A&P EXAM 1
Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9
pH of 3
What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid
phosphate heads of phospholipids
Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane
phospholipids
Which particle is indicated by the arrow
proton
In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment
receptor
What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats? A) 1:1 B) 2:1 C) 3:1 D) 4:1
3:1
How many hydrogen atoms will a single carbon atom bond with to form a stable molecule
4
How many valence shell electrons does the element carbon have
4
Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 10
7
If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?
74 protons
An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain?
8 protons, 8 electrons, 10 neutrons
By which mechanism would a steroid molecule diffuse into the cell?
A
Which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts the transport of solute molecules?
A
After the transfer of the electron, sodium will form an ion with __________.
A charge of +1
The chloride ion (Cl-) indicated by the arrow is interacting most closely with which of the following?
A hydrogen atom within a water molecule
In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?
A solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte
Which of the following is chemically intert
Neon (atomic number 10)
A molecule of water (H2o) is formed by what type of bond
polar covalent bonds
Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else
polar covalent bonds
Starch is a _______
polysaccharide
The sodium- potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane this statement describes _______
primary active transport
With regards to a set point or normal limit, negative feedback always ________ a physiological value to the set point or normal limit
returns
What is an ion
an atom that has either gained or lost electrons
Calcium's atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion
+2
Lithium has an atomic number of 3. How many electrons are there in the outermost (valence) shell?
1
An atom with 3 electrons in it's outermost (valence) shell may have a total ________ electrons altogether
13
An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have
14 neutrons
Which image represents the level corresponding to a protein muscle
2
Phospholipids make up most of the lipid part of the cell membrane. Since water exists on both the outside and inside of a cell, which of the following phospholipd arrangements makes the most sense
2 back-to back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing OUT on both sides
Label
A- Simple difusion B-Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion C- Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion D-Osmosis
What functional group pairing allows one amino acid to bond with another
Bonding of anime group to acid group
What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells
ATP
What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane
Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane
In a covalent bond
Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Match: Energy, Matter, Mass, Weight
Can be measured only by it's effects on matter (energy)/ anything that occupies space and has mass (matter)/ although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his (Mass) / a function of and varies with , gravity (weight)
Correct statement regarding nucleic acids
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A,T,G and C bases
Which of the following organ systems are involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life sustaining processes: Digestive, urinary, nervous, circulatory, reproductive, respiratory
Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory
Which of the following statements is true?
During exocytosis, substances from the inside the cell are moved outside
Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells, T/F
FALSE
Atomic weight is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus T/F
False
Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport T/F
False
In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount T/F
False
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
Forming a platelet plug during blood clotting
Match: Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap junctions,
Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells (Tight Junction)/ Type of anchoring junction (Desmosomes )/ Allows ion and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another (Gap junction)/ Present in electrically excitable tissues (gap junctions)/ Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress (desmosomes)
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat
High heat vaporization
Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary active transport
In primary active transport, the transport protein gets phosphorylated; in secondary active transport, the transport protein is not phosphorylated
How do ions form ionic bonds
Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges.
The pH scale ______
Is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
The difference between kinetic and potential energy
Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy
Which of the following statements is true regarding the reaction without an enzyme compared to the one with an enzyme
Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme
Which of the following is NOT the difference between a compound and a mixture
Mixtures are homogenous while compounds are heterogeneous
Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle
Molecule
Match: Electron, Neutron, Atom, Proton, Neutron
Negatively charged subatomic particle (electron)/ Neutral subatomic particle (neutron)/ Smallest particle of an element that retains it's properties (atom)/ positively charged subatomic particle (proton)/ subatomic particle having an AMU of zero (neutron)
Which subatomic particles contribute to an atom's mass number but not it's atomic number
Neutrons
Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds
Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules
A structure that is composed of two or more tissues types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n)
Organ
Which of the following would NOT be represented (limited) by low levels of ATP
Osmosis
What explains the negative charge on the oxygen atom within the water molecule
Oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen
Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a physical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell
Phospholipids
It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because
Physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy
Match the definitions : Lymphatic, immune, cardiovascular, endocrine
Picks up and cleans excess fluid from tissues (lymphatic)/ A functional system which provides a means of protecting us from foreign invaders (immune)/ Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues (cardiovascular)/ Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones (endocrine)
What structural level is represented by the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Primary structure
Match: Teitary, Primary, Secondary, Quaternary
Protein structure achieved when alpha-helical or beta-pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another to produce a compact ball-like or globular, molecule (teritary)/ the sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain (primary)/ protein structure represented by alpha-helices and beta-sheets (secondary)/ two or more polypeptide chains, each with it's own teritary structure (quaternary)
Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?
