A&P: Chapter 8
diarthrosis
this joint classification is freely moveable, allowing a wide variety of specific movements
synchondroses
this joint consists of bones liked together by hyaline cartilage; little to no movement example: epiphyseal plate
Lateral tibiofemoral joint
between lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus, lateral condyle of tibia
Medial tibiofemoral joint
between medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, medial condyle of tibia
gliding
this movement is a sliding motion between articulating surface and is non-axial. Example: inter carpal movement
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diathrosis
what are the 3 joint classifications
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
what are the 3 structural classifications of joints
sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses
what are the 3 types of fibrous joints
gliding, rotation, angular, and special movements
what are the 4 categories of movement of synovial joints
lubrication, metabolic function, and shock absorption
what are the functions of the synovial fluid
synchondroses and symphyses
what are the two types of cartilaginous joints
pivot joint
where the rounded end surface of one bone fits into a groove on the surface of a second bone, which allows for movement around one axis in which one bone pivots around the other example: radioulnar joint
knee
modified hinge joint; composed of three separate joints
retraction
moves a body part in a posterior direction
protraction
moves a body part in an anterior direction
elevation
moves a body part in superior motion
Bursa
saclike, contain synovial fluid & cushion joint found in high stress regions
articular capsule
"sleeve" that covers entire joint
planar joint
(gliding joint) is the most simple and least mobile articulation between the flat surface of two bones example: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
PCL
-prevents posterior sliding of femur on tibia
condylar joint
a biaxial joint where the oval, convex surface of one bone fits into a shallow, concave articular surface of a second bone example: phalanges and metacarpals
symphyses
a joint where the bones are united by a fibrocartilaginous pad or plug, which is functionally amphiarthrosis Examples: intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis
dorsiflexion
a movement where the angle between the foot and leg decreases
ball and socket joint
a multiaxial articulation in which the articulating surface of one bone is spherical and fits into a cup shaped depression in the second bone. only examples: hip and shoulder
inversion
a rotational movement in which the plantar surface of the foot rotates medially toward the midline of the body
ligament
a strand of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that links one bone to another bone, which provides additional strength and reinforcement to a joint
tendon
a structural component of skeletal muscle composed of dense regular collagenous tissue which connects muscle to bone
shoulder joint
ball-and-socket joint, formed by head of humerus & glenoid cavity of scapula
articular cartilage
covers articulation surfaces, reduces friction
Ulnar collateral
deepens socket for trochlea
saddle joint
each bones articulating surface has both a concave and convex region that allows each bone to fit together allowing for a great deal of motion for a biaxial joint example: thumb
hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position of the joint
Menisci
extra pads of cartilage, ↑ fit
anular ligament
forms ring around the head of the radius
elbow
hinge joint - formed by trochlea of humerus, trochlear notch of ulna, head of radius
Radial collateral
in the elbow, increases strength
syndesmoses
interosseous membranes, sheet of dense irregular amphiarthroses examples: between radius and ulna & between tibia and fibula
ACL
limits hyperextension of knee -limits anterior sliding of femur on tibia \
Patellofemoral joint
planar" joint between patella and femur Patellar ligament strengthens anterior surface
eversion
rotates the foot laterally away from the midline
supination and pronation
rotational movement of the wrist and hand
plantarflexion
the angle between the foot and leg increases
hinge joint
the convex articular surface of one bone interacts with the concave depression of a second bone, which allows for movement around a single axis example: elbow and knee
articular capsule, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage
the joint cavity or synovial cavity is a space found between articulating bones with the following three structural features:
abduction
the motion of a body part away from the midline of the body or another reference point
adduction
the motion of a body part toward the midline of the body or toward another reference point
depression
the movement of a body part in an inferior direction
circumduction
the only unpaired angular movement where a freely moveable distal bone moves on a fixed proximal bone in a cone shaped motion. This complex movement is a combination of the two angular motion pairs
fibrous joints
these are fastened together by dense regular collagenous connective tissue without a joint space between articulating bones. These can be either synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis
cartilaginous joints
these are fastened together with cartilage without a joint space. These joints can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis
Synovial Joints
these have a layer of hyaline cartilage on the articulating surface of each bone. The joint space is a fluid filled cavity found between articulating bones. These joints are diarthroses functionally.
angular
these movements increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones
gomphoses
thick layer of dense irregular ( involves teeth) synarthroses
sutures
thin layer of dense irregular (in skull) Synarthroses
opposition
this allows the thumb to move across the palmar surface of the hand
flexion
this angular movement decreases the angle between bones, bringing them closer together. this is paired with extension
extension
this angular movement increases the angle between bones, moving them away from eachother; paired with flexion
rotation
this is a non angular motion in which one bone rotates and twists on an imaginary line running down its longitudinal axis example: shoulder, hip, and pivot joints
reposition
this is the movement that returns the thumb to anatomical position
amphiarthrosis
this joint classification allows only a small amount of movement between articulating bones
synarthrosis
this joint classification does not allow any movement between articulating bones