A&P EXAM 1

Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9

pH of 3

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid

phosphate heads of phospholipids

Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane

phospholipids

Which particle is indicated by the arrow

proton

In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment

receptor

What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats? A) 1:1 B) 2:1 C) 3:1 D) 4:1

3:1

How many hydrogen atoms will a single carbon atom bond with to form a stable molecule

4

How many valence shell electrons does the element carbon have

4

Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 10

7

If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?

74 protons

An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain?

8 protons, 8 electrons, 10 neutrons

By which mechanism would a steroid molecule diffuse into the cell?

A

Which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts the transport of solute molecules?

A

After the transfer of the electron, sodium will form an ion with __________.

A charge of +1

The chloride ion (Cl-) indicated by the arrow is interacting most closely with which of the following?

A hydrogen atom within a water molecule

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?

A solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte

Which of the following is chemically intert

Neon (atomic number 10)

A molecule of water (H2o) is formed by what type of bond

polar covalent bonds

Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else

polar covalent bonds

Starch is a _______

polysaccharide

The sodium- potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane this statement describes _______

primary active transport

With regards to a set point or normal limit, negative feedback always ________ a physiological value to the set point or normal limit

returns

What is an ion

an atom that has either gained or lost electrons

Calcium's atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion

+2

Lithium has an atomic number of 3. How many electrons are there in the outermost (valence) shell?

1

An atom with 3 electrons in it's outermost (valence) shell may have a total ________ electrons altogether

13

An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have

14 neutrons

Which image represents the level corresponding to a protein muscle

2

Phospholipids make up most of the lipid part of the cell membrane. Since water exists on both the outside and inside of a cell, which of the following phospholipd arrangements makes the most sense

2 back-to back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing OUT on both sides

Label

A- Simple difusion B-Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion C- Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion D-Osmosis

What functional group pairing allows one amino acid to bond with another

Bonding of anime group to acid group

What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells

ATP

What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane

Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane

In a covalent bond

Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Match: Energy, Matter, Mass, Weight

Can be measured only by it's effects on matter (energy)/ anything that occupies space and has mass (matter)/ although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his (Mass) / a function of and varies with , gravity (weight)

Correct statement regarding nucleic acids

DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A,T,G and C bases

Which of the following organ systems are involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life sustaining processes: Digestive, urinary, nervous, circulatory, reproductive, respiratory

Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory

Which of the following statements is true?

During exocytosis, substances from the inside the cell are moved outside

Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells, T/F

FALSE

Atomic weight is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus T/F

False

Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport T/F

False

In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount T/F

False

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

Forming a platelet plug during blood clotting

Match: Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap junctions,

Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells (Tight Junction)/ Type of anchoring junction (Desmosomes )/ Allows ion and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another (Gap junction)/ Present in electrically excitable tissues (gap junctions)/ Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress (desmosomes)

Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat

High heat vaporization

Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary active transport

In primary active transport, the transport protein gets phosphorylated; in secondary active transport, the transport protein is not phosphorylated

How do ions form ionic bonds

Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges.

The pH scale ______

Is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

The difference between kinetic and potential energy

Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy

Which of the following statements is true regarding the reaction without an enzyme compared to the one with an enzyme

Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme

Which of the following is NOT the difference between a compound and a mixture

Mixtures are homogenous while compounds are heterogeneous

Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle

Molecule

Match: Electron, Neutron, Atom, Proton, Neutron

Negatively charged subatomic particle (electron)/ Neutral subatomic particle (neutron)/ Smallest particle of an element that retains it's properties (atom)/ positively charged subatomic particle (proton)/ subatomic particle having an AMU of zero (neutron)

Which subatomic particles contribute to an atom's mass number but not it's atomic number

Neutrons

Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds

Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules

A structure that is composed of two or more tissues types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n)

Organ

Which of the following would NOT be represented (limited) by low levels of ATP

Osmosis

What explains the negative charge on the oxygen atom within the water molecule

Oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen

Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a physical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell

Phospholipids

It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because

Physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy

Match the definitions : Lymphatic, immune, cardiovascular, endocrine

Picks up and cleans excess fluid from tissues (lymphatic)/ A functional system which provides a means of protecting us from foreign invaders (immune)/ Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues (cardiovascular)/ Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones (endocrine)

What structural level is represented by the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Primary structure

Match: Teitary, Primary, Secondary, Quaternary

Protein structure achieved when alpha-helical or beta-pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another to produce a compact ball-like or globular, molecule (teritary)/ the sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain (primary)/ protein structure represented by alpha-helices and beta-sheets (secondary)/ two or more polypeptide chains, each with it's own teritary structure (quaternary)

Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?