Proteins
Which type(s) of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
Match: Muscular, nervous, skeletal, integumentary
Provides the force to move bones about their joints (muscular)/ responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses (nervous)/ provides a ridged framework to support the body and stores materials (skeletal)/ prevents water loss, entry of germs into the body and synthesizes vitamin D (integumentary)
In this illustration, the three compartments are separated by semipermeable membranes. The red balls represent solutes, and the lightly shaded area
Solution B is hypertonic to solution A, but hypertonic to solution C
Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?
Steroid
which of the following is a general function for a fibrous protein
Structural framework
What is represented by the chemicals at A
Substrates
To represent the regulation of body temperature. the structure represented by the letter "C"
Sweat glands in the skin
Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction.
Synthesis
If a person goes to the hospital for surgery and requires IV fluids, which of the following should you expect
The IV fluid should be isotonic to the patients blood
A chemical reaction in which bonds are created is usually associated
The consumption of energy
Which of the following statements is NOT one of the four major concepts of the cell body
The function of cell dictates the chemical structure and organelles of the cells
Which of the following statements regarding atoms is true? Atomic weight is determined by the number of electrons in an atom of a given amount/ The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in it's outer valence shell/ atomic weight is determined by the number of protons in an atom of a given element / the chemical reactivity of an atom is based on the overall number of electrons in the atom
The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in it's outer valence shell
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 basic steps involved in enzyme activity
The substrates absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to the active site
Compared to the freshwater lake, the swimmer's body is a better conductor of an electrical current and is therefore at risk for electrical shock during an electrical storm because ________
The swimmer's body contains a higher concentration of electrolytes (salts) compared to the freshwater lake
What do these four elements have in common
They all have an incomplete valence electron shell.
Which of the following does NOT characterize proteins
They appear to be the molecular carries of coded hereditary information
What is the result of the negative feedback process?
To maintain homeostasis
which of these elements would be MOST likely to be radioactive
Tritium
A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have common function T/F
True
ATP is unstable, high-energy molecule body cells with a form of energy that is immediately unstable T/F
True
All salts are iconic compounds, but not all iconic compounds are salts T /F
True
All salts are ionic compounds, but not all ionic compounds are salts T/F
True
Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide T/F
True
The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution T/F
True
The major function of DNA is to provide the genetic instructions for protein synthesis T/F
True
The pH body fluids must retain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis T/F
True
Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds
Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas
Which parts of atoms can interact (react)to form chemical bonds
Valence electrons
Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?
Water acts as a reactant
Water dissolves molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty preztel
Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond
Which of the following statements is false
When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.
Cation atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why
Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so
Match: Polar covalent bond, ionic bond, nonpolar covalent bond, hydrogen bond
a bond which electrons are shared equally (polar covalent bond)/ a bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved (ionic bond)/ a bond in which electrons are shared equally (nonpolar covalent bond)/ a type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a 3-D structure (hydrogen bond)
The molecules indicated by (A) are amino acids, then the line in the figure indicated by (D) is _______
a peptide bond
Which of the following describes the plasma membrane
a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
Which of the following is formed once in the ions in the salt crystal have completely dissociated from one another
a solution
Which of the following describes an isotope
a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons
Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding
atoms
What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3
alkaline solution
The presence of what group differentiates most amino acids from each other
an R group
All amino acids, such as the four represented in the figure, contain______
an anime group and an acid group
What is a cation
an atom that loses one or more valence electrons and acquires a net positive charge
Correct sequence from simplest to most complex : molecules, atoms, tissues, cells, organs
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs
Which of the following is an example of a suspension
blood
Water is an important molecule because it __________.
