a&p chapter #5

identify these cranial bones as paired or singular: sphenoid

singular

state the difference between cartilage and bone

cartilage is rubbery, and bone is firm

correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: glycoproteins

organic

match the cell type with its function: yellow marrow

storing triglycerides

without the hyoid bone, we could not?

swallow food properly

which bone encloses the ear canal?

temporal bone

what does the absence of an epiphysis tell you about the growth of flat bones?

the absence of an epiphysis means that flat bones do not increase in length in the same way as long bones. in fact, flat bones in the skull are ossified by intramembranous ossification

damage to which of the following would compromise the most superior portion of the spinal cord?

the foramen magnum

what passes through the foramen magnum?

spinal cord

place these vertebrae bones in the order that you would find them moving from the head down toward the tail

C3 C7 T2 T12 L3 L5 sacrum coccyx

the hollow space in the middle of many skull bones is filled with?

air

correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to axial or appendicular: upper limbs

appendicular

correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: feet

appendicular

correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: hands

appendicular

correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: lower limbs

appendicular

justify why compact bone is the outermost layer of bone and spongy bone is the innermost layer. how does this relate to the function(s) of bones?

compact bone is hard and dense; thus, this layer provides strength and resistance to compression as well as the twisting and shearing stress that would otherwise easily break the bone. spongy bone is a container or housing for the marrow. it is not especially strong but supportive and porous enough for the function of marrow to occur

the epiphyses of long bones are covered by?

hyaline cartilage

correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: bicarbonate salts

inorganic

correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: calcium salts

inorganic

openings in the bone include?

-fissure -foramen -canal (or meatus)

bone projections include?

-line -spine -crest -condyle

correctly match each of these terms with their description: sternum

-long, flat, and narrow breastbone -keystone of the rib cage

which are functions of the skeleton?

-protection -support and attachment -blood cell formation -movement

which structures are included in the thoracic cage?

-ribs -thoracic vertebrae -sternum -xiphoid process

a facial bone that is not paired would be?

-the vomer -the mandible

correctly match each of these terms with their description: sternal angle

-where manubrium and body join -where cartilage of second ribs attach

how many bones compromise the skull?

22

match the cell type with its function: osteoclast

breaking down bone

match the cell type with its function: osteoblast

building bone

match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: fork-shaped spinous process

cervical

match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: small oval body

cervical

match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: triangular vertebral foramen

cervical

correctly match each of the following terms to its definitions or function: concentric lamellae

circular layer of very thin bone tissue

removal of what component of bone would affect its flexibility?

collagen

correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function: osteon

cylindrical structure of concentric lamellae in bone

true or false: red marrow is the primary site of triglyceride storage

false some fat will be stored in the bone marrow but adipose tissue is the primary storage site

true or false: the upper jaw bone is the maxshell bone

false, the upper jaw bone is the maxilla

correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: hydroxyapatite

inorganic

correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: magnesium salts

inorganic

the xiphoid process articulates with what other bone?

it does not articulate with other bones

the occipital bone meets the parietal bones at the _______ structure

lambdoid

match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: flat triangular vertebral foramen

lumbar

match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: kidney-shaped body

lumbar

match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: thickest spinous process

lumbar

which spinal curvature would be affected by pregnacny?

lumbar

match the cell type with its function: osteocyte

maintaining bone health

assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: condyles articulating with first cervical vertebra

occipital

assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: foramen magnum

occipital

match each term with its characteristic/function/role: bone

organ

match each term with its characteristic/function/role: skeleton

organ system

correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: collagen

organic

correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: proteoglycans

organic

the process of new bone formation is referred to as?

osteogenesis

identify these cranial bones as paired or singular bones: parietal

paired

identify these cranial bones as paired or singular bones: temporal

paired

match the cell type with its function: red marrow

producing blood cells

a major function of the rib bones is to?

protect the heart and lungs

which vertebrae are normally fused together in an adult human?

sacrum and coccyx

identify these cranial bones as paired or singular bones: frontal

singular

match each term with its characteristic/function/role: red marrow

site of blood cell production

match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: heart-shaped body with costal facets

thoracic

correctly match each of these terms with their description: xiphoid process

where abdominal muscles attach to sternum

the cribriform foramina are part of what bone?

ethmoid

which bone is a reabsorbing cell?

osteoclast

what distinguishes the true ribs from the false ribs from the floating ribs? what functional advantage is provided by these types of ribs, i.e., why have three types?

rib bones are classified by their attachment to the front of the torso specifically, true ribs(#1-7) each attach to the sternum via their own individual costal cartilage, while ribs #8-12 (false ribs) do not attach directly to the sternum; they share costal cartilage that extends and attaches to the cartilage of the seventh rib (i.e. the lowest true rib.). ribs #11 and #12 are called floating ribs because they do not attach to the sternum in any fashion but rather attach to the spine: they have the appearance of floating when viewed from the front as to why we have these three types of ribs, there doesn't seem to be any distinct reason that all anatomists highlight equally. rather it may simply be the best manners so far arising through evolution in which all twelve of the ribs are able to connect with the sternum (which is itself fairly short in length). some ribs will reach the sternum directly, some will connect to the sternum via cartilage, and some just don't make it all the way to the short sternum

an example of a sesamoid bone can be found where?

