A&P chapter 19

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The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood concentration of

oxygen

3 Detected by central and peripheral chemoreceptors; causes increased ventilation

Increased blood carbon dioxide levels

When using positive pressure ventilators, what triggers the elastic recoil of the lung, and what does this action cause?

airway pressure reaching zero; expiration

Breathing rate increases during exercise due to

all of the above

Exposure to secondhand smoke increases risk of

all of the above

Bronchial asthma is usually caused by

allergy

Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) =

Vital capacity (VC)

The layer of the respiratory membrane that is furthest away from the alveolar air spaces is the membrane of the __________________________________.

capillary endothelial cell

The ventral part of the medulla oblongata near the origin of the vagus nerve has

central chemoreceptors

Breathing functions to

deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, which maintains the pH of the internal environment.

A disorder seen in people who work in factories that package buttered popcorn, caused by inhaling organic dust, is

extrinsic allergic alveolitis.

Cellular respiration allows for the harnessing of energy from oxygen.

false

Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart.

false

True or False: Air moves from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure until an equilibrium is reached.

false

Alveoli are kept clean by the action of

macrophages

Microscopic examination of lung tissue from patients who died from bacterial pneumonia would reveal large numbers of _______________________.

macrophages

Roles of various respiratory muscles Indicate whether contraction of each of the following muscles will increase or decrease thoracic volume.

-DECREASES thoracic volume internal intercostals rectus abdominis external oblique -INCREASES thoracic volume sternocleidomastoid scalenes diaphragm pectoralis minor external intercostals

Classify events occurring with inhalation and exhalation Place the following actions with the correct phase of pulmonary ventilation.

-Inspiration diaphragm moves inferiorly ribs move up and out external intercostals contract thorax increases in volume -Expiration diaphragm moves superiorly ribs move down and in internal intercostals contract decrease in width of thorax

Where is the ventral respiratory group located? In the medulla oblongata in the brain. In the pons in the brain. In the midbrain in the brain. In the lungs.

In the medulla oblongata in the brain.

4 Detected by central chemoreceptors; causes increased ventilation

Increased hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF

Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) =

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

identify the proper region for each pressure label

LEFT SIDE 1 atmospheric pressure RIGHT SIDE 1 intrapulmonary pressure 2 intraplural pressure

identify the skeletal muscles of breathing listed by correctly placing the labels.

LEFT SIDE internal intercostal RIGHT SIDE 1 external intercostal 2 diaphragm

Identify each of the cell types listed that are associated with the alveoli of the lungs

LEFT- alveolar Type 1 cell, alveolar macrophage RIGHT- alveolar Type 2 cell

Identify the structures listed that are associated with the respiratory membrane

LEFT- alveolar wall, fused basement membrane RIGHT- surfactant, capillary endothelium

ID structures of alveoli and the respiratory membrane Label the structures associated with the respiratory membrane.

LEFT- surfactant secreting cell, cell of alveolar wall, cell of capillary wall RIGHT- fluid with surfactant, macrophage, respiratory membrane, capillary

3 Limits inspiration

Pontine respiratory group

Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in ____________ in the thoracic volume which results in _______________ of the intrapulmonary pressure.

an increase; a decrease

Increasing blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions have similar effects upon the respiratory areas due to

an increase in carbon dioxide, increasing hydrogen ions.

Pneumonia can be caused by

bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

The procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called

bronchoscopy

In addition to oxygen exchange, the respiratory system functions to eliminate _________________. Too much of this gas can cause a(n)_________________ in blood pH, compromising homeostasis.

carbon dioxide, decrease

The pharynx functions as a ______, whereas the larynx functions as a ______.

common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only

Negative pressure ventilation, demonstrated by iron lungs, allows a person to breathe by producing an intermittent negative pressure that moves across the chest and diaphragm. This specific action would artificially induce the intrapulmonary pressure to _____________ atmospheric pressure thus resulting in ______________

drop below; inspiration.

