a&p chapter #5
identify these cranial bones as paired or singular: sphenoid
singular
state the difference between cartilage and bone
cartilage is rubbery, and bone is firm
correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: glycoproteins
organic
match the cell type with its function: yellow marrow
storing triglycerides
without the hyoid bone, we could not?
swallow food properly
which bone encloses the ear canal?
temporal bone
what does the absence of an epiphysis tell you about the growth of flat bones?
the absence of an epiphysis means that flat bones do not increase in length in the same way as long bones. in fact, flat bones in the skull are ossified by intramembranous ossification
damage to which of the following would compromise the most superior portion of the spinal cord?
the foramen magnum
what passes through the foramen magnum?
spinal cord
place these vertebrae bones in the order that you would find them moving from the head down toward the tail
C3 C7 T2 T12 L3 L5 sacrum coccyx
the hollow space in the middle of many skull bones is filled with?
air
correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to axial or appendicular: upper limbs
appendicular
correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: feet
appendicular
correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: hands
appendicular
correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: lower limbs
appendicular
justify why compact bone is the outermost layer of bone and spongy bone is the innermost layer. how does this relate to the function(s) of bones?
compact bone is hard and dense; thus, this layer provides strength and resistance to compression as well as the twisting and shearing stress that would otherwise easily break the bone. spongy bone is a container or housing for the marrow. it is not especially strong but supportive and porous enough for the function of marrow to occur
the epiphyses of long bones are covered by?
hyaline cartilage
correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: bicarbonate salts
inorganic
correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: calcium salts
inorganic
openings in the bone include?
-fissure -foramen -canal (or meatus)
bone projections include?
-line -spine -crest -condyle
correctly match each of these terms with their description: sternum
-long, flat, and narrow breastbone -keystone of the rib cage
which are functions of the skeleton?
-protection -support and attachment -blood cell formation -movement
which structures are included in the thoracic cage?
-ribs -thoracic vertebrae -sternum -xiphoid process
a facial bone that is not paired would be?
-the vomer -the mandible
correctly match each of these terms with their description: sternal angle
-where manubrium and body join -where cartilage of second ribs attach
how many bones compromise the skull?
22
match the cell type with its function: osteoclast
breaking down bone
match the cell type with its function: osteoblast
building bone
match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: fork-shaped spinous process
cervical
match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: small oval body
cervical
match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: triangular vertebral foramen
cervical
correctly match each of the following terms to its definitions or function: concentric lamellae
circular layer of very thin bone tissue
removal of what component of bone would affect its flexibility?
collagen
correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function: osteon
cylindrical structure of concentric lamellae in bone
true or false: red marrow is the primary site of triglyceride storage
false some fat will be stored in the bone marrow but adipose tissue is the primary storage site
true or false: the upper jaw bone is the maxshell bone
false, the upper jaw bone is the maxilla
correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: hydroxyapatite
inorganic
correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: magnesium salts
inorganic
the xiphoid process articulates with what other bone?
it does not articulate with other bones
the occipital bone meets the parietal bones at the _______ structure
lambdoid
match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: flat triangular vertebral foramen
lumbar
match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: kidney-shaped body
lumbar
match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: thickest spinous process
lumbar
which spinal curvature would be affected by pregnacny?
lumbar
match the cell type with its function: osteocyte
maintaining bone health
assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: condyles articulating with first cervical vertebra
occipital
assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: foramen magnum
occipital
match each term with its characteristic/function/role: bone
organ
match each term with its characteristic/function/role: skeleton
organ system
correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: collagen
organic
correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: proteoglycans
organic
the process of new bone formation is referred to as?
osteogenesis
identify these cranial bones as paired or singular bones: parietal
paired
identify these cranial bones as paired or singular bones: temporal
paired
match the cell type with its function: red marrow
producing blood cells
a major function of the rib bones is to?
protect the heart and lungs
which vertebrae are normally fused together in an adult human?
sacrum and coccyx
identify these cranial bones as paired or singular bones: frontal
singular
match each term with its characteristic/function/role: red marrow
site of blood cell production
match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: heart-shaped body with costal facets
thoracic
correctly match each of these terms with their description: xiphoid process
where abdominal muscles attach to sternum
the cribriform foramina are part of what bone?
ethmoid
which bone is a reabsorbing cell?
osteoclast
what distinguishes the true ribs from the false ribs from the floating ribs? what functional advantage is provided by these types of ribs, i.e., why have three types?
rib bones are classified by their attachment to the front of the torso specifically, true ribs(#1-7) each attach to the sternum via their own individual costal cartilage, while ribs #8-12 (false ribs) do not attach directly to the sternum; they share costal cartilage that extends and attaches to the cartilage of the seventh rib (i.e. the lowest true rib.). ribs #11 and #12 are called floating ribs because they do not attach to the sternum in any fashion but rather attach to the spine: they have the appearance of floating when viewed from the front as to why we have these three types of ribs, there doesn't seem to be any distinct reason that all anatomists highlight equally. rather it may simply be the best manners so far arising through evolution in which all twelve of the ribs are able to connect with the sternum (which is itself fairly short in length). some ribs will reach the sternum directly, some will connect to the sternum via cartilage, and some just don't make it all the way to the short sternum
an example of a sesamoid bone can be found where?
