A&P Chapter 2
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? -Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy. -Kinetic energy is stored energy and has the capacity to do work; potential energy is expressed through motion. -Kinetic energy may eventually become potential energy, but potential energy cannot become kinetic energy. -Kinetic energy and potential energy are synonymous; they are defined as the capacity to do work, actively putting matter into motion.
Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the enzyme-catalyzed reaction compared to the uncatalyzed reaction? -The reaction in the presence of enzyme releases more energy. -Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme. -The reaction in the presence of enzyme will form a larger proportion of product. -All of the listed responses are true.
Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme.
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? -CH4 -NaCl -H2O -NaOH
CH4
Omega-3 fatty acids appear to decrease the risk of heart disease. True or False
true
An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have ________. -14 neutrons -10 neutrons -14 electrons -24 protons
14 neutrons
Polymers that contain sugars ... (a) may store hereditary information. (b) may store energy. (c) may protect cells. Both (b) and (c). (a), (b), and (c).
A, B, &C
What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells? -DNA -RNA -TACT -ATP
ATP
Which of the following can happen to a protein if it is denatured? -The genetic code contained in the molecule may be altered. -An enzyme may no longer function properly. -The primary structure of the protein may be altered. -The degree of saturation in the fatty acid chains may be altered.
An enzyme may no longer function properly.
About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds. True or False
False
Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons. True or False
False
What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common? (a) Moderate polarity. (b) Low solubility in water. (c) They occur in membranes. Both (a) and (c). Both (b) and (c).
Low solubility in water
Why can DNA be used to "fingerprint" a suspect in a crime? -DNA cannot be used to identify a suspect: all humans contain the same genes and DNA is, therefore, not unique to an individual. -The sequence and fragmentation pattern of a person's DNA is unique to that individual. -The DNA determines the pattern of an individual's fingerprint, and can be 'read' to determine the fingerprint pattern for matching in a database. -The sequence, but not fragmentation pattern, of a person's DNA is unique to that individual.
The sequence and fragmentation pattern of a person's DNA is unique to that individual
Which of the following is true about lipids? -Lipids used as energy reserves in the body are stored as molecules of phospholipids. -Lipids found in the cell membrane are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains and are called phospholipids. -Lipids that serve as hormones are derived from glycolipids. -Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.
ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable. True or False
True
All organic compounds contain carbon. True or False
True
The major function of DNA is to store the genetic instructions that are used during protein synthesis True or False
True
The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis. True or False
True
Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say? -You have it backwards. Fats help phospholipids to travel. -Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water. -Not so. Fats are small enough to travel easily without help. -Right. Fats are too polar to travel alone in water. -Sorry, Dr. Haxton! Help comes from cholesterol, not phospholipids.
Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water.
After the transfer of the electron, sodium will form an ion with __________. -a charge of -1 -an atomic number of 18 -a charge of +1 -an atomic number of 10
a charge of +1 If sodium loses an electron, it will be positively charged. Although not shown explicitly in the figure, the element sodium contains 11 protons within its nucleus. If sodium forms a cation containing 10 electrons, it will have a charge of +1.
What is the classification of a solution with a pH of 8.3? -buffered solution -acidic solution -alkaline solution -neutral solution
alkaline solution A pH between 0.0 and 7.0 is acidic. A pH between 7.0 and 14.0 is basic. Therefore, a solution with a pH of 8.3 is an alkaline (or basic) solution.
Which of the following best describes an isotope? -an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of protons -an atomic structural variation in which atoms have valence shell difference -an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons -an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of electrons
an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons
The four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are ________. -carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium -nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium -sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
Sucrose is a ________. -monosaccharide -disaccharide -triglyceride -polysaccharide
disaccharide
How many valence shell electrons does the element carbon have? -two -four -six -eight
four
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________. -cholesterol -triglycerides -glucose -glycogen
glycogen
Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while ________ is the stored carbohydrate in animals. -cellulose -glucose -glycogen -triglyceride
glycogen
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? -polar solvent properties -high heat capacity -high heat of vaporization -reactivity -cushioning
high heat of vaporization
Which type of reaction breaks the bonds between the subunits in a polymer chain? -dehydration synthesis -hydrolysis -neutralization -anabolic
hydrolysis Hydrolysis reactions occur when the covalent bond between the subunits of a polymer are broken. A water molecule is split into HH and OHOH to occupy the broken bonds.
Sodium has one valence electron, while chlorine has seven. What type of chemical bond is most likely to occur between sodium and chlorine? -covalent -hydrogen -ionic -polar covalent
ionic
Which category of organic molecules includes cholesterol? -carbohydrate -protein -lipid -nucleic acid
lipid
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental subatomic unit of an element? -neutrons -protons -nucleus -electrons
nucleus
Linking amino acid monomers together to form a polymer requires the formation of which type of bond? -ionic -peptide -hydrogen -phosphodiester bonds
peptide
Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body? -calcium salts in bones -proteins -carbohydrates -lipids
proteins
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________. -addition of a water molecule between each two units -removal of a carbon atom between each two units -addition of a carbon atom between each two units -removal of a water molecule between each two units
removal of a water molecule between each two units
What structural level is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix? -primary structure -quaternary structure -tertiary structure -secondary structure
secondary structure
The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________. -arrangement of the histones -regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules -three-dimensional structure of the double helix -sequence of the nucleotides
sequence of the nucleotides