A mother and two young children are found passed out in their apartment, where a space heater is on. Emergency medical technicians suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, so they give the patients

highly concentrated oxygen and some carbon dioxide.

Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system? in the bronchioles in the pharynx in the larynx in alveoli

in alveoli

The_______ is equal to the inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume.

inspiratory capacity

The ________ is the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.

inspiratory reserve volume

The exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues is called:

internal respiration

The net diffusion of oxygen out of the blood occurs during which phase of respiration?

internal respiration

What nonrespiratory air movement helps to clear the upper respiratory passageways? yawning coughing sneezing laughing

sneezing

The hypoxia associated with high altitude can cause

vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels.

The movement of air in and out of the lungs is called:

ventilation

In October 2001 at the site of the World Trade Center in New York City, fires were still burning from the terrorist attacks that had brought down the buildings. The greatest danger to the respiratory system was

very small particles of debris

The partial pressure of oxygen that stimulates the respiratory areas is ___ of normal.

50%

Which of the following best describes why thoracic volume decreases during NORMAL exhalation?

elastic recoil of the lungs

The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the

elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.

Which way does air flow when alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure?

out of the lungs, called expiration

What determines the direction of gas movement?

partial pressure differences

If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air rose higher than that of the blood, carbon dioxide would not diffuse from the blood to the lungs.

true

Premature infants typically have trouble keeping their alveoli inflated because of insufficient production of surfactant by ____________________________.

type II alveolar cells

The respiratory control areas are in the

pons and medulla oblongata.

Police stop Richard for driving erratically at 3 AM and give him a breathalyzer test, which he fails miserably because of

the thinness of his respiratory membranes.

In bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the lungs of newborns become inflamed and scarred. Most infants recover, but some die. An experimental treatment cultures stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord. The stem cells, in a lab dish, give rise to type II cells, which in turn give rise to more type I cells. In this treatment

the type II cells secrete surfactant and the type I cells form the respiratory membrane.

Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections because

their respiratory passages lose cilia, which would otherwise remove bacteria.

The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the _______.

tidal volume

The volume of air that enters (or leaves) during a single respiratory cycle is the

tidal volume

What is the role of surfactant?

to reduce surface tension within the fluid lining the alveoli

True or False: As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases.

true

The majority of the alveolar wall is formed by _________________________, which are classified as simple squamous epithelial cells.

type I alveolar cells

Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume?

vital capacity

The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the ______.

vital capacity

During inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is ________________ __than atmospheric pressure. During expiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is _________________ than atmospheric pressure.

lower, higher

What structures monitor the level of oxygen in arterial blood?

peripheral chemoreceptors

2 Blood arriving in the _____________ capillaries is exposed to a higher PO₂ of 104 mmHg in the alveoli. The pressure gradient allows for oxygen to diffuse __________ the blood.

pulmonary, into

When this negative pressure stops being applied, the lungs __________________and the intrapulmonary pressure __________________

recoil; increases.

3 As red blood cells pass through the_________________ capillaries, oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is picked up.

systemic

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV) =

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

ID respiratory volumes on graph Label the respiratory volumes and capacities on the spirometer tracing. TOP FOUR BOTTOM FOUR

(from left to right) TOP FOUR inspiratory reserve volume vital capacity inspiratory capacity total lung capacity BOTTOM FOUR tidal volume residual volume expiratory reserve volume functional reserve volume

Means of carbon dioxide transport Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in several forms. For each of the following, match the percent of CO2 that is carried in each form.

1 Dissolved in plasma.- 7% 2 Bound to amino groups with hemoglobin molecules.- 23% 3 In the form of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).- 70%

Overview of Respiratory Functions: Match each process associated with the respiratory system with the correct description.

