A&P I- Chapter 6

The exposed part of nails and hair are composed of ______, keratinocytes

dead

The dermis is composed largely of

dense irregular connective tissue

Nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the _________ and ______.

dermis; epidermis

The dermis of the skin has an extensive innervation, which refers to the ________

distribution of nerve fibers

Immune cells found in the epidermis are called ______ cells

epidermal dendritic

Immune cells found in the epidermis are called _______

epidermal dendritic cells

Check all that are a function of the integument: -Protection -Prevention of water loss -Temperature regulation -Movement -Immune defense

-Protection -Prevention of water loss -Temperature regulation -Immune defense

Migration of keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum cornelum takes about ___ weeks. The dead keratinized cells usually remains in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional ___ weeks Overall keratinocytes are present for about ____ months following their formation.

2; 2; 1

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ weeks

4

In what important way does a freckle differ from a nevus?

A freckle is an area of excessive melanocyte activity/a nevus is caused by an increase in melanocyte numbers

________ is an inherited recessive condition where the enzyme needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional

Albinism

Consider the two types of sudoriferous glands. Determine whether it applies to apocrine glands, merocrine (eccrine) glands, or both: -Not active until puberty -Found mostly in the area of pubic, axillary, and beard hair

Apocrine

Which gland is associated with axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions

Apocrine

Milk and ear wax A. are not secretions. B. are secreted from modified sweat glands. C. are secreted from modified sebaceous glands. D. are in the blood.

B

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ___ layer of the epidermis. The cells that form the nails are densely packed and filled with parallel fibers of hard ___ protein

Corneum; keratin

A fluid-filled nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful, and lead to scarring

Cyst

T/F: There are two major regions of the dermis: a superficial reticular layer and a deeper papillary layer

False The reticular layer is deep and the papillary layer is superficial

Which class of burn does this describe: -Seldom leave scars -Cause redness, slight edema, and pain -May heal in a few days

First Degree

Which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of Vitamin D?

Kidney, liver, skin

Which gland is associated with the breast

Mammory

Which gland is distributed throughout the body?

Merocrine

Which class of burn does this describe: -Part of the dermis is involved -Severe sunburns and many scalds

Second Degree

What gland secretes proteins and lipids

apocrine

Ceruminous glands secrete their waxy substance into the external ear canal. Their secretion is called _______

cerumen

The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is ________

collagen

The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is _________

collagen

When the skin is stretched beyond its capacity some ______ fibers are torn and result in stretch marks, which are called ______

collagen, striae

A sebaceous glands ducts plugged with sebum

comedo

The two distinct layers of the integument consist of a layer of stratified squamous epithelium called the __________ and a deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue called the _________.

epidermis, dermis

Sweat cools the body by

evaporation

In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum ________, the process of keratinization begins

granulosum

Which of the following is not found in thick skin?

hair follicles

When _______ binds oxygen, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals

hemoglobin

When a person is severely burned a primary danger is______________ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.

infection

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein _________

keratin

The most numerous cells of the epidermis are _______ and the protein they produce is called ______

keratinocytes; keratin

During our lives, we produce three kinds of hair:

lanugo, vellus, & terminal

The first three strata of the epidermis consist of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain _________ keratinocytes

living; dead

In thick skin there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. This layer is called the stratum _______

lucidum

Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of

melanin

Melanin is produced and stored in

melanocytes

What gland functions in thermoregulation and excretion

merocrine

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ and _______ sweat glands

merocrine; apocrine

A nevus is commonly referred to as a ________. It is a harmless, localized growth of _________ forming cells

mole; melanin

Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and ______ of the hands and fingers, the sides and _____ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia. Palms; soles.

palms; soles

The _________ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papilla

papillary

In anatomy a single hair is also called a(n)

pilus

Two major functions of hair are

protection and heat retention

The connective tissue fibers of the _____ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues

reticular; subcutaneous

Terminal hair is the type of hair that grows on the ________, and is also the hair of _________ and eyebrows, the axilla, and pubic region. In men, it also grows on the face

scalp; eyelashes

Produce sebum, an oily substance rich in lipids

sebaceous glands

The oily, waxy secretion called sebum is produced by

sebaceous glands

Sebaceous glands are activated primarily by ________ during puberty in both sexes

sex hormones

Apocrine sweat glands are classified as _____ glands

simple, coiled, tubular

Cells are mitotic; deepest epidermal layer

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the

stratum basale

These dead cells have a hard protein envelope, contain keratin, and are often peeled or scraped off

stratum corneum

Keratinization begins; keratinocytes begin to fill with keratin

stratum granulosum

The keratinocytes within this layer are flattened and filled with the protein called eleidin

stratum lucidum

Contains several layers of polygonal keratinocytes

stratum spinosum

The ______ of the integument has immune cells.

