A&P chapter 19
The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood concentration of
oxygen
3 Detected by central and peripheral chemoreceptors; causes increased ventilation
Increased blood carbon dioxide levels
When using positive pressure ventilators, what triggers the elastic recoil of the lung, and what does this action cause?
airway pressure reaching zero; expiration
Breathing rate increases during exercise due to
all of the above
Exposure to secondhand smoke increases risk of
all of the above
Bronchial asthma is usually caused by
allergy
Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) =
Vital capacity (VC)
The layer of the respiratory membrane that is furthest away from the alveolar air spaces is the membrane of the __________________________________.
capillary endothelial cell
The ventral part of the medulla oblongata near the origin of the vagus nerve has
central chemoreceptors
Breathing functions to
deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, which maintains the pH of the internal environment.
A disorder seen in people who work in factories that package buttered popcorn, caused by inhaling organic dust, is
extrinsic allergic alveolitis.
Cellular respiration allows for the harnessing of energy from oxygen.
false
Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart.
false
True or False: Air moves from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure until an equilibrium is reached.
false
Alveoli are kept clean by the action of
macrophages
Microscopic examination of lung tissue from patients who died from bacterial pneumonia would reveal large numbers of _______________________.
macrophages
Roles of various respiratory muscles Indicate whether contraction of each of the following muscles will increase or decrease thoracic volume.
-DECREASES thoracic volume internal intercostals rectus abdominis external oblique -INCREASES thoracic volume sternocleidomastoid scalenes diaphragm pectoralis minor external intercostals
Classify events occurring with inhalation and exhalation Place the following actions with the correct phase of pulmonary ventilation.
-Inspiration diaphragm moves inferiorly ribs move up and out external intercostals contract thorax increases in volume -Expiration diaphragm moves superiorly ribs move down and in internal intercostals contract decrease in width of thorax
Where is the ventral respiratory group located? In the medulla oblongata in the brain. In the pons in the brain. In the midbrain in the brain. In the lungs.
In the medulla oblongata in the brain.
4 Detected by central chemoreceptors; causes increased ventilation
Increased hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF
Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) =
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
identify the proper region for each pressure label
LEFT SIDE 1 atmospheric pressure RIGHT SIDE 1 intrapulmonary pressure 2 intraplural pressure
identify the skeletal muscles of breathing listed by correctly placing the labels.
LEFT SIDE internal intercostal RIGHT SIDE 1 external intercostal 2 diaphragm
Identify each of the cell types listed that are associated with the alveoli of the lungs
LEFT- alveolar Type 1 cell, alveolar macrophage RIGHT- alveolar Type 2 cell
Identify the structures listed that are associated with the respiratory membrane
LEFT- alveolar wall, fused basement membrane RIGHT- surfactant, capillary endothelium
ID structures of alveoli and the respiratory membrane Label the structures associated with the respiratory membrane.
LEFT- surfactant secreting cell, cell of alveolar wall, cell of capillary wall RIGHT- fluid with surfactant, macrophage, respiratory membrane, capillary
3 Limits inspiration
Pontine respiratory group
Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in ____________ in the thoracic volume which results in _______________ of the intrapulmonary pressure.
an increase; a decrease
Increasing blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions have similar effects upon the respiratory areas due to
an increase in carbon dioxide, increasing hydrogen ions.
Pneumonia can be caused by
bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
The procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called
bronchoscopy
In addition to oxygen exchange, the respiratory system functions to eliminate _________________. Too much of this gas can cause a(n)_________________ in blood pH, compromising homeostasis.
carbon dioxide, decrease
The pharynx functions as a ______, whereas the larynx functions as a ______.
common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only
Negative pressure ventilation, demonstrated by iron lungs, allows a person to breathe by producing an intermittent negative pressure that moves across the chest and diaphragm. This specific action would artificially induce the intrapulmonary pressure to _____________ atmospheric pressure thus resulting in ______________
drop below; inspiration.