Proteins

Which type(s) of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons

Match: Muscular, nervous, skeletal, integumentary

Provides the force to move bones about their joints (muscular)/ responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses (nervous)/ provides a ridged framework to support the body and stores materials (skeletal)/ prevents water loss, entry of germs into the body and synthesizes vitamin D (integumentary)

In this illustration, the three compartments are separated by semipermeable membranes. The red balls represent solutes, and the lightly shaded area

Solution B is hypertonic to solution A, but hypertonic to solution C

Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?

Steroid

which of the following is a general function for a fibrous protein

Structural framework

What is represented by the chemicals at A

Substrates

To represent the regulation of body temperature. the structure represented by the letter "C"

Sweat glands in the skin

Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction.

Synthesis

If a person goes to the hospital for surgery and requires IV fluids, which of the following should you expect

The IV fluid should be isotonic to the patients blood

A chemical reaction in which bonds are created is usually associated

The consumption of energy

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the four major concepts of the cell body

The function of cell dictates the chemical structure and organelles of the cells

Which of the following statements regarding atoms is true? Atomic weight is determined by the number of electrons in an atom of a given amount/ The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in it's outer valence shell/ atomic weight is determined by the number of protons in an atom of a given element / the chemical reactivity of an atom is based on the overall number of electrons in the atom

The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in it's outer valence shell

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 basic steps involved in enzyme activity

The substrates absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to the active site

Compared to the freshwater lake, the swimmer's body is a better conductor of an electrical current and is therefore at risk for electrical shock during an electrical storm because ________

The swimmer's body contains a higher concentration of electrolytes (salts) compared to the freshwater lake

What do these four elements have in common

They all have an incomplete valence electron shell.

Which of the following does NOT characterize proteins

They appear to be the molecular carries of coded hereditary information

What is the result of the negative feedback process?

To maintain homeostasis

which of these elements would be MOST likely to be radioactive

Tritium

A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have common function T/F

True

ATP is unstable, high-energy molecule body cells with a form of energy that is immediately unstable T/F

True

All salts are iconic compounds, but not all iconic compounds are salts T /F

True

All salts are ionic compounds, but not all ionic compounds are salts T/F

True

Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide T/F

True

The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution T/F

True

The major function of DNA is to provide the genetic instructions for protein synthesis T/F

True

The pH body fluids must retain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis T/F

True

Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds

Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas

Which parts of atoms can interact (react)to form chemical bonds

Valence electrons

Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?

Water acts as a reactant

Water dissolves molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty preztel

Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond

Which of the following statements is false

When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.

Cation atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why

Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so

Match: Polar covalent bond, ionic bond, nonpolar covalent bond, hydrogen bond

a bond which electrons are shared equally (polar covalent bond)/ a bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved (ionic bond)/ a bond in which electrons are shared equally (nonpolar covalent bond)/ a type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a 3-D structure (hydrogen bond)

The molecules indicated by (A) are amino acids, then the line in the figure indicated by (D) is _______

a peptide bond

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane

a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits

Which of the following is formed once in the ions in the salt crystal have completely dissociated from one another

a solution

Which of the following describes an isotope

a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons

Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding

atoms

What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3

alkaline solution

The presence of what group differentiates most amino acids from each other

an R group

All amino acids, such as the four represented in the figure, contain______

an anime group and an acid group

What is a cation

an atom that loses one or more valence electrons and acquires a net positive charge

Correct sequence from simplest to most complex : molecules, atoms, tissues, cells, organs

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs

Which of the following is an example of a suspension

blood

Water is an important molecule because it __________.

