A&P Exam 2

Osteoprogenitor cells are described by all of the following except:

divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoclasts.

The protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is

elastin

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

endosteum

The repair of the epidermis after a wound begins as basal cells produce new

epidermal cells

The terms "thick" and "thin" refer to the relative thickness of which of the following?

epidermis

Which layer is the primary barrier against environmental hazards?

epidermis

During wound repair, the activity of which cells leads to the appearance of collagen fibers and typical ground substance?

fibroblasts

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a

fossa

Each of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands and sebum is true except

most sebaceous glands are coiled tubular glands.

The periosteum contains all of the following except:

motor nerves

The narrow region between the head and shaft of a long bone is called the

neck

During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone.

ossification

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

osteoblasts

The process of osteolysis is performed by which cell population?

osteoclasts

________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels.

osteoclasts

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

osteons

Which component is not present in spongy bone?

osteons

Cyanosis signifies that a patient has

oxygen-starved skin

The layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that are closest to the surface of the skin is the ________ layer.

papillary

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

parallel

All of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands except that it

produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."

The layer of the epidermis that contains abundant desmosomes and dendritic cells is the

stratum spinosum

All of the following are accessory structures of the skin except

subcutaneous fat

What supplies the articular cartilage of long bones with oxygen and nutrients?

synovial fluid

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except

synthesis of vitamin C

Exocrine glands do all of the following except __________.

synthesize vitamin D3

In the stratum basale, which of the following specialized epithelial cells are sensitive to touch?

tactile discs

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

tendons

If a fair-skinned person is sunburned, why does his or her skin turn red?

the blood flow to the skin increases as part of the inflammatory response

All of the following are true of the dermis, except __________.

the hypodermis is part of the dermis

Perspiration is produced by ________ glands.

merocrine sweat

Large quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the

stratum corneum

The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. 1. blood clot/scab formation 2. cellular migration 3. epidermis covers granulation tissue 4. epidermis covers scar tissue Which of the following places the steps in the correct order?

1,2,3,4

Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person? There are fewer dendritic cells in the skin of the elderly. The epidermis is thinner in the elderly. Skin repairs take longer in the elderly.

All answers are correct

In appositional bone growth, how are layers of compact bone added to the bone's outer surface?

Bone is deposited by superficial osteoblasts.

________ are stronger than steel when stretched.

Collagen fibers

________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system.

Dendritic cells

Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-gain center?

In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases.

All of the following are characteristics of periosteum except:

It is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity.

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

The bone would be more flexible.

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.

Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.

Osteoprogenitor

________ are mesenchymal cells that develop into osteoblasts.

Osteoprogenitor cells

Which of the following statements regarding the internal structure of long bones is incorrect?

The wall of the diaphysis consists of a layer of spongy bone.

Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-loss center?

The respiratory centers are stimulated

The effects of aging on the skin include

a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.

Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system? blood cell production body support protection of internal organs calcium homeostasis

all answers are correct

large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area. an extensive capillary network. fibroblasts. clotted blood.

all of answers are correct

The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty.

apocrine sweat

Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum

basale

The central canal of an osteon contains

blood vessels

During appositional growth,

bones grow wider

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

calcium

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

canaliculi

________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow.

carotene

The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are

carotene and melanin

Several hours after an injury to the skin and a scab has formed, cells from which integumentary layer undergo rapid divisions and begin to migrate along the edge of the wound?

cells of the stratum basale of the epidermis

Earwax is produced by ________ glands.

ceruminous

Which of the following is not present in bone?

chondroitin sulfate

To form perforating fibers, osteoblasts from the cellular layer of the periosteum cement collagen fibers from tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules into which structures?

circumferential lamellae

The shaft of a long bone is called the

diaphysis

On a hot August day at the beach, the lifeguard jumped up and ran into the water, throwing a life-buoy to a troubled swimmer calling for help, and pulling her to safety. He was happy to help the swimmer, and once back on the beach, he realized that being in the water cooled him off a great deal. What form of heat transfer contributed to his feeling more comfortable?

convection

All of the following are true of the pigment melanin except that it

decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun

In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of

hydroxyapatite

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the

hypothalamus

All of the following are true of the hypodermis except it

is attached to the dermis by the basement membrane

Convection:

is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body.

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called

keloid

The type of most cells that form the strata in the epidermis are

keratinocytes

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a

lacuna

Scar tissue is the result of

large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.

Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of

loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed

malignant melanoma

The medullary cavity of bones contains

marrow

Immediately after an initial injury to the skin, bleeding and ______ occur.

mast cell activation

Which of the following best matches osteocyte?

mature bone cell

Fat is stored within the

medullary cavity

The most populous sweat glands are of which glandular type?

merocrine

Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact?

radiation

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.

reticular

An intradermal injection is administered into which layer?

reticular layer of dermis

A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called

scab

Sebaceous glands:

secrete a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and electrolytes that have antibacterial properties.

Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones.

sesamoid

Which class of bones develops inside tendons and is most commonly located near joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet?

sesamoid bones

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

short

A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a

sinus

Which is true regarding skin cancers?

skin cancers are the most common types of cancers

The substance called sebum is commonly known as

skin oil

________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

spongy

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because

stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury.

In dark-skinned individuals, __________.

the melanosomes are larger

The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called

trabeculae

The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the

trochanter

All of the following are characteristics of the epidermis except that it is

vascularized

Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape?

vertebra