A mother and two young children are found passed out in their apartment, where a space heater is on. Emergency medical technicians suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, so they give the patients
highly concentrated oxygen and some carbon dioxide.
Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system? in the bronchioles in the pharynx in the larynx in alveoli
in alveoli
The_______ is equal to the inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume.
inspiratory capacity
The ________ is the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.
inspiratory reserve volume
The exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues is called:
internal respiration
The net diffusion of oxygen out of the blood occurs during which phase of respiration?
internal respiration
What nonrespiratory air movement helps to clear the upper respiratory passageways? yawning coughing sneezing laughing
sneezing
The hypoxia associated with high altitude can cause
vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels.
The movement of air in and out of the lungs is called:
ventilation
In October 2001 at the site of the World Trade Center in New York City, fires were still burning from the terrorist attacks that had brought down the buildings. The greatest danger to the respiratory system was
very small particles of debris
The partial pressure of oxygen that stimulates the respiratory areas is ___ of normal.
50%
Which of the following best describes why thoracic volume decreases during NORMAL exhalation?
elastic recoil of the lungs
The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the
elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.
Which way does air flow when alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure?
out of the lungs, called expiration
What determines the direction of gas movement?
partial pressure differences
If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air rose higher than that of the blood, carbon dioxide would not diffuse from the blood to the lungs.
true
Premature infants typically have trouble keeping their alveoli inflated because of insufficient production of surfactant by ____________________________.
type II alveolar cells
The respiratory control areas are in the
pons and medulla oblongata.
Police stop Richard for driving erratically at 3 AM and give him a breathalyzer test, which he fails miserably because of
the thinness of his respiratory membranes.
In bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the lungs of newborns become inflamed and scarred. Most infants recover, but some die. An experimental treatment cultures stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord. The stem cells, in a lab dish, give rise to type II cells, which in turn give rise to more type I cells. In this treatment
the type II cells secrete surfactant and the type I cells form the respiratory membrane.
Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections because
their respiratory passages lose cilia, which would otherwise remove bacteria.
The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the _______.
tidal volume
The volume of air that enters (or leaves) during a single respiratory cycle is the
tidal volume
What is the role of surfactant?
to reduce surface tension within the fluid lining the alveoli
True or False: As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases.
true
The majority of the alveolar wall is formed by _________________________, which are classified as simple squamous epithelial cells.
type I alveolar cells
Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume?
vital capacity
The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the ______.
vital capacity
During inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is ________________ __than atmospheric pressure. During expiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is _________________ than atmospheric pressure.
lower, higher
What structures monitor the level of oxygen in arterial blood?
peripheral chemoreceptors
2 Blood arriving in the _____________ capillaries is exposed to a higher PO₂ of 104 mmHg in the alveoli. The pressure gradient allows for oxygen to diffuse __________ the blood.
pulmonary, into
When this negative pressure stops being applied, the lungs __________________and the intrapulmonary pressure __________________
recoil; increases.
3 As red blood cells pass through the_________________ capillaries, oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is picked up.
systemic
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV) =
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
ID respiratory volumes on graph Label the respiratory volumes and capacities on the spirometer tracing. TOP FOUR BOTTOM FOUR
(from left to right) TOP FOUR inspiratory reserve volume vital capacity inspiratory capacity total lung capacity BOTTOM FOUR tidal volume residual volume expiratory reserve volume functional reserve volume
Means of carbon dioxide transport Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in several forms. For each of the following, match the percent of CO2 that is carried in each form.
1 Dissolved in plasma.- 7% 2 Bound to amino groups with hemoglobin molecules.- 23% 3 In the form of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).- 70%
Overview of Respiratory Functions: Match each process associated with the respiratory system with the correct description.
