A&P final exam (exams 3 and 4)
what material does a lumbar puncture remove from the body
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
before forming bone, what tissue is the model of a long bone made of
hyaline cartilage
which cranial meninge folds in with every sulci and out with ever gyrus
pia mater
which spinal meninge is attached directly to the surface of the spinal cord
pia mater
the change in membrane potential from +30mV to -70mV is called
repolarization
which of the following os not a function of synovial fluid
restricting bone movement
which region of a myofibril contains myosin and actin
A-band
muscle tone refers to
the amount of tension present in a resting msucle
at what voltage do voltage-gated sodium channels open
-55 mV
what is the resting membrane potential of a neuron
-70 mV
how many bones are in the human body
206
choose the correct order for the following steps in fracture repair 1. spongy bone replaced with compact bone 2. internal and external callus forms 3. hematoma forms 4. cartilage replaced with spongy bone
3,2,4,1
choose the correct order of the following steps in muscle contraction 1. ATP binds myosin allowing its release from actin 2. calcium arrives, allowing myosin to bind actin 3. electrochemical signal arrives from the motor neuron 4. electrochemical signal reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum 5. power stroke, shortening the muscle fibers
3,4,2,1,5
how many pairs of spinal nerves exist in the human body
31
chose the correct order for what occurs at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) 1. acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft 2. an electrochemical signal is initiated in the muscle cell 3. acetylcholine binds to an acetylcholine receptor on the muscle cell 4. an electrochemical signal arrives at the axon terminal
4,1,3,2
approximalty how much of the body's calcium is stored in the bones
99%
an excitatory post-synaptic potential causes membrane voltage to
become more postive
where is a lumbar puncture performed along the spine
below the conus medullaris
what is occurring during the contraction phase of a muscle twtich
Z-line are moving closer to one another
in the brain, what are descending tracts
a collection of axons carrying motor information away from the brain
which of the following best describes a tract
a collection of neuronal axons in the central nervous system
osteoporosis is
a diagnosis of a significantly decreased bone density
an axon is
a single, long process projecting away from the cell
which body movement move an appendage away from the midline
abduction
the I-band contains which of the following
actin only
a short bone has
an approximately equal length and width
a myelin sheath is
an insulation wrapping around the axon of a neuron
which form of energy production produces lactic acid and other acid byproducts
anaerobic metabolism
which spinal meninge is the middle layer
arachnoid mater
arthritis primarily affects which component of the synovial joint
articular cartilage
a ____ is where tow bones come together
articulation
the temporal lobe receives ______ information
auditory
where does an action potential occur in a neurom
axon
multiple ____ are wrapped together to become a nerve fasicle
axons
which type of synovial joint movement provides the widest range of of possible body movement
ball-and-socket
a tendon connects what two structures
bone to muscle
signals traveling to the arm pass-through the ___ plexus
brachial
which region of the brain is directly connected to the spinal cord
brainstem
which muscle tissue is involuntary
cardiac and smooth muscle
the spinal nerves that extend past then end of the spinal cords are collectively known as the
cauda equina
blood vessels and nerves are located in the ___ of compact bone
central canal
cerebrospinal fluid flows through which spinal cord structure
central canal
which region of the brain is posterior and functions to maintain coordination
cerebellum
processing of sensory signals, making conscious decisions, and generating voluntary muscle signals is the job of which brain region
cerebrum
cerebrospinal fluid is created by
choroid plexuses
a ___ facture is when the bone is broken into many small fragments
comminuted
the end of the spinal cord is the
conus medullaris
which of the following belong to the peripheral nervous system
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
an inhibitory post-synaptic potential ____ the likelihood of generating an action potential
decreases
a tendon or ligament os made up of what type of tissue
dense regular
when a membrane's potential changes from -70mV to +30mV, what is the change called
depolarization
the ____ forms the shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
the primary ossification center is located in what will be the___
diaphysis
a freely moveable joint is call a
diarthrosis
a ___ movement is beyond the normal range of motion of a joint
dislocation
a changing membrane potenital may cause a ___ channel to open to close
voltage gated
which cranial meninge is the most superfical
dura mater
the epidural space is found between the ___ and ___
dura mater, vertebra
what does the vestibulocochlear nerve innervate
ear
what does an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure
electrical activity of the brain
in a nerve, an axon is wrapped in ___
endoneurium
the central nervous system cell that produces cerebrospinal fluid is the..
