A&P FINAL EXAM

How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?

+15 mV

Which of the following voltages would most likely be measured during the relative refractory period?

-80 mv

The muscles of a professional sprinter are most likely to have .

80 percent fast-twitch muscle fibers and 20 percent slow-twitch muscle fibers

What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"

None of the above

Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?

PET

Which subtest is directed at proprioceptive sensation?

Romberg test

Which of the following statements is false?

Slow fibers have a small network of capillaries.

Which of the following statements is correct about what happens during flexion?

The angle between bones is decreased.

Which statement is true concerning the knee joint?

The medial meniscus is attached to the tibial collateral ligament.

Which arrangement best describes a bipennate muscle?

The muscle fibers feed in on an angle to a long tendon from both sides.

How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream?

The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton?

They are all polymers of protein subunits.

Which of the following statements describes smooth muscle cells?

They are resistant to fatigue.

In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes?

They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity.

Which of the following is unique to the muscles of facial expression?

They insert into the skin.

Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean?

Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.

number of neurons per square millimeter

Wernicke's area

Movement at the shoulder joint that moves the upper limb laterally away from the body is called .

abduction

Which of the following terms would be used in the name of a muscle that moves the leg away from the body?

abductor

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

What neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil?

acetylcholine

Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?

acetylcholine

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

acetylcholine decreases digestion

A shoulder separation results from injury to the .

acromioclavicular joint

What structure is an extension of the spine of the scapula?

acromion

The location of a muscle's insertion and origin can determine .

action

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of .

active transport

A drug is called an agonist if it .

acts like the endogenous neurotransmitter by binding to its receptor

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?

adipose tissue

Which of the following are joined by a symphysis?

adjacent vertebrae

What gland produces a secretion that causes fight or flight responses in effectors?

adrenal medulla

The paranasal sinuses are .

air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

childbirth

Movement of a body region in a circular movement at a condyloid joint is what type of motion?

circumduction

Which nucleus in the medulla is connected to the inferior colliculus?

cochlear nucleus

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?

columnar

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of .

connective tissue

Cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles in that they .

contain intercalated discs

During which phase of a twitch in a muscle fiber is tension the greatest?

contraction phase

Which major section of the neurological exam includes subtests that are sometimes considered a separate set of tests concerned with walking?

coordination exam

Which major section of the neurological exam is most likely to reveal damage to the cerebellum?

coordination exam

Name the short, hook-like bony process of the scapula that projects anteriorly.

coracoid process

Which of the following cavities contains a component of the central nervous system?

cranial

Which non-nervous tissue develops from the neuroectoderm?

craniofacial bone

AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) reaction.

decomposition

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

dense regular connective tissue

Bone tissue can be described as .

dense, hard connective tissue

Synovial joints .

develop at an interzone site

Memory, emotional, language, and sensorimotor deficits together are most likely the result of what kind of damage?

developmental disorder

The clavicle

develops via intramembranous ossification

Which muscle pair plays a role in respiration?

diaphragm, scalene

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack .

differentiation

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called .

differentiation

What condition causes a stroke?

disruption of blood to the brain

In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) .

double helix

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances their gradient.

down; concentration

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?

dura mater

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from .

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Which of the following is not a type of tissue?

embryonic

Embryonic development of the axial skeleton involves .

endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum

What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?

ependymal cell

An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin?

epidermis and hypodermis

Bones grow in length due to activity in the .

epiphyseal plate

Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt?

estrogen and testosterone

Which motion moves the bottom of the foot away from the midline of the body?

eversion

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n).

exercise physiologist

Muscle fatigue is caused by .

exhaustion of energy reserves and buildup of lactic acid levels

Which muscle name does not make sense?

extensor minimus longus

Which nerve is responsible for taste, as well as salivation, in the anterior oral cavity?

facial

Which of these cranial nerves is part of the gustatory system?

facial

Which of these cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

facial, CN VII

What is the name for a bundle of axons within a nerve?

fascicle

The diaphysis contains .

fat stores

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

fever

The correct order for the smallest to the largest unit oforganization in muscle tissue is .

