produced C. Sodium enters the postsynaptic cell D. The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine E. Acetylcholine binds to ligand-regulated gates

The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine.

All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except _____ A. they are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron B. they are released in response to stimulation C. they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell D. they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell E. they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell

They are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell

Did the hands and feet respond simultaneously to the stimuli? If not, how were they different?

They were not simultaneous. The hands responded before the feet.

A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called __________, which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons. A. glycine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. melatonin E. adenosine

adenosine

The background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called ___________. A. "fight-or-flight" activity B. visceral motor activity C. autonomic reflex arc activity D. visceral tone E. autonomic tone

autonomic tone

In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head, will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to its beats per minute. A. baroreceptors; decrease B. proprioceptors; decrease C. baroreceptors; increase D. proprioceptors; increase E. chemoreceptors; increase

baroreceptors; decrease

The parasympathetic division arises from the regions of the spinal cord. A. brain, thoracic, and lumbar B. brain, sacral, and coccygeal C. brain, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal D. sacral and lumbar E. brain and sacral

brain and sacral

The sympathetic chain of ganglia is found at the levels of the spinal cord. A. cervical and thoracic B. thoracic and lumbar C. thoracic, lumbar and sacral D. sacral, lumbar and coccygeal E. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

The opening of __________ gates produces an __________. calcium; IPSP chloride; IPSP potassium; EPSP calcium and sodium; IPSP sodium; IPSP

chloride; IPSP

Propranolol, a beta-blocker, is typically used to . A. increase heart rate B. decrease heart rate C. produce vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries D. produce vasodilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscle E. produce bronchodilation

decrease heart rate

What is the opposite of presynaptic inhibition? A. Coding B. Integration C. Recruitment D. Summation E. Facilitation

facilitation

How does epinephrine effect the heart rate? It decreases force of contraction. It decereases heart rate. It has no effect on heart rate. It increases heart rate.

increases

what does pilocarpine do to the heart and force of contraction? What drug is similar to it?

it slows heart rate Ach

Autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except __________. A. changing the diameter of the pupil B. adjusting heart rate and force C. altering salivary mucus secretion D. regulating gastrointestinal motility E. maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck

maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck

White rami carry neurons, while gray rami carry neurons. A. myelinated postganglionic; unmyelinated preganglionic B. unmyelinated postganglionic; myelinated preganglionic C. myelinated preganglionic; unmyelinated postganglionic D. unmyelinated preganglionic; myelinated postganglionic E. myelinated preganglionic; myelinated postganglionic

myelinated preganglionic; unmyelinated postganglionic

52. Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are _________ and secrete __________. A. myelinated; norepinephrine (NE) B. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) C. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine(NE) D. unmyelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) E. unmyelinated; norepinephrine(NE)

myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)

A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a ___________ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter ___________. A. preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh) B. postganglionic; norepinephrine (NE) C. preganglionic; norepinephrine (NE) D. postganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh) E. somatic; norepinephrine (NE)

preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)

The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following except the __________. A. adrenal gland B. smooth muscle in the walls of the aorta C. cardiac muscle in the right atrium D. skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis E. parotid salivary gland

skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis

Autonomic function receives input from all these except...? A. spinal cord B. cerebral cortex C. hypothalamus D. medulla oblongata E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system

spinal cord

53. Accumulation of Ca2+ in the axon terminal is called __________, and probably plays an important role in __________. A. synaptic facilitation; short-term memory B. neural coding; immediate memory C. postsynaptic potential; long-term memory D. neural coding; short-term memory E. long-term potentiation; long-term memory

synaptic facilitation; short-term memory

The solar plexus is used as a name for the . A. spinal nerve route B. carotid plexus C. the celiac and mesenteric ganglia D. splanchic nerves E. sympathetic nerve route

the celiac and mesenteric ganglia

The latency for a response for sweating in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is longer for the soles of the feet due to a longer path the impulse must travel.

true

Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in the . A. vagus B. trigeminal C. splanchnic D. facial E. sciatic

vagus

Which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-fight" reaction? A. Pupillary constriction B. Glycogen synthesis C. Increased gastric motility D. Reduced urinary output E. Reduced heart rate

Reduced urinary output

The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves neurons. A. no B. one C. two D. three E. four

2 neurons

The binding of to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will it. A. acetylcholine; excite B. norepinephrine; excite C. monoamine oxidase; inhibit D. acetylcholine; inhibit E. acetylcholinesterase; excite

Ach; excite

Place the following events in synaptic transmission at a cholinergic synapse in order: A - A postsynaptic potential is produced; B - Voltage-gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the cell; C - ACh is released and diffuses across the axon terminal; D - A nerve signal arrives at an axon terminal; E - Ligand-gated sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell.

D, B, C, E, A

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the enteric nervous system? A. Its reflex arcs are associated with the spinal cord. B. It does not arise from the spinal cord. C. It innervates smooth muscle. D. It innervates glands. E. It does not arise from the brainstem

Its reflex arcs are associated with the spinal cord

Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors would most likely __________. A. activate the parasympathetic division and allow for normal digestive system activities B. block ACh receptors on skeletal muscle and cause flaccid paralysis C. stimulate β-2 receptors and cause an increase in heart rate and dilation of bronchioles D. decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant E. inhibit uptake of dopamine and cause depression

decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant