A&P I- Chapter 6
The exposed part of nails and hair are composed of ______, keratinocytes
dead
The dermis is composed largely of
dense irregular connective tissue
Nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the _________ and ______.
dermis; epidermis
The dermis of the skin has an extensive innervation, which refers to the ________
distribution of nerve fibers
Immune cells found in the epidermis are called ______ cells
epidermal dendritic
Immune cells found in the epidermis are called _______
epidermal dendritic cells
Check all that are a function of the integument: -Protection -Prevention of water loss -Temperature regulation -Movement -Immune defense
-Protection -Prevention of water loss -Temperature regulation -Immune defense
Migration of keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum cornelum takes about ___ weeks. The dead keratinized cells usually remains in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional ___ weeks Overall keratinocytes are present for about ____ months following their formation.
2; 2; 1
Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ weeks
4
In what important way does a freckle differ from a nevus?
A freckle is an area of excessive melanocyte activity/a nevus is caused by an increase in melanocyte numbers
________ is an inherited recessive condition where the enzyme needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional
Albinism
Consider the two types of sudoriferous glands. Determine whether it applies to apocrine glands, merocrine (eccrine) glands, or both: -Not active until puberty -Found mostly in the area of pubic, axillary, and beard hair
Apocrine
Which gland is associated with axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions
Apocrine
Milk and ear wax A. are not secretions. B. are secreted from modified sweat glands. C. are secreted from modified sebaceous glands. D. are in the blood.
B
Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ___ layer of the epidermis. The cells that form the nails are densely packed and filled with parallel fibers of hard ___ protein
Corneum; keratin
A fluid-filled nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful, and lead to scarring
Cyst
T/F: There are two major regions of the dermis: a superficial reticular layer and a deeper papillary layer
False The reticular layer is deep and the papillary layer is superficial
Which class of burn does this describe: -Seldom leave scars -Cause redness, slight edema, and pain -May heal in a few days
First Degree
Which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of Vitamin D?
Kidney, liver, skin
Which gland is associated with the breast
Mammory
Which gland is distributed throughout the body?
Merocrine
Which class of burn does this describe: -Part of the dermis is involved -Severe sunburns and many scalds
Second Degree
What gland secretes proteins and lipids
apocrine
Ceruminous glands secrete their waxy substance into the external ear canal. Their secretion is called _______
cerumen
The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is ________
collagen
The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is _________
collagen
When the skin is stretched beyond its capacity some ______ fibers are torn and result in stretch marks, which are called ______
collagen, striae
A sebaceous glands ducts plugged with sebum
comedo
The two distinct layers of the integument consist of a layer of stratified squamous epithelium called the __________ and a deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue called the _________.
epidermis, dermis
Sweat cools the body by
evaporation
In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum ________, the process of keratinization begins
granulosum
Which of the following is not found in thick skin?
hair follicles
When _______ binds oxygen, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals
hemoglobin
When a person is severely burned a primary danger is______________ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.
infection
The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein _________
keratin
The most numerous cells of the epidermis are _______ and the protein they produce is called ______
keratinocytes; keratin
During our lives, we produce three kinds of hair:
lanugo, vellus, & terminal
The first three strata of the epidermis consist of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain _________ keratinocytes
living; dead
In thick skin there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. This layer is called the stratum _______
lucidum
Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of
melanin
Melanin is produced and stored in
melanocytes
What gland functions in thermoregulation and excretion
merocrine
The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ and _______ sweat glands
merocrine; apocrine
A nevus is commonly referred to as a ________. It is a harmless, localized growth of _________ forming cells
mole; melanin
Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and ______ of the hands and fingers, the sides and _____ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia. Palms; soles.
palms; soles
The _________ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papilla
papillary
In anatomy a single hair is also called a(n)
pilus
Two major functions of hair are
protection and heat retention
The connective tissue fibers of the _____ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues
reticular; subcutaneous
Terminal hair is the type of hair that grows on the ________, and is also the hair of _________ and eyebrows, the axilla, and pubic region. In men, it also grows on the face
scalp; eyelashes
Produce sebum, an oily substance rich in lipids
sebaceous glands
The oily, waxy secretion called sebum is produced by
sebaceous glands
Sebaceous glands are activated primarily by ________ during puberty in both sexes
sex hormones
Apocrine sweat glands are classified as _____ glands
simple, coiled, tubular
Cells are mitotic; deepest epidermal layer
stratum basale
The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the
stratum basale
These dead cells have a hard protein envelope, contain keratin, and are often peeled or scraped off
stratum corneum
Keratinization begins; keratinocytes begin to fill with keratin
stratum granulosum
The keratinocytes within this layer are flattened and filled with the protein called eleidin
stratum lucidum
Contains several layers of polygonal keratinocytes
stratum spinosum
The ______ of the integument has immune cells.