filament, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function?

folic acid synthesis

The axial skeleton .

forms the vertical axis of the body

A synchondrosis is .

found at the first sternocostal joint of the thoracic cage

How long does all the signaling through the sensory pathway, within the central nervous system, and through the motor command pathway take?

fraction of a second

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?

frontal

Which of these structures is not under direct control of the peripheral nervous system?

gastric plexus

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for .

genetic factors

Which nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles that result in the gag reflex?

glossopharyngeal

The names of the extrinsic tongue muscles commonly end in .

glossus

What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel?

glucose

The large muscle group that attaches the leg to the pelvic girdle and produces extension of the hip joint is the group.

gluteal

Which bony landmark is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus?

greater tubercle

During endochondral ossification of a long bone, .

growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening

Supination is the motion that moves the .

hand from the palm backward position to the palm forward position

The radius bone .

has a head that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna

The pelvis .

has a subpubic angle that is larger in females

A phospholipid .

has both polar and nonpolar regions

The middle cranial fossa .

has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum

The sternum .

has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?

hematopoiesis

Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells?

hematopoietic

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a .

hexose monosaccharide

What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?

high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals

Which type of joint allows for only uniaxial movement?

hinge joint

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?

histamine

The exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the gland releases its apical region and reforms.

holocrine; apocrine

What is the name for the topographical representation of the sensory input to the somatosensory cortex?

homunculus

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably .

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction?

hydrogen and hydrogen

A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this?

hyperpolarizing

The bony openings of the skull include the .

hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa

Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center?

hyponychium

What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?

hypothalamus

Which of these locations in the forebrain is the master control center for homeostasis through the autonomic and endocrine systems?

hypothalamus

Which component forms the superior part of the hip bone?

ilium

Where is the inferior oblique muscle located?

in the eye socket

Condyloid joints .

include the radiocarpal joint

After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response?

increased production of connective tissue

Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?

increased stomach motility

Visual stimuli in the upper-left visual field will be processed in what region of the primary visual cortex?

inferior right

Aside from the nervous system, which other organ system develops out of the ectoderm?

integumentary

Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of .

intergral proteins

Which of the following is not a target of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber?

intermural ganglion

What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood?

internal carotid artery

Which of the following is a feature of both somatic and visceral senses?

involves an axon in the ventral nerve root

Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as bones.

irregular

The ankle joint .

is a uniaxial hinge joint

A cartilaginous joint .

is called a symphysis when the bones are united by fibrocartilage

The tibia .

is firmly anchored to the fibula by an interosseous membrane

The tubercle of a rib .

is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

The proximal radioulnar joint .

is supported by the annular ligament

A fontanelle .

is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones

Which of the following supports body weight when sitting?

ischial tuberosity

The sternal angle is the .

junction between the manubrium and body

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Smooth muscles differ from skeletal and cardiac muscles in that they .

lack myofibrils

Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone?

lamellae

A typical vertebra has .

lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process

What function would most likely be affected by a restriction of a blood vessel in the cerebral cortex?

language

The joints between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae can contribute to which movement?

lateral flexion

Which one of the following foods is best for bone health?

leafy green vegetables

Where is language function localized in the majority of people?

left cerebral hemisphere

Which bony landmark of the femur serves as a site for muscle attachments?

lesser trochanter

Long bones enable body movement by acting as a .

lever

What two types of macromolecules are the main components of myelin?

lipids and proteins

Which location on the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it, according to the sensory homunculus?

lips

Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?

long bone

Atrophy refers to .

loss of mass

Without red marrow, bones would not be able to .

make blood cells

What type of receptor cell is involved in the sensations of sound and balance?

mechanoreceptor

What structure contributes to the knee joint?

medial condyle of tibia

What is the origin of the wrist flexors?

medial epicondyle of humerus

What central fiber tract connects forebrain and brain stem structures with the hypothalamus?

medial forebrain bundle

The heart is within the .

mediastinum

Which primary vesicle of the embryonic nervous system does not differentiate into more vesicles at the secondary stage?

