A&P Chapter 5 Study Guide Questions

An important function of the subcutaneous layer is to (A)stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues. (B)provide sensation of pain and temperature. (C)adjust gland secretion rates. (D)monitor sensory receptors.

A

In what area of the body would you find an especially thick Stratum Corneum? (A) Sole of the foot (B) Abdomen (C) Back of the head (D) Thigh

A

The epidermis consists of a (A)stratified squamous epithelium. (B)papillary layer. (C)reticular layer. (D)a, b, and c.

A

The immediate response by the skin to an injury is (A)bleeding and an inflammatory response triggered by damaged mast cells. (B)the epidermal cells are immediately replaced. (C)fibroblasts in the dermis create scar tissue. (D)the formation of a scab.

A

The layers of the epidermis where mitotic divisions occur are the (A)basale and spinosum. (B)corneum and basale. (C)spinosum and corneum. (D)mitosis occurs in all the layers.

A

The regulation of salts, water, and organic wastes by the integumentary glands is accomplished by (A)excretion. (B)digestion. (C)respiration. (D)all of the above.

A

Third-degree burns differ from first- and second-degree burns in that (A)the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed. (B)they are more painful. (C)fluid accumulates between the dermis and epidermis. (D)the burn is restricted to the superficial layers of the skin.

A

When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by a(n) (A)increase in sweat gland activity and blood flow to the skin. (B)decrease in blood flow to the skin and sweat gland activity. (C)increase in blood flow to the skin and a decrease in sweat gland activity. (D)increase in sweat gland activity and a decrease in blood flow to the skin.

A

Which statement accurately describes the dermis and epidermis? Choose the BEST answer: (A) The dermis is connective tissue and the epidermis is epithelial tissue (B) The dermis is epithelial tissue and the epidermis is connective tissue. (C) The dermis and the epidermis are both connective tissue. (D) The dermis and the epidermis are both epithelial tissue.

A

The sweat glands that communicate with hair follicles are called __________.

Apocrine

List the two types of sweat glands found in human skin

Apocrine and Eccrine

A bundle of smooth muscle cells, which extends from the papillary layer of the dermis to the connective tissue sheath surrounding the hair follicle, is the __________.

Arrector Pili

Excessive exposure of the skin to UV radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters classifies the burn as (A)first degree. (B)second degree. (C)third degree. (D)none of these.

B

Sagging and wrinkling of the integument occurs from (A)the decline of germinative cell activity in the epidermis. (B)a decrease in the elastic fiber network of the dermis. (C)a decrease in vitamin D production. (D)deactivation of sweat glands.

B

Special smooth muscles in the dermis that, when contracted, produce "goose bumps" are called (A)tissue papillae. (B)arrector pili. (C)root sheaths. (D)cuticular papillae.

B

The protein that permits stretch and recoil of the skin is (A)collagen. (B)elastin. (C)keratin. (D)melanin.

B

The subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs is the (A)dermis. (B)hypodermis. (C)epidermis. (D)reticular layer.

B

A second degree burn is readily identified by the appearance of __________.

Blisters

A young Caucasian girl is frightened during a violent thunderstorm, during which lightning strikes nearby. Her parents notice that she is pale, in fact, she has "turned white." Why has her skin color changed to this "whitish" appearance?

Blood with abundant O₂ is bright red, and blood vessels in the dermis normally give the skin a reddish tint. During the frightening experience, the circulatory supply to the skin is temporarily reduced because of the constriction of the blood vessels; thus, the skin becomes relatively pale.

Accessory structures of the skin include the (A)dermis, epidermis, and hypodermis. (B)cutaneous and subcutaneous layers. (C)hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. (D)blood vessels, macrophages, and neurons.

C

Because freshwater is hypotonic to body fluids, sitting in a freshwater bath causes (A)water to leave the epidermis and dehydrate the tissue. (B)water from the interstitial fluid to penetrate the surface and evaporate. (C)water to enter the epidermis and cause the epithelial cells to swell. (D)complete cleansing because the bacteria on the surface drown.

C

Differences in skin color between individuals reflect distinct (A)numbers of melanocytes. (B)melanocyte distribution patterns. (C)levels of melanin synthesis. (D)UV responses and nuclear activity.

C

From the following selections, choose the one that identifies what the dermis contains to communicate with other organ systems. (A)Blood vessels (B)Lymphatic vessels (C)Nerve fibers (D)a, b, and c

C

Hair turns gray or white due to (A)a decline in glandular activity. (B)a decrease in the number of Langerhans cells. (C)decreased melanocyte activity. (D)decreased blood supply to the dermis.

C

Not visible from the surface, nail production occurs at an epithelial fold called the (A)eponychium. (B)cuticle. (C)nail root. (D)lunula.

