A&P final exam (exams 3 and 4)

what material does a lumbar puncture remove from the body

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

before forming bone, what tissue is the model of a long bone made of

hyaline cartilage

which cranial meninge folds in with every sulci and out with ever gyrus

pia mater

which spinal meninge is attached directly to the surface of the spinal cord

pia mater

the change in membrane potential from +30mV to -70mV is called

repolarization

which of the following os not a function of synovial fluid

restricting bone movement

which region of a myofibril contains myosin and actin

A-band

muscle tone refers to

the amount of tension present in a resting msucle

at what voltage do voltage-gated sodium channels open

-55 mV

what is the resting membrane potential of a neuron

-70 mV

how many bones are in the human body

206

choose the correct order for the following steps in fracture repair 1. spongy bone replaced with compact bone 2. internal and external callus forms 3. hematoma forms 4. cartilage replaced with spongy bone

3,2,4,1

choose the correct order of the following steps in muscle contraction 1. ATP binds myosin allowing its release from actin 2. calcium arrives, allowing myosin to bind actin 3. electrochemical signal arrives from the motor neuron 4. electrochemical signal reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum 5. power stroke, shortening the muscle fibers

3,4,2,1,5

how many pairs of spinal nerves exist in the human body

31

chose the correct order for what occurs at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) 1. acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft 2. an electrochemical signal is initiated in the muscle cell 3. acetylcholine binds to an acetylcholine receptor on the muscle cell 4. an electrochemical signal arrives at the axon terminal

4,1,3,2

approximalty how much of the body's calcium is stored in the bones

99%

an excitatory post-synaptic potential causes membrane voltage to

become more postive

where is a lumbar puncture performed along the spine

below the conus medullaris

what is occurring during the contraction phase of a muscle twtich

Z-line are moving closer to one another

in the brain, what are descending tracts

a collection of axons carrying motor information away from the brain

which of the following best describes a tract

a collection of neuronal axons in the central nervous system

osteoporosis is

a diagnosis of a significantly decreased bone density

an axon is

a single, long process projecting away from the cell

which body movement move an appendage away from the midline

abduction

the I-band contains which of the following

actin only

a short bone has

an approximately equal length and width

a myelin sheath is

an insulation wrapping around the axon of a neuron

which form of energy production produces lactic acid and other acid byproducts

anaerobic metabolism

which spinal meninge is the middle layer

arachnoid mater

arthritis primarily affects which component of the synovial joint

articular cartilage

a ____ is where tow bones come together

articulation

the temporal lobe receives ______ information

auditory

where does an action potential occur in a neurom

axon

multiple ____ are wrapped together to become a nerve fasicle

axons

which type of synovial joint movement provides the widest range of of possible body movement

ball-and-socket

a tendon connects what two structures

bone to muscle

signals traveling to the arm pass-through the ___ plexus

brachial

which region of the brain is directly connected to the spinal cord

brainstem

which muscle tissue is involuntary

cardiac and smooth muscle

the spinal nerves that extend past then end of the spinal cords are collectively known as the

cauda equina

blood vessels and nerves are located in the ___ of compact bone

central canal

cerebrospinal fluid flows through which spinal cord structure

central canal

which region of the brain is posterior and functions to maintain coordination

cerebellum

processing of sensory signals, making conscious decisions, and generating voluntary muscle signals is the job of which brain region

cerebrum

cerebrospinal fluid is created by

choroid plexuses

a ___ facture is when the bone is broken into many small fragments

comminuted

the end of the spinal cord is the

conus medullaris

which of the following belong to the peripheral nervous system

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

an inhibitory post-synaptic potential ____ the likelihood of generating an action potential

decreases

a tendon or ligament os made up of what type of tissue

dense regular

when a membrane's potential changes from -70mV to +30mV, what is the change called

depolarization

the ____ forms the shaft of a long bone

diaphysis

the primary ossification center is located in what will be the___

diaphysis

a freely moveable joint is call a

diarthrosis

a ___ movement is beyond the normal range of motion of a joint

dislocation

a changing membrane potenital may cause a ___ channel to open to close

voltage gated

which cranial meninge is the most superfical

dura mater

the epidural space is found between the ___ and ___

dura mater, vertebra

what does the vestibulocochlear nerve innervate

ear

what does an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure

electrical activity of the brain

in a nerve, an axon is wrapped in ___

endoneurium

the central nervous system cell that produces cerebrospinal fluid is the..