mesencephalon

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the .

mesenchyme

What type of receptor requires an effector protein to initiate a signal?

metabotropic receptor

What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage behind the blood-brain barrier?

microglia

Which white matter structure carries information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum?

middle cerebellar peduncle

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the .

midsagittal plane

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?

mitchondria

Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?

mitochondria

If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations, what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to?

molecules

On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have .

more than 80 neutrons each

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?

mucosa

Which type of drug would be an antidote to atropine poisoning?

muscarinic agonist

Which structure predominates in the white matter of the brain?

myelinated axons

From which embryonic cell type does muscle tissue develop?

myoblast cells

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from .

myoblasts

Which term describes a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system?

nerve

When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected?

nervous system

Which structure is associated with the embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system?

neural crest

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are .

neurons

A drug that affects both divisions of the autonomic system is going to bind to, or block, which type of neurotransmitter receptor?

nicotinic

What type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?

nociceptor

Drug X blocks ATP regeneration from ADP and phosphate. How will muscle cells respond to this drug?

none of the above

Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column?

nuchal ligament

A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule?

nucleic acids

Transcription and translation take place in the and , respectively.

nucleolus; cytoplasm

Which of the following could be elements of cytoarchitecture, as related to Brodmann's microscopic studies of the cerebral cortex?

number of neurons per square millimeter

The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the .

occipital bone

What type of glial cell provides myelin for the axons in a tract?

oligodendrocyte

A fracture can be both .

open and transverse

Which nerve projects to the hypothalamus to indicate the level of light stimuli in the retina?

optic

Which of the following cranial nerves is not part of the VOR?

optic

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an .

organ

CH4 is methane. This compound is .

organic

Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to as endocytosis is to .

osmosis; pinocytosis

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?

osteoblasts and osteocytes

In bone, the main cells are .

osteocytes

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?

osteoprogenitor cells

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of .

oxygen

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include .

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed?

papillary dermis

A muscle that has a pattern of fascicles running along the long axis of the muscle has which of the following fascicle arrangements?

parallel

What term describes the inability to lift the arm above the level of the shoulder?

paresis

Which of the following is a bone of the brain case?

parietal bone

Which muscle has a convergent pattern of fascicles?

pectoralis major

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the .

periosteum

What aspect of creatine phosphate allows it to supply energy to muscles?

phosphate bonds

What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?

physical stimulus

Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency.

pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with

polar covalent bonds

What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?

pons

What is the function of the erector spinae?

postural support

The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is .

potential energy

Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?

preganglionic parasympathetic

A bursa .

prevents friction between skin and bone, or a muscle tendon and bone

Which region of the frontal lobe is responsible for initiating movement by directly connecting to cranial and spinal motor neurons?

primary motor cortex

Which of the following functions cannot be attributed to the cerebellum?

processing visual information

Intramembranous ossification .

produces the bones of the top and sides of the skull

Which of the following is a function of the rough ER?

production of proteins

Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?

protection of internal organs

The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of .

protons

Which of the following abdominal muscles is not a part of the anterior abdominal wall?

quadratus lumborum

Which type of aphasia is more like hearing a foreign language spoken?

receptive aphasia

The vastus intermedius muscle is deep to which of the following muscles?

rectus femoris

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?

regional anatomy

Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?

retinal ganglion cells

The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures?

ribosomes

Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus?

ribosomes

The primary support for the glenohumeral joint is provided by the .

rotator cuff muscles

Thin and thick filaments are organized into functional units called .

sacromeres

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that .

saliva contains enzymes

A substance dissociates into and in solution. The substance is a(n) .

salt

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) .

salt

Without olfactory sensation to complement gustatory stimuli, food will taste bland unless it is seasoned with which substance?

salt

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called .

sarcolemma

Which cell type helps to repair injured muscle fibers?

satellite cells

Which is the lateral-most carpal bone of the proximal row?

scaphoid

At a synovial joint, the synovial membrane .

secretes the lubricating synovial fluid

Parts of the sphenoid bone include the

sella turcica

The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of .