1 Gas exchange between alveolar air and blood.- External respiration 2 Gas exchange between blood and tissue.- Internal respiration 3 Movement of air into and out of lungs.- Ventilation 4 Use of oxygen for metabolic reactions within cells.- Cellular respiration

1 Entry point for airflow during inspiration 2 Voice production Larynx correct 3 Branching structures carrying air to alveoli 4 Warms, filters, and moistens air as it enters respiratory tract 5 Respiratory organs; comprised of airways and air sacs 6 Reduces weight of skull; voice modulation 7 Conveys air from larynx to bronchial tree 8 Conveys air from nasal cavity to larynx

1 Nose 2 Larynx 3 Bronchial tree 4 Nasal cavity 5 Lungs 6 Paranasal Sinuses 7 Trachea 8 Pharynx

Place the events leading to inspiration in correct order.

1 The respiratory center sends an impulse via the phrenic nerves 2 The diaphragm contracts and moves downward 3 The volume of thoracic cavity increases 4 The pressure in the alveoli decreases to 758 mmHg 5 atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure 6 air moves into the lungs

Place the events leading to expiration in correct order.

1 The respiratory center stops phrenic nerves neural impulses 2 The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward 3 The thoracic volume decreases 4 The alveolar pressure increases to 762 mmHg 5 atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar pressure 6 air moves out of the lungs

Sequence of airways Place the respiratory structures in the order through which air would pass during inspiration. 1-14

1 nasal cavity 2 nasopharynx 3 oropharynx 4 laryngopharynx` 5 larynx 6 trachea 7 main bronchi 8 lobar bronchi 9 segmental bronchi 10 bronchioles 11 terminal bronchioles 12 respiratory bronchioles 13 alveolar ducts 14 alveoli

Age related changes 1. As one ages, there is a(n) ___________________ in effort to breathe, due to several factors. 2. The cartilage between the ribs and sternum ____________________ in stiffness, thus decreasing chest expansion. 3. The bronchioles have a ______________________ ability to dilate, thus increasing airway resistance. 4. Muscles become ____________________, leaving the diaphragm to do most of the work of breathing.

1. increase 2. increases 3. decreased 4. weaker

Transport of oxygen Complete each statement regarding the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Then place each sentence in the correct order, starting with blood at the alveoli. (1-5) 1 Blood enters the pulmonary vein with close to ___________ of the binding sites for oxygen saturated.

100%

5 Returning to the inferior vena cava, the right side of the heart, and the pulmonary arteries, the PO₂ in the blood is ___________________. It will once again return to the lungs to be oxygenated.

40 mmHg

4 After passing through the systemic capillaries, about __________ of the binding sites for oxygen are now bound with oxygen. The blood is now said to be "oxygen-poor".

75%

If intrapulmonary pressure was 760 mm Hg, what would you expect the intrapleural pressure to be?

756 mm Hg

Gas transport and exchange in systemic vs pulmonary capillaries Identify the set of capillaries in which each of the following processes would occur.

Alveolar Capillaries- carbonic acid in RBC's converts to carbon dioxide and water, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood, oxygen diffusing into the blood, decreasing carbon dioxide levels decrease the levels of H+ bound to hemoglobin Systemic Capillaries- chloride ion shifts into the RBC, carbon dioxide bonds to hemoglobin, carbonic anhydrase is increasing the amount of carbonic acid, carbon dioxide is diffusing into the blood

What effect will hyperventilation have on the blood carbon dioxide level? Blood CO2 level will increase. Hyperventilation will have no effect on blood CO2 level. Blood CO2 level will drop.

Blood CO2 level will drop.

How is the majority of oxygen transported in the blood?

Bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin.

What happens to alveolar volume and intra-alveolar pressure during exhalation?

Decrease alveolar volume causes an increase alveolar pressure

2 Detected by peripheral chemoreceptors; causes increased respiratory rate

Decreased blood oxygen levels

Factors affecting transport of oxygen How do each of the following factors affect the level of oxyhemoglobin?

Decreases Oxyhemoglobin Levels-increased temperature, decreased pH, heavy exercise Increases Oxyhemoglobin Levels- decreased Pco2, increased Po2

2. Processes sensory input; stimulates inspiratory muscles

Dorsal respiratory group

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by a long-term obstruction of airflow, which decreases pulmonary ventilation. Two major COPDs are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. For each COPD, indicate which variables would be increased or decreased.