C

Psoriasis is a skin disorder in which there is abnormal increased mitotic activity in the (A)stratum spinosum. (B)stratum lucidum. (C)stratum basale. (D)stratum corneum.

C

The natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color is the (A)number of melanocytes. (B)amount of carotene production. (C)type of pigment present. (D)a, b, and c.

C

The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are (A)melanin and chlorophyll. (B)xanthophylls and melanin. (C)carotene and melanin. (D)xanthophylls and carotene.

C

The reason the hypodermis is a good location for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle is that it has a (A)large number of sensory receptors. (B)large number of lamellated corpuscles. (C)limited number of capillaries and no vital organs. (D)all of the above.

C

The two components of the cutaneous membrane are the (A)hair and skin. (B)subcutaneous layer and accessory structures. (C)epidermis and dermis. (D)melanin and melanocytes.

C

The two major components of the integument are the (A)dermis and epidermis. (B)hair and skin. (C)cutaneous membrane and accessory structures. (D)eleidin and keratin.

C

When exposed to ultraviolet radiation, epidermal cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum convert a cholesterol-related steroid into (A)calcitriol. (B)MSH. (C)vitamin D3. (D)ACTH.

C

Which of the following are part of the skin? Choose the BEST answer: (A) Hyperdermis (B). Subdermis (C) Epidermis (D) Subcutaneous fat layer

C

An orange-yellow pigment that normally accumulates in epidermal cells is __________.

Carotene

Bone development is abnormal and bone maintenance is inadequate if there is a dietary deficiency or a lack of skin production of __________.

Cholecalciferol

Even though the stratum corneum is water resistant, it is not waterproof. When the skin is immersed in water, osmotic forces may move water in or out of the epithelium. Long-term exposure to seawater endangers survivors of a shipwreck by accelerating dehydration. How and why does this occur?

Compared to our skin, the ocean is a hypertonic solution, thus causing water to leave the body by crossing the epidermis from the underlying tissues.

The type of tissue that comprises most of the dermis is __________.

Connective

During a sustained reduction in blood supply, the oxygen levels in the tissues decline, causing the skin to take on a bluish coloration called __________.

Cyanosis

Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located in the (A)reticular layer of the dermis. (B)stratum spinosum of the epidermis. (C)nasal passageways. (D)external auditory canal.

D

Epidermal growth factor EF has widespread effects on epithelia tissue in that it (A)promotes the divisions of germinative cells. (B)accelerates the production of keratin. (C)stimulates epidermal development and repair. (D)all of the above.

D

Hair production occurs in the (A)hair follicle, deep in the dermis. (B)root hair plexus, in the reticular layer. (C)hair follicle, in the stratum lucidum. (D)hair follicle, in the hair matrix.

D

Malignant melanomas are extremely dangerous and life-threatening because (A)they develop in the germinative layer of the epidermis. (B)they form tumors that interfere with circulation. (C)metastasis is restricted to the dermis and epidermis. (D)the melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.

D

Scar tissue is best described as (A)an accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space. (B)a widespread inflammation of the dermis caused by bacterial infection. (C)a necrosis occurring because of inadequate circulation. (D)fibrous, noncellular accumulation of tissue at the site of injury repair.

D

Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves to (A)cool the surface of the skin. (B)reduce body temperature. (C)dilute harmful chemicals. (D)a, b, and c.

D

The basic factors interacting to produce skin color are (A)sunlight and ultraviolet radiation. (B)the presence of carotene and melanin. (C)melanocyte production and oxygen supply. (D)circulatory supply and pigment concentration and composition.

D

The hormone essential for the normal absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the small intestine is (A)vitamin D. (B)epidermal growth factor. (C)adrenocorticotropic hormone. (D)calcitriol.

D

The layers of the epidermis, beginning with the deepest layer and proceeding outwardly, include the stratum (A)corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale. (B)granulosum, spinosum, basale, and corneum. (C)spinosum, basale, corneum, and granulosum. (D)basale, spinosum, granulosum, and corneum.

D

The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular (A)scabs. (B)skin grafts. (C)ground substance. (D)scar tissue.

D

The primary tissues comprising the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) are (A)epithelial and neural. (B)transitional and glandular. (C)hyaline and cuboidal. (D)areolar and adipose.

D

The two major components of the dermis are (A)capillaries and nerves. (B)dermal papillae and a subcutaneous layer. (C)sensory receptors and accessory structures. (D)a papillary layer and a reticular layer.

D

If the body temperature drops below normal, heat is conserved by a(n) __________ in the diameter of dermal blood vessels.

Decrease (vasoconstriction)

An inflammation of the skin that primarily involves the papillary layer is called ___________.

Dermatitis

Stimulating synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial cells is among the roles of __________.

