A&P Chapter 2

What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? -Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy. -Kinetic energy is stored energy and has the capacity to do work; potential energy is expressed through motion. -Kinetic energy may eventually become potential energy, but potential energy cannot become kinetic energy. -Kinetic energy and potential energy are synonymous; they are defined as the capacity to do work, actively putting matter into motion.

Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the enzyme-catalyzed reaction compared to the uncatalyzed reaction? -The reaction in the presence of enzyme releases more energy. -Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme. -The reaction in the presence of enzyme will form a larger proportion of product. -All of the listed responses are true.

Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme.

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? -CH4 -NaCl -H2O -NaOH

CH4

Omega-3 fatty acids appear to decrease the risk of heart disease. True or False

true

An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have ________. -14 neutrons -10 neutrons -14 electrons -24 protons

14 neutrons

Polymers that contain sugars ... (a) may store hereditary information. (b) may store energy. (c) may protect cells. Both (b) and (c). (a), (b), and (c).

A, B, &C

What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells? -DNA -RNA -TACT -ATP

ATP

Which of the following can happen to a protein if it is denatured? -The genetic code contained in the molecule may be altered. -An enzyme may no longer function properly. -The primary structure of the protein may be altered. -The degree of saturation in the fatty acid chains may be altered.

An enzyme may no longer function properly.

About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds. True or False

False

Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons. True or False

False

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common? (a) Moderate polarity. (b) Low solubility in water. (c) They occur in membranes. Both (a) and (c). Both (b) and (c).

Low solubility in water

Why can DNA be used to "fingerprint" a suspect in a crime? -DNA cannot be used to identify a suspect: all humans contain the same genes and DNA is, therefore, not unique to an individual. -The sequence and fragmentation pattern of a person's DNA is unique to that individual. -The DNA determines the pattern of an individual's fingerprint, and can be 'read' to determine the fingerprint pattern for matching in a database. -The sequence, but not fragmentation pattern, of a person's DNA is unique to that individual.

The sequence and fragmentation pattern of a person's DNA is unique to that individual

Which of the following is true about lipids? -Lipids used as energy reserves in the body are stored as molecules of phospholipids. -Lipids found in the cell membrane are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains and are called phospholipids. -Lipids that serve as hormones are derived from glycolipids. -Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.

Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.

ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable. True or False

True

All organic compounds contain carbon. True or False

True

The major function of DNA is to store the genetic instructions that are used during protein synthesis True or False

True

The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis. True or False

True

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say? -You have it backwards. Fats help phospholipids to travel. -Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water. -Not so. Fats are small enough to travel easily without help. -Right. Fats are too polar to travel alone in water. -Sorry, Dr. Haxton! Help comes from cholesterol, not phospholipids.

Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water.

After the transfer of the electron, sodium will form an ion with __________. -a charge of -1 -an atomic number of 18 -a charge of +1 -an atomic number of 10

a charge of +1 If sodium loses an electron, it will be positively charged. Although not shown explicitly in the figure, the element sodium contains 11 protons within its nucleus. If sodium forms a cation containing 10 electrons, it will have a charge of +1.

What is the classification of a solution with a pH of 8.3? -buffered solution -acidic solution -alkaline solution -neutral solution

alkaline solution A pH between 0.0 and 7.0 is acidic. A pH between 7.0 and 14.0 is basic. Therefore, a solution with a pH of 8.3 is an alkaline (or basic) solution.

Which of the following best describes an isotope? -an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of protons -an atomic structural variation in which atoms have valence shell difference -an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons -an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of electrons

an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons

The four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are ________. -carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium -nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium -sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Sucrose is a ________. -monosaccharide -disaccharide -triglyceride -polysaccharide

disaccharide

How many valence shell electrons does the element carbon have? -two -four -six -eight

four

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________. -cholesterol -triglycerides -glucose -glycogen

glycogen

Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while ________ is the stored carbohydrate in animals. -cellulose -glucose -glycogen -triglyceride

glycogen

Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? -polar solvent properties -high heat capacity -high heat of vaporization -reactivity -cushioning

high heat of vaporization

Which type of reaction breaks the bonds between the subunits in a polymer chain? -dehydration synthesis -hydrolysis -neutralization -anabolic

hydrolysis Hydrolysis reactions occur when the covalent bond between the subunits of a polymer are broken. A water molecule is split into HH and OHOH to occupy the broken bonds.

Sodium has one valence electron, while chlorine has seven. What type of chemical bond is most likely to occur between sodium and chlorine? -covalent -hydrogen -ionic -polar covalent

ionic

Which category of organic molecules includes cholesterol? -carbohydrate -protein -lipid -nucleic acid

lipid

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental subatomic unit of an element? -neutrons -protons -nucleus -electrons

nucleus

Linking amino acid monomers together to form a polymer requires the formation of which type of bond? -ionic -peptide -hydrogen -phosphodiester bonds

peptide

Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body? -calcium salts in bones -proteins -carbohydrates -lipids

proteins

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________. -addition of a water molecule between each two units -removal of a carbon atom between each two units -addition of a carbon atom between each two units -removal of a water molecule between each two units

removal of a water molecule between each two units

What structural level is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix? -primary structure -quaternary structure -tertiary structure -secondary structure

secondary structure

The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________. -arrangement of the histones -regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules -three-dimensional structure of the double helix -sequence of the nucleotides

sequence of the nucleotides