1 Gas exchange between alveolar air and blood.- External respiration 2 Gas exchange between blood and tissue.- Internal respiration 3 Movement of air into and out of lungs.- Ventilation 4 Use of oxygen for metabolic reactions within cells.- Cellular respiration
1 Entry point for airflow during inspiration 2 Voice production Larynx correct 3 Branching structures carrying air to alveoli 4 Warms, filters, and moistens air as it enters respiratory tract 5 Respiratory organs; comprised of airways and air sacs 6 Reduces weight of skull; voice modulation 7 Conveys air from larynx to bronchial tree 8 Conveys air from nasal cavity to larynx
1 Nose 2 Larynx 3 Bronchial tree 4 Nasal cavity 5 Lungs 6 Paranasal Sinuses 7 Trachea 8 Pharynx
Place the events leading to inspiration in correct order.
1 The respiratory center sends an impulse via the phrenic nerves 2 The diaphragm contracts and moves downward 3 The volume of thoracic cavity increases 4 The pressure in the alveoli decreases to 758 mmHg 5 atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure 6 air moves into the lungs
Place the events leading to expiration in correct order.
1 The respiratory center stops phrenic nerves neural impulses 2 The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward 3 The thoracic volume decreases 4 The alveolar pressure increases to 762 mmHg 5 atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar pressure 6 air moves out of the lungs
Sequence of airways Place the respiratory structures in the order through which air would pass during inspiration. 1-14
1 nasal cavity 2 nasopharynx 3 oropharynx 4 laryngopharynx` 5 larynx 6 trachea 7 main bronchi 8 lobar bronchi 9 segmental bronchi 10 bronchioles 11 terminal bronchioles 12 respiratory bronchioles 13 alveolar ducts 14 alveoli
Age related changes 1. As one ages, there is a(n) ___________________ in effort to breathe, due to several factors. 2. The cartilage between the ribs and sternum ____________________ in stiffness, thus decreasing chest expansion. 3. The bronchioles have a ______________________ ability to dilate, thus increasing airway resistance. 4. Muscles become ____________________, leaving the diaphragm to do most of the work of breathing.
1. increase 2. increases 3. decreased 4. weaker
Transport of oxygen Complete each statement regarding the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Then place each sentence in the correct order, starting with blood at the alveoli. (1-5) 1 Blood enters the pulmonary vein with close to ___________ of the binding sites for oxygen saturated.
100%
5 Returning to the inferior vena cava, the right side of the heart, and the pulmonary arteries, the PO₂ in the blood is ___________________. It will once again return to the lungs to be oxygenated.
40 mmHg
4 After passing through the systemic capillaries, about __________ of the binding sites for oxygen are now bound with oxygen. The blood is now said to be "oxygen-poor".
75%
If intrapulmonary pressure was 760 mm Hg, what would you expect the intrapleural pressure to be?
756 mm Hg
Gas transport and exchange in systemic vs pulmonary capillaries Identify the set of capillaries in which each of the following processes would occur.
Alveolar Capillaries- carbonic acid in RBC's converts to carbon dioxide and water, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood, oxygen diffusing into the blood, decreasing carbon dioxide levels decrease the levels of H+ bound to hemoglobin Systemic Capillaries- chloride ion shifts into the RBC, carbon dioxide bonds to hemoglobin, carbonic anhydrase is increasing the amount of carbonic acid, carbon dioxide is diffusing into the blood
What effect will hyperventilation have on the blood carbon dioxide level? Blood CO2 level will increase. Hyperventilation will have no effect on blood CO2 level. Blood CO2 level will drop.
Blood CO2 level will drop.
How is the majority of oxygen transported in the blood?
Bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin.
What happens to alveolar volume and intra-alveolar pressure during exhalation?
Decrease alveolar volume causes an increase alveolar pressure
2 Detected by peripheral chemoreceptors; causes increased respiratory rate
Decreased blood oxygen levels
Factors affecting transport of oxygen How do each of the following factors affect the level of oxyhemoglobin?
Decreases Oxyhemoglobin Levels-increased temperature, decreased pH, heavy exercise Increases Oxyhemoglobin Levels- decreased Pco2, increased Po2
2. Processes sensory input; stimulates inspiratory muscles
Dorsal respiratory group
COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by a long-term obstruction of airflow, which decreases pulmonary ventilation. Two major COPDs are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. For each COPD, indicate which variables would be increased or decreased.