EGF

The glands in the skin that become active when the body temperature rises above normal are the __________.

Eccrine glands

The first line of defense against an often hostile environment is the __________.

Epidermis

The stratum corneum that covers the exposed nail closest to the root is the __________.

Eponychium

Hair develops from a group of epidermal cells at the base of a tube-like depression called a(n) __________.

Follicle

In older adults, dry and scaly skin is usually a result of a decrease in __________ activity.

Glandular

During injury repair, the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network is called __________.

Granulation tissue

Someone asks you, "Is hair really important to the human body?" What responses would you give to show the functional necessities of hair?

Hair protects the scalp from ultraviolet light, cushions blows to the head, prevents entry of foreign particles (as we see in eyelashes, nostril hair, and the ear canals), and provides sensory nerves around the base of each hair with an early warning system that can help prevent injury.

The tissue beneath the dermis important in stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues while permitting independent movement is the __________.

Hypodermis

A thick, flattened mass of scar tissue that begins at the injury site and grows into the surrounding tissue is called a _________.

Keloid

A thick, raised area of scar tissue covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is a __________.

Keloid

Due to the onset of aging, increased damage and infection are apparent because of a decrease in the number of __________.

Langerhans Cells

Mobile macrophages that are a part of the immune system and found scattered among the deeper cells of the epidermis are called __________.

Langerhans cells

The peptide secreted by the pituitary gland, which darkens the skin, is __________.

MSH

Variations in hair color reflect differences in structure and variations in the pigment produced by __________.

Melanocytes

Skin surfaces that lack hair contain specialized epithelial cells sensitive to touch called ________.

Merkel Cells

The layer of the dermis that contains the capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons that supply the surface of the skin is the _________ layer.

Papillary

Tretinoin (Retin-A) has been called the anti-aging cream. Since it is applied topically, how does it affect the skin?

Retain-A increases blood flow to the dermis and stimulates dermal repairs, resulting in a decrease in wrinkle formation and existing wrinkles become smaller.

The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is extensively interwoven with the connective tissue fibers of the __________.

Reticular Layer

Cradle cap" in infants and "dandruff" in adults result from an inflammation around abnormally active sebaceous glands called __________.

Seborrheic Dermatitis

The secretion that lubricates and inhibits the growth of bacteria on the skin is called __________.

Sebum

Individuals who participate in endurance sports must continually provide the body with fluids. Explain why this is necessary.

Sensible perspiration produced by merocrine (eccrine) glands plus a mixture of electrolytes, metabolites, and waste products is a clear secretion that is more than 99 percent water. When all of the merocrine sweat glands are working at maximum, the rate of perspiration may exceed a gallon per hour, and dangerous fluid and electrolyte losses occur.

Keratinized cells would be found primarily in the __________.

Stratum Corneum

In areas where the epidermis is thick, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, the cells are flattened, densely packed, and filled with keratin. This layer is called the __________.

Stratum lucidum

A third-degree burn does more damage to the skin but is less painful than a second-degree burn. Explain.

Third-Degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis, extending into subcutaneous tissues. Despite swelling, these burns are less painful than second-degree burns, because granulation tissue cannot form and epithelial cells are unable to cover the injury.

Bacterial invasion of the superficial layers of the skin is quite common. Why is it difficult to reach the underlying connective tissues? (Cite at least six features of the skin that help protect the body from invasion by bacteria.)

To reach the underlying connective tissues, a bacterium must: A. Survive the bactericides components of sebum. B. Avoid being flushed from the surface by sweat gland secretions. C. Penetrate the stratum corneum. D. Squeeze between the junctional complexes of deeper layers. E. Escape the Langerhans cells. F. Cross the basal lamina.

How does exposure to optimum amounts of sunlight promote proper bone maintenance and growth in children? If exposure to sunlight is rare due to geographical location or environmental conditions, what can be done to minimize impaired maintenance and growth?

Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight converts a cholesterol-related steroid into vitamin D₃, or Cholecalciferol. This compound is then converted to calcitriol, which is necessary in the small intestine for absorbing the calcium and phosphorous essential for normal bone maintenance and growth. Children can drink more milk because it is routinely fortified with "vitamin D," which is easily absorbed by the intestines.

The fine "peach fuzz" hairs found over much of the body surface are called __________.

Vellus

When individuals lose their melanocytes, the condition is known as __________.

Vitiligo

Why do calluses form on the palms of the hands when doing manual labor?

When the skin is subjected to mechanical stresses, stem cells in the basale divide more rapidly, and the depth of the epithelium increases.

The pigment that absorbs ultraviolet radiation before it can damage mitochondrial DNA is __________.

melanin

List the two layers of the dermis

papillary layer and reticular layer