the knee cap

true or false: if osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity, then a skeleton disorder is likely to occur

true an imbalance of osteoclast and osteoblast activity can lead to a change in bone density. if osteoclastic activity is greater than osteoblastic activity then osteopenia (decreased bone density) will occur and if this condition continues unchecked, then a more severe condition of osteoporosis may develop

correctly match each of these terms with their description: manubrium

top portion of the sternum

the branching structures in spongy bone are called?

trabeculae

through which structure does the spinal cord pass?

vertebral foramen

correctly match each of these terms with their description: clavicular notches

where sternum articulates with pectoral girdle

why do "growing pains" occur in children?

while the exact cause of these limb pains in children ages 2-12 is still unclear, several consistent observations are informative. many children with these pains: 1) are overly flexible, 2) have notably flat feet, 3) demonstrate a lower than normal pain threshold, and 4) have less bone strength than the normal population. thus a child's increased physical activity during the day may lead to "usage" soreness in those overused limbs that night. these pains are not caused by bones elongating faster than the surrounding tendons and ligaments

correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: ribs

axial

correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: skull

axial

correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: sternum

axial

correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: vertebral column

axial

match each term with its characteristic/function/role: osseous

bone tissue

why does yellow marrow replace red marrow as we age?

as adults, our need for blood cell formation is adequately covered by remaining red marrow and other sites within the body

correctly match each of the following terns to its definition of function: gap junction

directly connects the cytosol of two cells

true or false: the styloid process is part of the ethmoid bone

false the styloid process is part of the temporal bone. several muscles and ligaments attach the styloid process and they all begin with styloid

true or false: the atlas is another name for the thoracic vertebrae

false think of atlas holding up the world and C1 (the atlas) is holding up the head

true or false: the axis is another name for the second thoracic vertebrae

false the atlas holds the head up (C1) and the axis comes from C2 and actually protrudes into C1

fibrous membranes that allow the infant brain to grow in size are called?

fontanelles

which helps us to correctly distinguish between the maxillae and mandible?

formation of the hard palate by the palatine processes of the maxillae

which of the following terms is a type of depression in a bone?

fossa

assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: glabella

frontal

assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: supraorbital foramen

frontal

if the constant turnover of osteons is a central feature of bone, then why not completely resorb everything during the breakdown process? why leave some of the lamellae from the original osteon?

it is commonly suggested that the remaining interstitial lamellae can further strengthen the bone overall

the concentric rings of calcified intercellular substances arranged around haversian canals are called?

lamellae

correctly match each of these terms with their description: body

largest portion of the sternum

a person lies comatose in bed for six consecutive months. you would expect their bone density to be?

less than normal for their age

correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: glycosaminoglycans

organic

correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: osteoid

organic

construct a concept map that illustrates your understanding of the skeleton as an organ system and reveals how it is composed of organs, which are composed of tissues, which are made of cells. using these terms in your map, make connections and state functions where possible: skeleton, bones, vascular, neuronal, marrow, osseous. osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, marrow

our skeleton is the organ system; it is made up of bones, which are the organs that compromise the skeleton organ system...bones are made up of tissues, which are collections of cell types performing a specific functions. these include: -vascular (for circulation) -neuronal (for control and regulation) -marrow (for cell maturation and storage) -connective or osseous (the actual bone tissue) tissues are made up of specific cell types. these include: -marrow cells (for cell maturation and storage) -osteoblasts (build bones, form bone matrix) -osteoclasts (resorbs bone, breaks bone down) -osteocytes (maintains health and maintenance of bone tissue)

assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: sides of the cranial vault

parietal

assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: top of cranial vault

parietal

correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function: central canal

passageway for nerves and blood vessels in the osteon

place the following structures in the order they would be encountered if moving from the outside of the bone to the innermost region

periosteum compact spongy trabeculae endosteum marrow

correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function: perforating canal

perpendicular channel that connects neighboring osteons

identify these cranial bones as paired or singular bones: occipital

singular

identify these cranial bones as paired or singular: ethmoid

singular

match each term with its characteristic/function/role: yellow marrow

site of fat storage

correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function: lacunae

small fluid-filled cavities containing osteocytes

which bone has a groove to support the pituitary?

sphenoid

teeth are anchored in the?

the maxillae and the mandible

evidence to support the role of flattened bone surfaces as areas that articulate with other bones is given by?

the presence of hyaline cartilage on the surface of flattened bone

why is bone made up of calcium salts and not other salts, for example, iron salts?

the presence of iron salts would strengthen bone but make it very heavy, requiring much larger muscle to move it

why are transverse processes present on vertebrae?

they provide attachment for large muscles

match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: circular vertebral foramen

thoracic

match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: long downward spinous process

thoracic

which vertebrae articulate with rib bones?

thoracic

correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function: canaliculi

tiny passageways that connect adjacent lacunae

could a postmortem examination of bones predict the type of employment a person had during his or her lifetime?

yes, it can because a person's muscle activity dramatically affects bone structure. if a person was involved in manual labor all of his or her life, this would be reflected in an increased width and strength of the affected bones