can form hydrogen bonds
Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
Levels of Structural Organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body
chloride
Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest
covalent, iconic hydrogen
Which of the following names the 3 main parts of a human cell
cytoplasm, plasma membrane and nucleus
biological macromolecules are synthesized by ________
dehydration synthesis; hydrolysis
The myocardium undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to it's concentrations. you would expect relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane
desmosomes
What is the force driving all of these transport mechanisms
diffusion down a concentration gradient
The three atoms shown represent three unique
elements
A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases it's contents to the extracelluar fluid
exocytosis
Which of the following is the best situation for maintain homeostasis
extracellular fluid should be isotonic to intracellular
Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____.
facilitated diffusion
The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via process that is most similar to ________
facilitated diffusion
Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane
forming the entire glycocalyx
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of
glycogen
What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule
hydrogen bond
A fever causes an enzyme to lose it's 3D structure and function. Which bonds are broken when a protein denatures
hydrogen bonds
Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. I. Ionic II. Covalent III. Hydrogen
hydrogen, ionic, covalent
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions
hyperbolic
A not very well-studied A&P student heard about a phenomenon called water intoxication and thought it sounded fun so she decided to try it. She consumed a large amount of water in a short time (Don't try this—water intoxication is often fatal.). Instead of feeling drunk, she felt nauseated, developed a severe headache, began to get confused, and then became unconscious. Her much more prepared A&P student roommate quickly realized the problem and called an ambulance. When the roommate told the Emergency Department doctor what had happened, the doctor quickly began administering IV (intravenous) fluids. Based on this information and your understanding of osmosis and tonicity, what type of IV fluid is the doctor likely administering to try to save the life of the student suffering from water intoxication?
hypertonic IV fluid
Drinking alcohol can cause dehydration, which makes the blood hypertonic, which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood
hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic this draws water out of the cells
Covalent bonds
involve the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons
Salts are always
ionic compounds
What does this figure depict
ionization, followed by formation of an ionic bond
The three atoms shown represent different
isotopes
Match: Mechanical energy, chemical energy, radiant energy, electrical energy
legs moving the pedals of a bicycle (mechanical energy)/ when the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do celluar work(chemical energy)/ Energy that travels in waves, part of electromagnetic spectrum (radiant energy)/ represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor ,or the flow of ions across a membrane (electrical energy)
Which life process generates the raw materials and energy needed to sustain all other life processes
metabolism
A primary active transport process is one in which
molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP
Passive membrane transport processes include ________.
movement of a substance down it's concentration gradient
Which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other cells and organs to regulate their activities
nervous and endocrine systems
Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not?
no, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons but need 8 for stability
What level of organization is considered the most complex
organismal
Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. Sulfur will form chemical bonds in a similar manner as
oxygen
Which of the following is true of protein structure
secondary protein structures involve hydrogen bonding between anime and carboxyl groups
Which of the following is the characteristic of the cell membrane
semipermeable
Which of the following is true of polar covalent bonds
the electrons are shared unequally
Why is the figure considered to be an example of a negative feedback system, as opposed to positive feedback system
the figure shows the connection of an imbalance back to a baseline
Select the most correct statement: - the immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system - organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life - organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both - the endocrine system is not a true structural organ system
the immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system
Where an iconic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved
the outermost electrons
Which response provides the best explanation as to why ionic compounds dissociate in water
the polarity of water easily breaks the charges between the oppositely charged ions in the compound
What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in a chemical bond
the sharing of a pair of electrons
What is the most significant factor in the formation of a covalent bond
the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms
Defenition of anatomy
the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another
which of the following are FALSE about matter: matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, the weight of matter remains constant whenever it is located, with some exceptions, matter can be seen, smelled and felt, the mass of matter remains constant wherever it is located
the weight of matter remains constant whenever it is located
Figure used to represent a heating system in a home, which of the following would ''B" represent
thermostat setting
Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate
time
which level of organization is represented by number 5
tissue
In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves
to hold the molecular backbone together
In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils at room temperature have _______
unsaturated fatty acids
Match: Atomic symbol, atomic number, mass number of an element
usually, the first one or two letters of an elements name (atomic symbol)/ Number protons in an atom (atomic number)/ Combined number of protons and neutrons in an atom (mass number of an element)
What additional molecule is produced when fatty acids are bonded to glycerol to make a triglyceride
water