stratum spinosum/dermis

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands. _________ glands and __________ glands.

sweat and sebaceous

Consist of eccrine and apocrine glands

sweat glands

On many parts of the body, the dermis includes blood vessels, ________ glands, _________ glands hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue

sweat, sebaceous

Select the way in which sweat glands function in homeostasis.

temperature regulation

The major function of merocrine sweat glands is ________

thermoregulation

Friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in ____ skin.

thick

There are 3 main variations of the in the epidermis. These variations are _____ , coloration, & skin markings.

thickness

The delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called _____ administration.

transdermal

Among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are: -cold -sound -pressure -light -vibration

-cold -pressure -vibration

Mammory glands only become functional in which of the conditions: -adolescent females -lactating females -adolescent males -pregnant females -adult males

-lactating females -pregnant females

A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ___ that proliferate and form a benign tumor

blood vessels

There are two types of hemangiomas, _________ and __________

capillary, cavernous

The cells of hair follicles walls are organized into two principal concentric layers: an outer ___ tissue root sheath, which originates from the dermis, and an inner ___ tissue root sheath, which originates from the epidermis

connective; epithelial

Which of the following chemical substances is not a form of vitamin D involved in the progression to the active form of vitamin D? -Calcitrol -Hydrocortisone -Vitamin D3 -Calcidiol

Hydrocortisone

Consider the two types of sudoriferous glands. Determine whether it applies to apocrine glands, merocrine (eccrine) glands, or both: -Found distributed over entire body -Thermoregulation -Abundant in the hands, feet, and forehead

Merocrine

Can be prone to scarring

Nodule

Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment?

dermal blood vessels become constricted

Gray hair results from the gradual reduction of ___ production within the hair follicle, while white hair signifies the lack of ___ entirely.

melanin; pigment

Scattered among keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment producing cells called __________

melanocytes

The _______ of the dermis forms the deeper, major portion of the dermis and extends from papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.

reticular layer

Because skin can absorb certain chemicals and block others, it is described as ______ permeable.

selectively

If the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels ______ so more blood can travel _______ to the surface and excess can be lost

vasodilate/close

At puberty, terminal hair replaces ____ hair in the ______ and pubic regions of the body

vellus; armpits

The skin contains numerous receptors to detect, distinguish, and interpret different sensory stimuli. Which sensations are detected by the skin? Check all that apply. -vibration -pressure -touch -temperature

-vibration -pressure -touch -temperature

________ hemangiomas or "strawberry colored birthmarks," appear in the skin as bright red to deep purple nodules that usually disappear in childhood.

Capillary

T/F: Melanin plays a role in Vitamin A production and normal vision as well as improved immunity

False Carotene is the pigment that plays this role

Which class of burn does this describe: -All of the dermis is affected -Skin grafts may be required -Sometimes muscle and bone are destroyed

Third Degree

T/F: The epidermis and dermis together secrete and absorb materials and play a role in immunity.

True

Keratinocytes play an important role in producing

Vitamin D

The nail matrix is the ________

actively growing part of the nail

Which gland is associated with the external acoustic meatus?

Ceruminous

Epidermic dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata? -spinosum -corneum -granulosum -basale -lucidum

-spinosum -granulosum

In thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are the stratum lucidum and stratum ___________

corneum

The major function of merocrine sweat glands are: -secretion -protection -vitamin production -thermoregulation

-secretion -protection -thermoregulation

The main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following. -to provide the skin with melanin to protect it from sunlight -protects the body -provides thermal insulation -acts as an energy reservoir

-protects the body -provides thermal insulation -acts as an energy reservoir

Dome-shaped lesions filled with a mixture of WBC's, dead skin cells, and bacteria

Pustule

Which glad is associated with hair follicles over much of the skin?

Sebaceous

_____ lubricates the epidermis and hair and helps make the integument water resistant

Sebum

The subcutaneous layer of skin consists of

areolar and adipose tissue