Emphysema INCREASED- thoracic volume, length of respiratory muscles, size of alveoli DECREASED- lung elasticity, force generation of respiratory muscles, number of alveoli Chronic Bronchitis INCREASED- number of bronchial mucosa cells, mucous production DECREASED- number of respiratory cilia, mobility of cilia

The pressure within the alveoli will never reach a pressure equal to that of atmospheric air.

False

Features of the right and left lungs Place the labels to indicate whether each feature is associated with the right lung, the left lung, or both. Labels can be used more than once.

LEFT- visceral pleura, three lobes, middle lobe, inferior lobe, superior lobe, three lobar bronchi, aveoli RIGHT- visceral pleura, two lobes, inferior lobe, superior lobe, two lobar bronchi, alveoli

Categorizing structures of the upper respiratory tract Assign the following features to the correct anatomical region.

Nasal Cavity conchae Larynx epiglottis thyroid cartilage vocal folds glottis Pharynx palatine tonsil opening of the auditory canal naso-, oro, laryngo- segment

1 Detected by stretch receptors; causes inhibition of contraction of the diaphragm

Over-inflation of the lungs

Mucus movement in the respiratory tract Label the structures of the mucous membrane on the floor of the nasal cavity.

TOP (starting on left side) mucus particle cilia MIDDLE epithetlial cell BOTTOM goblet cell

Location of peripheral chemoreceptors Label the figure illustrating the location of the peripheral chemoreceptors and associated structures.

TOP LEFT medula oblongata carotid bodies branch of vagus nerve common carotid arteries aorta TOP RIGHT branch of glossopharyngeal nerve aortic bodies

Label the partial pressures and structures associated with gas exchange at the alveoli.

TOP alveolus Pco2= 40 mmHg, Po2= 104 mmHg BOTTOM capillary (blood flow from right vent) Pco2= 45 mmHg, Po2= 40mmHg (blood flow from left atr) Pco2= 40 mmHg, Po2= 104 mmHg

Vital capacity (VC) + residual volume (RV) =

Total lung capacity (TLC)

1 Establishes basic rhythm of breathing

Ventral respiratory group

Atelectasis is

a collapsed lung.

The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by

a thin film of serous fluid.

Which environment separated by the respiratory membrane would display the highest oxygen partial pressure?

alveolar air

Given a patient with the following values, calculate the alveolar ventilation rate. Your answer should include units of measure. Tidal volume = 500 mL Functional residual capacity = 2,000 mL Total lung capacity = 5,500 mL Respiratory rate = 15 breaths/minute Physiologic dead space = 150 mL

ct: 5250

The exchange of gases between the alveolar air and the blood is called:

external respiration

PO2 in the lungs is ___________ than the PO2 in the blood. So oxygen diffuses ___________ the blood.

greater, into

PO2 in the blood is _________________ than the PO2 in the bodily tissues. So oxygen diffuses __________ the blood.

greater, out of

Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause or increase risk of

heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight; all of the above

The anatomical name of the voice box is the:

larynx

PCO2 in the blood is ___________ than the PCO2 in the tissues. So carbon dioxide diffuses __________ the blood.

less, into

PCO2 in the lungs is___________ than the PCO2 in the blood. So carbon dioxide diffuses ___________ the blood.

less, out of

A simple spirometer cannot measure which of the following air volumes?

residual volume

The _____ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

residual volume

Which lung volumes, when added together, give the functional residual capacity?

residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

Respiratory gases cross the respiratory membrane by ___________________

simple diffusion

The walls of alveoli are comprised of ______ epithelium. simple squamous stratified squamous pseudostratified columnar transitional

simple squamous

The walls of the alveoli are composed of

simple squamous epithelium.

Inspiration begins with:

the contraction of the diaphragm

The first event in inspiration is

the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract.

Which muscles could assist the diaphragm during inhalation to increase thoracic volume?

the external intercostals


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