seven vertebrae

Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as .

short bones

What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?

short reflex

Where is the temporalis muscle located?

side of head

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?

simple squamous

What is the target of an upper motor neuron?

skeletal muscle

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in .

skeletal muscle only

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the .

skeletal system

What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of the cell membrane?

sodium

Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution?

sodium ions and chloride ions

Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?

soma

Which submodality of taste is sensitive to the pH of saliva?

sour

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?

source of blood vessels in the epidermis

The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as .

specificity

Which of the following nerves controls movements of the neck?

spinal accessory

The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is bone.

spongy

Which of the following tests cerebellar function related to gait?

station

Which part of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium?

sternal end

Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion?

sternocleidomastoid

What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes?

stop certain cells from dividing

If cardiac muscle cells were prevented from undergoing aerobic metabolism, they ultimately would .

stop contracting

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it .

stores energy for use by body cells

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct?

stratified columnar

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?

stratum basale

As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?

stratum corneum

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the .

stratum spinosum

Which type of reflex is the jaw-jerk reflex that is part of the cranial nerve exam for the vestibulocochlear nerve?

stretch reflex

Muscle that has a striped appearance is described as being .

striated

Collagen lends to the skin.

structure

Metabolism can be defined as the ________.

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

What region of the cerebral cortex is associated with understanding language, both from another person and the language a person generates himself or herself?

superior temporal gyrus

The lumbar region is .

superior to the popliteal region

Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton?

supports trunk of body

Which feature lies between the spine and superior border of the scapula?

supraspinous fossa

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate chip batter is an example of a .

suspension

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes .

sweat glands to increase their output

Which type of drug could be used to treat asthma by opening airways wider?

sympathomimetic drug

The epiphyseal plate of a growing long bone in a child is classified as a .

synchondrosis

Which type of fibrous joint connects the tibia and fibula?

syndesmosis

Which of the following helps an agonist work?

synergist

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) reaction.

synthesis

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula?

talus

Sesamoid bones are found embedded in .

tendons

Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, retina

Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification?

the flat bones of the cranium

Depolarization of the sarcolemma means .

the inside of the membrane has become less negative as sodium ions accumulate

An example of a wide fibrous joint is .

the interosseous membrane of the forearm

Which of the following is not made out of RNA?

the intron

At synovial joints, .

the joint cavity is filled with a thick, lubricating fluid

Which of these joints is classified as a synarthrosis?

the manubriosternal joint

Which of these joints is classified as a biaxial diarthrosis?

the metacarpophalangeal joint

Which is moved the least during muscle contraction?

the origin

Endochondral ossification is .

the process that replaces hyaline cartilage with bone tissue

Which event takes place during the seventh week of development?

the rotation of the limbs

Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to .

the water

Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?

third ventricle

Which region of the vertebral column has the greatest range of motion for rotation?

thoracic

Voltage-gated channels open upon reaching what state?

threshold

All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except

thyroxine

Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?

trabeculae

The internal and external calli are replaced by .

trabecular bone

The rhomboid major and minor muscles are deep to the .

trapezius

Which muscle extends the forearm?

triceps brachii

Which ganglion is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face?

trigeminal ganglion

In relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site on actin is blocked by .

tropomyosin

Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have?

two

Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy?

ultrasounds

Which cranial nerve does not control functions in the head and neck?

vagus

Which region of gray matter in the spinal cord contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles?

ventral horn

Which region of the cerebellum receives proprioceptive input from the spinal cord?

vermis

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?

vertebral column

Which extrapyramidal tract incorporates equilibrium sensations with motor commands to aid in posture and movement?

vestibulospinal tract

Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if is lacking.

vitamin D

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for .

vitamin D synthesis

Which of the following substances is least able to cross the blood-brain barrier?

white blood cells

What type of reflex can protect the foot when a painful stimulus is sensed?

withdrawl reflex

Which is an example of episodic memory?

your last birthday party

Which kind of drug would have anti-anxiety effects?

