A&P CHAPTER 17 - Blood

Antibodies are elements of which plasma component?

globulins

All of the formed elements of blood are produced in bone marrow, from ________ stem cells.

hematopoietic

Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn, explain the clinical significance of the cross-reaction between fetal and maternal blood types, and cite preventive measures.

hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or erythroblastosis fetalis, is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus, when the IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta..... Preventative measure would be for the mother to receive the rhogam shot with each pregnancy.

In terms of composition, plasma is most similar to ____________.

interstitial fluid

The flat, biconcave structure of a red blood cell is important because ______________________.

it results in a high surface-area-to-volume ratio that allows fast diffusion of blood gases

What are the important components and major properties of blood.

plasma: largest component of human blood, comprising about 55%. Clear/Yellow liquid. Contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies and other proteins. erythrocytes: biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues. leukocytes: colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; a white (blood) cell. There are several types, all amoeboid cells with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. thrombocytes: "Platelet" a small colorless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting.

platelet aggregation:

-The release of ADP makes other platelets in the area sticky, and the stickiness of the newly recruited and activated platelets causes them to adhere to the originally activated platelets. -Eventually, the accumulation and attachment of large numbers of platelets form a mass called a platelet plug.

platelet release reaction:

-adhesion activates platelets, and characteristics change. grow projections that enable them to interact with one another. -they begin to liberate the contents of their vesicles. -Liberated ADP and thromboxane A2 play a major role by activating nearby platelets. -Serotonin and thromboxane A2 function as vasoconstrictors, causing and sustaining contraction of vascular smooth muscle, which decreases blood flow through the injured vessel.

What are the components of the cardiovascular system, and describe several important functions of blood.

1) Blood. 2) Arteries, veins and capillaries. 3) The Heart. The blood: transport, protection and regulation. It supplies essential nutrients to cells, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose. Its white blood cells have antibodies which defend us from infection and foreign bodies. It has specialized cells, such as platelets, which help the blood to clot (coagulate) when we are bleeding. Regulates PH, water contents and temperature.

What are the various types of white blood cells on the basis of their structures and functions.

A) Neutrophils - most abundant. Produced in the bone marrow. 50 to 70 percent of leukocytes. fighting infections, especially bacterial and fungal infections. phagocytes, meaning they surround and engulf invading germs B) Lymphocytes - second most abundant type of WBC. 20 to 40 percent. circulate between the bloodstream and lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue, such as the spleen. T cells - aid in recognition of infectious invaders and activation of other immune system cells. Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells are special types of T lymphocytes that attack and kill abnormal cells, such as cancer cells and virus-infected cells. B cells - produce proteins called antibodies, which target invading germs for destruction by other immune system cells. C) Monocytes - largest type of WBC, and normally account for roughly 1 to 10 percent. receptors that detect chemical signals indicating infection or tissue inflammation, and other receptors that recognize invading organisms. circulate in the bloodstream for several hours to a few days before migrating into the body tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. D) Eosinophils - 1 to 4 percent of the leukocytes. important in fighting parasitic infections. allergic reactions as well. E) Basophils - least common. less than 1 to 2 percent. possess surface receptors that bind a type of antibody responsible for triggering allergic reactions. mast cells -- release histamine when allergy-specific antibodies on the cell surface encounter a triggering substance.

What is hematology, describe the elements of a complete blood count (CBC), and give examples of red blood cell lab tests.

A) The study of the physiology of the blood. B) WBC, RBC, platelets, Hemglobin, Hematocrit, RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC), RDW, MPV (may also include a WBC differential) C)

What are the mechanisms that control blood loss after an injury, and describe the reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting.

A) Vascular Spasm - Contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a damaged blood vessel to prevent blood loss. several minutes to several hours. The spasm is probably caused by damage to the smooth muscle, by substances released from activated platelets, and by reflexes initiated by pain receptors. B) Platelet Plug - chemicals are good for blood clotting. (ADP, ATP, Calcium, serotonin). also contain enzymes that produce thromboxanne strengthen blood clots. also within platelets is platelet derived growth factor. C) Blood clotting (Coagulation) - Blood remains in its liquid form as long as it stays within its vessels. When drawn from the body, however, it thickens and forms a gel. Eventually, the gel separates from the liquid.

What are the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, and describe the structure and functions of hemoglobin.

A) primary function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs. A red blood cell has what is known as a biconcave shape (Round and squished in the middle) B) Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrying pigment, which is present in red blood cells.It has two parts. One is called heme which is a prosthetic group. And the other is goblin protein.

A deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to anemia because _________________________.

B12 is essential for normal stem-cell division in the bone marrow / hematopoiesis

Explain how blood disorders are detected, and describe examples of the various categories of blood disorders.

Blood disorders are detected through CBS, WBC, Smears and sediment rates. anemia, bleeding disorders such as hemophilia, blood clots, and blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.

Which of the following mother/fetus phenotype combinations is likely to result in a pregnant woman forming antibodies to fetal blood?

Rh− mother/Rh+ fetus

Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities.

The test is essential if you need a blood transfusion or are planning to donate blood. Not all blood types are compatible, so it's important to know your blood group. Receiving blood that's incompatible with your blood type could trigger a dangerous immune response. When there is an Rh incompatibility, the mother's antibodies destroy the infant's red blood cells. There is great risk to both the baby and the mother when there is Rh blood incompatibility. ABO blood incompatibility is mild in comparison to Rh incompatibility. Commonly, it occurs if a baby's blood type is A or B, but the mother's is O.

How are the components of aged or damaged red blood cells are recycled.

They are phagocytyzed by white blood cells and their contents are broken down excreted (pigments) or recycled (iron)

platelet adhesion

contact and stick to parts of a damaged blood vessel, such as collagen fibers of the connective tissue underlying the damaged endothelial cells.

What are the origins and differentiation of the formed elements.

white blood cells ( leukocytes): Bone marrow as well as T and B cells (lymphocytes), are also produced in the lymph nodes and spleen, and T cells are produced and mature in the thymus gland. red blood cells (erythrocytes ): Production of red blood cells is controlled by erythropoietin, a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys. Red blood cells start as immature cells in the bone marrow and after approximately seven days of maturation are released into the bloodstream. platelets ( thrombocytes ): Bone marrow - help with clotting.