can form hydrogen bonds

Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

Levels of Structural Organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body

chloride

Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest

covalent, iconic hydrogen

Which of the following names the 3 main parts of a human cell

cytoplasm, plasma membrane and nucleus

biological macromolecules are synthesized by ________

dehydration synthesis; hydrolysis

The myocardium undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to it's concentrations. you would expect relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane

desmosomes

What is the force driving all of these transport mechanisms

diffusion down a concentration gradient

The three atoms shown represent three unique

elements

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases it's contents to the extracelluar fluid

exocytosis

Which of the following is the best situation for maintain homeostasis

extracellular fluid should be isotonic to intracellular

Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____.

facilitated diffusion

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via process that is most similar to ________

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane

forming the entire glycocalyx

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of

glycogen

What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule

hydrogen bond

A fever causes an enzyme to lose it's 3D structure and function. Which bonds are broken when a protein denatures

hydrogen bonds

Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. I. Ionic II. Covalent III. Hydrogen

hydrogen, ionic, covalent

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions

hyperbolic

A not very well-studied A&P student heard about a phenomenon called water intoxication and thought it sounded fun so she decided to try it. She consumed a large amount of water in a short time (Don't try this—water intoxication is often fatal.). Instead of feeling drunk, she felt nauseated, developed a severe headache, began to get confused, and then became unconscious. Her much more prepared A&P student roommate quickly realized the problem and called an ambulance. When the roommate told the Emergency Department doctor what had happened, the doctor quickly began administering IV (intravenous) fluids. Based on this information and your understanding of osmosis and tonicity, what type of IV fluid is the doctor likely administering to try to save the life of the student suffering from water intoxication?

hypertonic IV fluid

Drinking alcohol can cause dehydration, which makes the blood hypertonic, which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood

hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic this draws water out of the cells

Covalent bonds

involve the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons

Salts are always

ionic compounds

What does this figure depict

ionization, followed by formation of an ionic bond

The three atoms shown represent different

isotopes

Match: Mechanical energy, chemical energy, radiant energy, electrical energy

legs moving the pedals of a bicycle (mechanical energy)/ when the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do celluar work(chemical energy)/ Energy that travels in waves, part of electromagnetic spectrum (radiant energy)/ represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor ,or the flow of ions across a membrane (electrical energy)

Which life process generates the raw materials and energy needed to sustain all other life processes

metabolism

A primary active transport process is one in which

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

Passive membrane transport processes include ________.

movement of a substance down it's concentration gradient

Which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other cells and organs to regulate their activities

nervous and endocrine systems

Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not?

no, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons but need 8 for stability

What level of organization is considered the most complex

organismal

Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. Sulfur will form chemical bonds in a similar manner as

oxygen

Which of the following is true of protein structure

secondary protein structures involve hydrogen bonding between anime and carboxyl groups

Which of the following is the characteristic of the cell membrane

semipermeable

Which of the following is true of polar covalent bonds

the electrons are shared unequally

Why is the figure considered to be an example of a negative feedback system, as opposed to positive feedback system

the figure shows the connection of an imbalance back to a baseline

Select the most correct statement: - the immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system - organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life - organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both - the endocrine system is not a true structural organ system

the immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system

Where an iconic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved

the outermost electrons

Which response provides the best explanation as to why ionic compounds dissociate in water

the polarity of water easily breaks the charges between the oppositely charged ions in the compound

What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in a chemical bond

the sharing of a pair of electrons

What is the most significant factor in the formation of a covalent bond

the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms

Defenition of anatomy

the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another

which of the following are FALSE about matter: matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, the weight of matter remains constant whenever it is located, with some exceptions, matter can be seen, smelled and felt, the mass of matter remains constant wherever it is located

the weight of matter remains constant whenever it is located

Figure used to represent a heating system in a home, which of the following would ''B" represent

thermostat setting

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate

time

which level of organization is represented by number 5

tissue

In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves

to hold the molecular backbone together

In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils at room temperature have _______

unsaturated fatty acids

Match: Atomic symbol, atomic number, mass number of an element

usually, the first one or two letters of an elements name (atomic symbol)/ Number protons in an atom (atomic number)/ Combined number of protons and neutrons in an atom (mass number of an element)

What additional molecule is produced when fatty acids are bonded to glycerol to make a triglyceride

water