A&P: Chapter 8

diarthrosis

this joint classification is freely moveable, allowing a wide variety of specific movements

synchondroses

this joint consists of bones liked together by hyaline cartilage; little to no movement example: epiphyseal plate

Lateral tibiofemoral joint

between lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus, lateral condyle of tibia

Medial tibiofemoral joint

between medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, medial condyle of tibia

gliding

this movement is a sliding motion between articulating surface and is non-axial. Example: inter carpal movement

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diathrosis

what are the 3 joint classifications

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

what are the 3 structural classifications of joints

sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses

what are the 3 types of fibrous joints

gliding, rotation, angular, and special movements

what are the 4 categories of movement of synovial joints

lubrication, metabolic function, and shock absorption

what are the functions of the synovial fluid

synchondroses and symphyses

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints

pivot joint

where the rounded end surface of one bone fits into a groove on the surface of a second bone, which allows for movement around one axis in which one bone pivots around the other example: radioulnar joint

knee

modified hinge joint; composed of three separate joints

retraction

moves a body part in a posterior direction

protraction

moves a body part in an anterior direction

elevation

moves a body part in superior motion

Bursa

saclike, contain synovial fluid & cushion joint found in high stress regions

articular capsule

"sleeve" that covers entire joint

planar joint

(gliding joint) is the most simple and least mobile articulation between the flat surface of two bones example: intercarpal and intertarsal joints

PCL

-prevents posterior sliding of femur on tibia

condylar joint

a biaxial joint where the oval, convex surface of one bone fits into a shallow, concave articular surface of a second bone example: phalanges and metacarpals

symphyses

a joint where the bones are united by a fibrocartilaginous pad or plug, which is functionally amphiarthrosis Examples: intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis

dorsiflexion

a movement where the angle between the foot and leg decreases

ball and socket joint

a multiaxial articulation in which the articulating surface of one bone is spherical and fits into a cup shaped depression in the second bone. only examples: hip and shoulder

inversion

a rotational movement in which the plantar surface of the foot rotates medially toward the midline of the body

ligament

a strand of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that links one bone to another bone, which provides additional strength and reinforcement to a joint

tendon

a structural component of skeletal muscle composed of dense regular collagenous tissue which connects muscle to bone

shoulder joint

ball-and-socket joint, formed by head of humerus & glenoid cavity of scapula

articular cartilage

covers articulation surfaces, reduces friction

Ulnar collateral

deepens socket for trochlea

saddle joint

each bones articulating surface has both a concave and convex region that allows each bone to fit together allowing for a great deal of motion for a biaxial joint example: thumb

hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position of the joint

Menisci

extra pads of cartilage, ↑ fit

anular ligament

forms ring around the head of the radius

elbow

hinge joint - formed by trochlea of humerus, trochlear notch of ulna, head of radius

Radial collateral

in the elbow, increases strength

syndesmoses

interosseous membranes, sheet of dense irregular amphiarthroses examples: between radius and ulna & between tibia and fibula

ACL

limits hyperextension of knee -limits anterior sliding of femur on tibia \

Patellofemoral joint

planar" joint between patella and femur Patellar ligament strengthens anterior surface

eversion

rotates the foot laterally away from the midline

supination and pronation

rotational movement of the wrist and hand

plantarflexion

the angle between the foot and leg increases

hinge joint

the convex articular surface of one bone interacts with the concave depression of a second bone, which allows for movement around a single axis example: elbow and knee

articular capsule, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage

the joint cavity or synovial cavity is a space found between articulating bones with the following three structural features:

abduction

the motion of a body part away from the midline of the body or another reference point

adduction

the motion of a body part toward the midline of the body or toward another reference point

depression

the movement of a body part in an inferior direction

circumduction

the only unpaired angular movement where a freely moveable distal bone moves on a fixed proximal bone in a cone shaped motion. This complex movement is a combination of the two angular motion pairs

fibrous joints

these are fastened together by dense regular collagenous connective tissue without a joint space between articulating bones. These can be either synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis

cartilaginous joints

these are fastened together with cartilage without a joint space. These joints can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis

Synovial Joints

these have a layer of hyaline cartilage on the articulating surface of each bone. The joint space is a fluid filled cavity found between articulating bones. These joints are diarthroses functionally.

angular

these movements increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones

gomphoses

thick layer of dense irregular ( involves teeth) synarthroses

sutures

thin layer of dense irregular (in skull) Synarthroses

opposition

this allows the thumb to move across the palmar surface of the hand

flexion

this angular movement decreases the angle between bones, bringing them closer together. this is paired with extension

extension

this angular movement increases the angle between bones, moving them away from eachother; paired with flexion

rotation

this is a non angular motion in which one bone rotates and twists on an imaginary line running down its longitudinal axis example: shoulder, hip, and pivot joints

reposition

this is the movement that returns the thumb to anatomical position

amphiarthrosis

this joint classification allows only a small amount of movement between articulating bones

synarthrosis

this joint classification does not allow any movement between articulating bones