ependymal cell
a muscle (as a whole) is wrapped in
epimysium
what region of a long bone contains the greatest amount of spongy bone
epiphysis
what does the oculomotor nerve innervate
eye
a ___ is wrapped in ___
fascicle, perimysium
saltatory propagation of an action potential is ____ continuous propagation
faster than
a meniscus is made up of what type of tissue
fibrocartilage
what structure keeps the spinal cord from shifting side-to-side
filum terminale
which body movement decreases the angle at a joint
flexion
a collection of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system is called a
ganglia
the deep region of the spinal cord shaped like an "H" contains mostly
grey matter
the insula contains which cortex
gustatory
auditory means
hearing
which of the following move only in one plane
hinge
what is the function of a ligament
holds a bone together and provides pressure at joint
a synarthrosis is a ___ joint
immovable
what function does the filum terminal serve
inferior anchor of the spinal cord, limiting vertical movement
a reflex that an organism is born with is an ___ reflex
innate
in what direction does sodium travel once their membrane channels open
inside the cell
a large bone's growth in length is
interstitial growth
a bone with a complex shape that may contain large projections and flat surfaces is called a
irregular bone
when a muscle does not shorten, nut an increasing number of motor units are activated, what has occured
isometric contraction
what does the presence of an epiphyseal line indicate about a bone
it has finsihed growinf
the ____ forms the central cavity of a long bone that is filled with bone marrow
medullary cavity
the central nervous system cell that cleans up debris and protects against pathogens is
microglia
what region of the brain controls the eye, head, and neck reflexes based on visual stimuli
midbrain
a reflex that has only one neuronal synapse is an ___ reflex
monosynaptic
____ tension is produced when more motor units are recruited in a contraction
more
what is the portion of a muscle cell that participates in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
motor end plate
a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it can activate with is called a ___
motor unit
the anterior root carries ___ information ___ the spinal cord
motor, towards
which of the following is NOT describe the function of the axial skeleton
movement of the head, neck, and trunk
a muscle fascicle is made up of multiple
muscle fibers (cells)
where is the visual cortex located
occipital lobe
a ____ facture breaks through the integument and exposes the bone to the external enviroment
open
which body movement is performed when the thumb move to touch the pinky
oppostion
cranial nerve II is the
optic
what bone cell produces new osteoid
osteoblasts
what bone cell breaks down bone tissue
osteoclast
what bone cells is located in the lacuna
osteocyte
the ___ is the repeating unit of compact bone
osteon
at rest, where is sodium found in greater concentration
outside the neuron
when the concentration of calcium in the blood becomes low, the body produces ___ in repsonse
parathyroid hormone
where is the somatosensory cortex located
parietal lobe
the ____ lines the external surface along the shaft of a long bone
periosteum
what structure produces melatonin which helps regulate Circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle)
pineal gland
which of the following synovial joints performs rotation along the long axis
pivot
which body movement is performed when a person points their toes
plantar flexion
the sarcolemma is ___
plasma membrane of a muscle cell
controlling breathing rate to match the body's physical activity level is the job of which brain region
pons
a sensory signal from the dorsal region will pass through the ___ on its way to the spinal cord
posterior rami
what is the function of the articular cartilage
protection of proximal and distal ends of a bone from abrasion/friction
which body movement is performed when the head moves forward, away from the central axis of the body
protraction
what is the function of the meniscus
provide padding between two bones which subdivides synovial joint
a dermatome is a
region of the body served by one spinal nerve
what structure in a skeletal muscle fiber sequesters calcium away from the rest of a cell
sarcoplasmic reticulum
the peripheral nervous system cell that produces myelin is the
schwann cell
what type of signal is transported through a spinal nerve
sensory and motor
if growth hormone is limited during childhood, what skeletal system effect would occur
shortened bones
during muscle shortening, the H-band
shortens
motor means
skeletal muscle control
olfactory means
smell
which muscle tissue moves the digestive system, blood vessels, and other internal organs
smooth muscle
a reflex that uses an effector mad of skeletal muscle tissue is a(n) ___ reflex
somatic
skeletal muscle tissue is activated by the ___ nervous system
somatic
a shallow groove on the surface surface of the cerebrum is called what
sulcus
which body movement rotates the forearm so that the palm is facing the ceiling
supination
which component of a synovial joint produces synovial fluid
synovial membrane
directing all incoming sensory signals to the correct region of the cerebrum for processing is the job of which brain region
thalamus
what is a muscle insertion
the muscle connection that moves when the when the muscle is activated
an axon terminal is
the region which releases neurotransmitters when an action potential arrives.
a friend runs a hard lap around a track. when they finish, they are bent over still breathing hard. Why?
their body is pulling in oxygen to pay their oxygen debt
the internal tubes connected to the sarcolemma which allows an electrochemical signal to extend into a muscle cell is called a ___
transverse tubule
which protein has a binding site for calcium
troponin
a bipolar neuron has ___ processes
two (2)
cranial nerve X is the
vagus
a collection of neuronal axons with myeline sheaths in the brain or spinal cord is called...
white matter
the superficial region of the spinal contains mostly
white matter
appositional growth is a long bone's growth in
width