α-blocker

The muscles of a professional marathon runner are most likely to have

20 percent fast-twitch muscle fibers and 80 percent slow-twitch muscle fibers

What is the total number of bones found in the foot and toes?

26

How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid?

3

How many bones fuse in adulthood to form the hip bone?

3

How many bones are there in the upper limbs combined?

30

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?

All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival

Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT?

CGAATATA

reactions release energy.

Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?

Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars

Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome

DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

Which of the following statements is true?

Fast fibers have large glycogen reserves.

Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue?

Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.

Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis?

G1

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?

GABA

What is the largest muscle in the lower leg?

Gastrocnemius

Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound?

H2

If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria?

Langerhans cells

In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win?

X-rays

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to .

a control center

The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features?

a double cell membrane

A meniscus is .

a fibrocartilage pad that provides padding between bones

A syndesmosis is .

a fibrous joint that unites parallel bones

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?

a hole

The hair matrix contains .

a layer of basal cells

What is the linea alba?

a long tendon that runs down the middle of the rectus abdominis

Which of the following is a type of synovial joint?

a plane joint

Wolff's law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that

a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left.

A typical lumbar vertebra has .

a short, rounded spinous process

Which of the following is probably going to propagate an action potential fastest?

a thick, myelinated axon

Uracil .

all of the above

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins?

amino

The joint between adjacent vertebrae that includes an invertebral disc is classified as which type of joint?

amphiarthrosis

What region of the limbic lobe is responsible forgenerating stress responses via the hypothalamus?

amygdala

Yellow marrow has been identified as .

an area of fat storage

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes

an ion

A sprinter would experience muscle fatigue sooner than a marathon runner due to .

anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter

A gomphosis .

anchors a tooth to the jaw

What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?

anterior horn

Which of the following is not a cause of cerebellar ataxia?

antibiotics

A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following?

any of the above

Sebaceous glands .

are associated with hair follicles

Synovial joints .

are joints where the bones articulate with each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity

Eccrine sweat glands .

are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

Bedsores .

are preventable by eliminating pressure points

The primary curvatures of the vertebral column .

are remnants of the original fetal curvature

In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili .

are responsible for goose bumps

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

astrocytes

Which of the following properties is not common to all three muscle tissues?

at rest, uses shielding proteins to cover actinbinding sites

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an .

atom

True ribs are .

attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

Which of the following is part of the elongation step ofDNA synthesis?

attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand

Which of these sensory modalities does not pass through the ventral posterior thalamus?

audition

Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)?

autonomic

What type of ganglion contains neurons that control homeostatic mechanisms of the body?

autonomic ganglion

Which muscles stabilize the pectoral girdle?

axial and scapular

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) , away from the cell body.

axon

Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell?

axon

Which type of joint provides the greatest range of motion?

ball-and-socket

Which of the following represents a sensory input that is not part of both the somatic and autonomic systems?

baroreception

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

because it does not have a blood supply

Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation .

beneath the periosteum

What does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open?

binding of a neurotransmitter

The skeletal system is made of .

bones and cartilage

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by .

breaking down stored energy

In a compound fracture, .

broken bone pierces the skin

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate?

calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved

Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated?

calcitonin

With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other?

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Which element is important in directly triggering contraction?

calcium Ca++

According to the sliding filament model, binding sites on actin open when .

calcium ion levels rise

Muscle relaxation occurs when .

calcium ions are actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

During muscle contraction, the cross-bridge detaches when .

calcium ions bind to troponin

In general, skin cancers .

can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun

Which region of the humerus articulates with the radius as part of the elbow joint?

capitulum

What is another name for the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that project to the heart?

cardiac accelerator nerve

Which of the following can be found in areas of movement?

cartilage

The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) .

cell

What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents?

cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Which of the following is not part of the corticospinal pathway?

cerebellar deep white matter

Which of the following is a direct target of the vestibular ganglion?

cerebellum

Brodmann's areas map different regions of the to particular functions.

cerebral cortex

Which of these locations is where the greatest level of integration is taking place in the example of testing the temperature of the shower?

cerebral cortex

What is the action of the masseter?

chewing