the knee cap
true or false: if osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity, then a skeleton disorder is likely to occur
true an imbalance of osteoclast and osteoblast activity can lead to a change in bone density. if osteoclastic activity is greater than osteoblastic activity then osteopenia (decreased bone density) will occur and if this condition continues unchecked, then a more severe condition of osteoporosis may develop
correctly match each of these terms with their description: manubrium
top portion of the sternum
the branching structures in spongy bone are called?
trabeculae
through which structure does the spinal cord pass?
vertebral foramen
correctly match each of these terms with their description: clavicular notches
where sternum articulates with pectoral girdle
why do "growing pains" occur in children?
while the exact cause of these limb pains in children ages 2-12 is still unclear, several consistent observations are informative. many children with these pains: 1) are overly flexible, 2) have notably flat feet, 3) demonstrate a lower than normal pain threshold, and 4) have less bone strength than the normal population. thus a child's increased physical activity during the day may lead to "usage" soreness in those overused limbs that night. these pains are not caused by bones elongating faster than the surrounding tendons and ligaments
correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: ribs
axial
correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: skull
axial
correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: sternum
axial
correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: axial or appendicular: vertebral column
axial
match each term with its characteristic/function/role: osseous
bone tissue
why does yellow marrow replace red marrow as we age?
as adults, our need for blood cell formation is adequately covered by remaining red marrow and other sites within the body
correctly match each of the following terns to its definition of function: gap junction
directly connects the cytosol of two cells
true or false: the styloid process is part of the ethmoid bone
false the styloid process is part of the temporal bone. several muscles and ligaments attach the styloid process and they all begin with styloid
true or false: the atlas is another name for the thoracic vertebrae
false think of atlas holding up the world and C1 (the atlas) is holding up the head
true or false: the axis is another name for the second thoracic vertebrae
false the atlas holds the head up (C1) and the axis comes from C2 and actually protrudes into C1
fibrous membranes that allow the infant brain to grow in size are called?
fontanelles
which helps us to correctly distinguish between the maxillae and mandible?
formation of the hard palate by the palatine processes of the maxillae
which of the following terms is a type of depression in a bone?
fossa
assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: glabella
frontal
assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: supraorbital foramen
frontal
if the constant turnover of osteons is a central feature of bone, then why not completely resorb everything during the breakdown process? why leave some of the lamellae from the original osteon?
it is commonly suggested that the remaining interstitial lamellae can further strengthen the bone overall
the concentric rings of calcified intercellular substances arranged around haversian canals are called?
lamellae
correctly match each of these terms with their description: body
largest portion of the sternum
a person lies comatose in bed for six consecutive months. you would expect their bone density to be?
less than normal for their age
correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: glycosaminoglycans
organic
correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic: osteoid
organic
construct a concept map that illustrates your understanding of the skeleton as an organ system and reveals how it is composed of organs, which are composed of tissues, which are made of cells. using these terms in your map, make connections and state functions where possible: skeleton, bones, vascular, neuronal, marrow, osseous. osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, marrow
our skeleton is the organ system; it is made up of bones, which are the organs that compromise the skeleton organ system...bones are made up of tissues, which are collections of cell types performing a specific functions. these include: -vascular (for circulation) -neuronal (for control and regulation) -marrow (for cell maturation and storage) -connective or osseous (the actual bone tissue) tissues are made up of specific cell types. these include: -marrow cells (for cell maturation and storage) -osteoblasts (build bones, form bone matrix) -osteoclasts (resorbs bone, breaks bone down) -osteocytes (maintains health and maintenance of bone tissue)
assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: sides of the cranial vault
parietal
assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: top of cranial vault
parietal
correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function: central canal
passageway for nerves and blood vessels in the osteon
place the following structures in the order they would be encountered if moving from the outside of the bone to the innermost region
periosteum compact spongy trabeculae endosteum marrow
correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function: perforating canal
perpendicular channel that connects neighboring osteons
identify these cranial bones as paired or singular bones: occipital
singular
identify these cranial bones as paired or singular: ethmoid
singular
match each term with its characteristic/function/role: yellow marrow
site of fat storage
correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function: lacunae
small fluid-filled cavities containing osteocytes
which bone has a groove to support the pituitary?
sphenoid
teeth are anchored in the?
the maxillae and the mandible
evidence to support the role of flattened bone surfaces as areas that articulate with other bones is given by?
the presence of hyaline cartilage on the surface of flattened bone
why is bone made up of calcium salts and not other salts, for example, iron salts?
the presence of iron salts would strengthen bone but make it very heavy, requiring much larger muscle to move it
why are transverse processes present on vertebrae?
they provide attachment for large muscles
match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: circular vertebral foramen
thoracic
match the general characteristic to the type of vertebrae: long downward spinous process
thoracic
which vertebrae articulate with rib bones?
thoracic
correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function: canaliculi
tiny passageways that connect adjacent lacunae
could a postmortem examination of bones predict the type of employment a person had during his or her lifetime?
yes, it can because a person's muscle activity dramatically affects bone structure. if a person was involved in manual labor all of his or her life, this would be reflected in an increased width and strength of the affected bones