stratum spinosum/dermis
The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands. _________ glands and __________ glands.
sweat and sebaceous
Consist of eccrine and apocrine glands
sweat glands
On many parts of the body, the dermis includes blood vessels, ________ glands, _________ glands hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue
sweat, sebaceous
Select the way in which sweat glands function in homeostasis.
temperature regulation
The major function of merocrine sweat glands is ________
thermoregulation
Friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in ____ skin.
thick
There are 3 main variations of the in the epidermis. These variations are _____ , coloration, & skin markings.
thickness
The delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called _____ administration.
transdermal
Among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are: -cold -sound -pressure -light -vibration
-cold -pressure -vibration
Mammory glands only become functional in which of the conditions: -adolescent females -lactating females -adolescent males -pregnant females -adult males
-lactating females -pregnant females
A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ___ that proliferate and form a benign tumor
blood vessels
There are two types of hemangiomas, _________ and __________
capillary, cavernous
The cells of hair follicles walls are organized into two principal concentric layers: an outer ___ tissue root sheath, which originates from the dermis, and an inner ___ tissue root sheath, which originates from the epidermis
connective; epithelial
Which of the following chemical substances is not a form of vitamin D involved in the progression to the active form of vitamin D? -Calcitrol -Hydrocortisone -Vitamin D3 -Calcidiol
Hydrocortisone
Consider the two types of sudoriferous glands. Determine whether it applies to apocrine glands, merocrine (eccrine) glands, or both: -Found distributed over entire body -Thermoregulation -Abundant in the hands, feet, and forehead
Merocrine
Can be prone to scarring
Nodule
Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment?
dermal blood vessels become constricted
Gray hair results from the gradual reduction of ___ production within the hair follicle, while white hair signifies the lack of ___ entirely.
melanin; pigment
Scattered among keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment producing cells called __________
melanocytes
The _______ of the dermis forms the deeper, major portion of the dermis and extends from papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.
reticular layer
Because skin can absorb certain chemicals and block others, it is described as ______ permeable.
selectively
If the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels ______ so more blood can travel _______ to the surface and excess can be lost
vasodilate/close
At puberty, terminal hair replaces ____ hair in the ______ and pubic regions of the body
vellus; armpits
The skin contains numerous receptors to detect, distinguish, and interpret different sensory stimuli. Which sensations are detected by the skin? Check all that apply. -vibration -pressure -touch -temperature
-vibration -pressure -touch -temperature
________ hemangiomas or "strawberry colored birthmarks," appear in the skin as bright red to deep purple nodules that usually disappear in childhood.
Capillary
T/F: Melanin plays a role in Vitamin A production and normal vision as well as improved immunity
False Carotene is the pigment that plays this role
Which class of burn does this describe: -All of the dermis is affected -Skin grafts may be required -Sometimes muscle and bone are destroyed
Third Degree
T/F: The epidermis and dermis together secrete and absorb materials and play a role in immunity.
True
Keratinocytes play an important role in producing
Vitamin D
The nail matrix is the ________
actively growing part of the nail
Which gland is associated with the external acoustic meatus?
Ceruminous
Epidermic dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata? -spinosum -corneum -granulosum -basale -lucidum
-spinosum -granulosum
In thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are the stratum lucidum and stratum ___________
corneum
The major function of merocrine sweat glands are: -secretion -protection -vitamin production -thermoregulation
-secretion -protection -thermoregulation
The main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following. -to provide the skin with melanin to protect it from sunlight -protects the body -provides thermal insulation -acts as an energy reservoir
-protects the body -provides thermal insulation -acts as an energy reservoir
Dome-shaped lesions filled with a mixture of WBC's, dead skin cells, and bacteria
Pustule
Which glad is associated with hair follicles over much of the skin?
Sebaceous
_____ lubricates the epidermis and hair and helps make the integument water resistant
Sebum
The subcutaneous layer of skin consists of
areolar and adipose tissue