ependymal cell

a muscle (as a whole) is wrapped in

epimysium

what region of a long bone contains the greatest amount of spongy bone

epiphysis

what does the oculomotor nerve innervate

eye

a ___ is wrapped in ___

fascicle, perimysium

saltatory propagation of an action potential is ____ continuous propagation

faster than

a meniscus is made up of what type of tissue

fibrocartilage

what structure keeps the spinal cord from shifting side-to-side

filum terminale

which body movement decreases the angle at a joint

flexion

a collection of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system is called a

ganglia

the deep region of the spinal cord shaped like an "H" contains mostly

grey matter

the insula contains which cortex

gustatory

auditory means

hearing

which of the following move only in one plane

hinge

what is the function of a ligament

holds a bone together and provides pressure at joint

a synarthrosis is a ___ joint

immovable

what function does the filum terminal serve

inferior anchor of the spinal cord, limiting vertical movement

a reflex that an organism is born with is an ___ reflex

innate

in what direction does sodium travel once their membrane channels open

inside the cell

a large bone's growth in length is

interstitial growth

a bone with a complex shape that may contain large projections and flat surfaces is called a

irregular bone

when a muscle does not shorten, nut an increasing number of motor units are activated, what has occured

isometric contraction

what does the presence of an epiphyseal line indicate about a bone

it has finsihed growinf

the ____ forms the central cavity of a long bone that is filled with bone marrow

medullary cavity

the central nervous system cell that cleans up debris and protects against pathogens is

microglia

what region of the brain controls the eye, head, and neck reflexes based on visual stimuli

midbrain

a reflex that has only one neuronal synapse is an ___ reflex

monosynaptic

____ tension is produced when more motor units are recruited in a contraction

more

what is the portion of a muscle cell that participates in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

motor end plate

a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it can activate with is called a ___

motor unit

the anterior root carries ___ information ___ the spinal cord

motor, towards

which of the following is NOT describe the function of the axial skeleton

movement of the head, neck, and trunk

a muscle fascicle is made up of multiple

muscle fibers (cells)

where is the visual cortex located

occipital lobe

a ____ facture breaks through the integument and exposes the bone to the external enviroment

open

which body movement is performed when the thumb move to touch the pinky

oppostion

cranial nerve II is the

optic

what bone cell produces new osteoid

osteoblasts

what bone cell breaks down bone tissue

osteoclast

what bone cells is located in the lacuna

osteocyte

the ___ is the repeating unit of compact bone

osteon

at rest, where is sodium found in greater concentration

outside the neuron

when the concentration of calcium in the blood becomes low, the body produces ___ in repsonse

parathyroid hormone

where is the somatosensory cortex located

parietal lobe

the ____ lines the external surface along the shaft of a long bone

periosteum

what structure produces melatonin which helps regulate Circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle)

pineal gland

which of the following synovial joints performs rotation along the long axis

pivot

which body movement is performed when a person points their toes

plantar flexion

the sarcolemma is ___

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

controlling breathing rate to match the body's physical activity level is the job of which brain region

pons

a sensory signal from the dorsal region will pass through the ___ on its way to the spinal cord

posterior rami

what is the function of the articular cartilage

protection of proximal and distal ends of a bone from abrasion/friction

which body movement is performed when the head moves forward, away from the central axis of the body

protraction

what is the function of the meniscus

provide padding between two bones which subdivides synovial joint

a dermatome is a

region of the body served by one spinal nerve

what structure in a skeletal muscle fiber sequesters calcium away from the rest of a cell

sarcoplasmic reticulum

the peripheral nervous system cell that produces myelin is the

schwann cell

what type of signal is transported through a spinal nerve

sensory and motor

if growth hormone is limited during childhood, what skeletal system effect would occur

shortened bones

during muscle shortening, the H-band

shortens

motor means

skeletal muscle control

olfactory means

smell

which muscle tissue moves the digestive system, blood vessels, and other internal organs

smooth muscle

a reflex that uses an effector mad of skeletal muscle tissue is a(n) ___ reflex

somatic

skeletal muscle tissue is activated by the ___ nervous system

somatic

a shallow groove on the surface surface of the cerebrum is called what

sulcus

which body movement rotates the forearm so that the palm is facing the ceiling

supination

which component of a synovial joint produces synovial fluid

synovial membrane

directing all incoming sensory signals to the correct region of the cerebrum for processing is the job of which brain region

thalamus

what is a muscle insertion

the muscle connection that moves when the when the muscle is activated

an axon terminal is

the region which releases neurotransmitters when an action potential arrives.

a friend runs a hard lap around a track. when they finish, they are bent over still breathing hard. Why?

their body is pulling in oxygen to pay their oxygen debt

the internal tubes connected to the sarcolemma which allows an electrochemical signal to extend into a muscle cell is called a ___

transverse tubule

which protein has a binding site for calcium

troponin

a bipolar neuron has ___ processes

two (2)

cranial nerve X is the

vagus

a collection of neuronal axons with myeline sheaths in the brain or spinal cord is called...

white matter

the superficial region of the spinal contains mostly

white matter

appositional growth is a long bone's growth in

width