a&p exam 3

fracture hematoma

blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone

hematopoiesis

production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones

open reduction

surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture

diaphysis

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

epiphyseal line

completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate

hypocalcemia

condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium

long bone

cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever

kyanos

dark blue

endosteum

delicate membranous lining of a bone's medullary cavity

compact bone

dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

osteocyte

primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix

fracture

broken bone

osteoblast

cell responsible for forming new bone

osteoclast

cell responsible for resorbing bone

lucidus

clear

osteoid

uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

hypo

under

hemato

(G) blood

osteo

(G) bone

keratos

(G) horn

derm

(G) skin

ossis

(L) bone

pilus

(L) hair

cornu

(L) horn

articulus

(L) joint

cutis

(L) skin

albino

(L) white

osteon

(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix

perforating canal

(also, Volkmann's canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum

spongy bone

(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution

epiphyseal plate

(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

ossification

(also, osteogenesis) bone formation

dermal papilla

(plural = dermal papillae) extension of the papillary layer of the dermis that increases surface contact between the epidermis and dermis

canaliculi

(singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte's many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

lacunae

(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

trabeculae

(singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

epi

above

dia

across

anagen

active phase of the hair growth cycle

progenitor

ancestor

peri

around

apo

away

cortex

bark of tree

inter

between

desmo

bind

melas

black

some

body

projection

bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

irregular bone

bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces

osseous tissue

bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

clast

breaker

basal cell carcinoma

cancer that originates from basal cells in the epidermis of the skin

ferre

carry

chondro

cartilage

cyte

cell

ossification center

cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification

external callus

collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture

hypercalcemia

condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium

yellow marrow

connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored

red marrow

connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place

genesis

create

short bone

cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion

osteoporosis

disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages

orthopedist

doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries

trophy

feeding

internal callus

fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone

periosteum

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

keroumenous

formed of wax

albinism

genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production

physis

growth

callus

hard skin

bone

hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

foramen

hole

lacuna

hole

medullary cavity

hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

cuticle

in hair, the outermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb

cortex

in hair, the second or middle layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb

endo

inside

stratum

layer

dermis

layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, composed mainly of connective tissue and containing blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures

diploe

layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones

trabecula

little beam

lunula

little moon

cuticle

little skin

central canal

longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

blast

maker

closed reduction

manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery

medulla

marrow

perichondrium

membrane that covers cartilage

onychion

nail

reticular

net like

papilla

nipple

epi

on top

hole

opening or depression in a bone

skeletal system

organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection

ec

out

hyper

over

intramembranous ossification

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue

remodeling

process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed

prolifere

producing offspring

endochondral ossification

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

modeling

process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another

erythro

red

secondary ossification center

region of bone development in the epiphyses

zone of calcified matrix

region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis

reserve zone

region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis

proliferative zone

region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate

zone of maturation and hypertrophy

region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate

primary ossification center

region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification

crine

secrete

cartilage

semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement

cutus

skin

acne

skin condition due to infected sebaceous glands

nutrient foramen

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

sesamoid bone

small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces

arrector pili

smooth muscle that is activated in response to external stimuli that pull on hair follicles and make the hair "stand up"

malakia

softness

bedsore

sore on the skin that develops when regions of the body start necrotizing due to constant pressure and lack of blood supply; also called decubitis ulcers

desmosome

structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells

sebum

suet, grease

callus

thickened area of skin that arises due to constant abrasion

flat bone

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

articular cartilage

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

lamella

thin plate

poiesis

to make

catagen

transitional phase marking the end of the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle

corn

type of callus that is named for its shape and the elliptical motion of the abrasive force

basal cell

type of stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrix that continually undergoes cell division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis

apocrine sweat gland

type of sweat gland that is associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions

osteogenic cell

undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

articulation

where two bone surfaces meet

epiphysis

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

con

with

intra

within