Emphysema INCREASED- thoracic volume, length of respiratory muscles, size of alveoli DECREASED- lung elasticity, force generation of respiratory muscles, number of alveoli Chronic Bronchitis INCREASED- number of bronchial mucosa cells, mucous production DECREASED- number of respiratory cilia, mobility of cilia
The pressure within the alveoli will never reach a pressure equal to that of atmospheric air.
False
Features of the right and left lungs Place the labels to indicate whether each feature is associated with the right lung, the left lung, or both. Labels can be used more than once.
LEFT- visceral pleura, three lobes, middle lobe, inferior lobe, superior lobe, three lobar bronchi, aveoli RIGHT- visceral pleura, two lobes, inferior lobe, superior lobe, two lobar bronchi, alveoli
Categorizing structures of the upper respiratory tract Assign the following features to the correct anatomical region.
Nasal Cavity conchae Larynx epiglottis thyroid cartilage vocal folds glottis Pharynx palatine tonsil opening of the auditory canal naso-, oro, laryngo- segment
1 Detected by stretch receptors; causes inhibition of contraction of the diaphragm
Over-inflation of the lungs
Mucus movement in the respiratory tract Label the structures of the mucous membrane on the floor of the nasal cavity.
TOP (starting on left side) mucus particle cilia MIDDLE epithetlial cell BOTTOM goblet cell
Location of peripheral chemoreceptors Label the figure illustrating the location of the peripheral chemoreceptors and associated structures.
TOP LEFT medula oblongata carotid bodies branch of vagus nerve common carotid arteries aorta TOP RIGHT branch of glossopharyngeal nerve aortic bodies
Label the partial pressures and structures associated with gas exchange at the alveoli.
TOP alveolus Pco2= 40 mmHg, Po2= 104 mmHg BOTTOM capillary (blood flow from right vent) Pco2= 45 mmHg, Po2= 40mmHg (blood flow from left atr) Pco2= 40 mmHg, Po2= 104 mmHg
Vital capacity (VC) + residual volume (RV) =
Total lung capacity (TLC)
1 Establishes basic rhythm of breathing
Ventral respiratory group
Atelectasis is
a collapsed lung.
The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by
a thin film of serous fluid.
Which environment separated by the respiratory membrane would display the highest oxygen partial pressure?
alveolar air
Given a patient with the following values, calculate the alveolar ventilation rate. Your answer should include units of measure. Tidal volume = 500 mL Functional residual capacity = 2,000 mL Total lung capacity = 5,500 mL Respiratory rate = 15 breaths/minute Physiologic dead space = 150 mL
ct: 5250
The exchange of gases between the alveolar air and the blood is called:
external respiration
PO2 in the lungs is ___________ than the PO2 in the blood. So oxygen diffuses ___________ the blood.
greater, into
PO2 in the blood is _________________ than the PO2 in the bodily tissues. So oxygen diffuses __________ the blood.
greater, out of
Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause or increase risk of
heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight; all of the above
The anatomical name of the voice box is the:
larynx
PCO2 in the blood is ___________ than the PCO2 in the tissues. So carbon dioxide diffuses __________ the blood.
less, into
PCO2 in the lungs is___________ than the PCO2 in the blood. So carbon dioxide diffuses ___________ the blood.
less, out of
A simple spirometer cannot measure which of the following air volumes?
residual volume
The _____ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
residual volume
Which lung volumes, when added together, give the functional residual capacity?
residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
Respiratory gases cross the respiratory membrane by ___________________
simple diffusion
The walls of alveoli are comprised of ______ epithelium. simple squamous stratified squamous pseudostratified columnar transitional
simple squamous
The walls of the alveoli are composed of
simple squamous epithelium.
Inspiration begins with:
the contraction of the diaphragm
The first event in inspiration is
the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract.
Which muscles could assist the diaphragm during inhalation to increase thoracic volume?
the external intercostals
