A&P II Ch. 23: Respiratory System
the atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which valve?
760 mmHg
In internal respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the blood is ____mm Hg, while the PO2 in the tissues is ____mm Hg.
95; 40
in internal respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. the po2 in the blood is ____ mm Hg, while the po2 in the tissues is ____ mm Hg
95; 40
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right
A Tracheal cartilage B Cricoid Cartilage C Thyroid Cartilage
Bronchial arteries carry _________ blood to the tissues of the lung.
oxygenated
There are __________ pairs of nasal conchae
3
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- inferior nasal concha B- middle meatus C- superior nasal concha D- middle nasal concha
Match the capacity or volume with the letter on the graph.
A- inspiratory reserve volume B- inspiratory capacity C- expiratory reserve volume D- residual volume
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- internal intercostals B- diaphragm C- sternum
the smooth muscles of the bronchial wall are innervated by axons of the
ANS
hypoventilation can cause O2 levels to fall to low, a conduction called ____. CO2 levels may rise too high, a condition called _______.
Hypoxia; hypercapnia
According to Henry's Law, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid can be increased by which method?
Increase the partial pressure of the gas
According to Henry's law, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid can be increased by which of the following methods?
Increase the partial pressure of the gas
Cricoid cartilage
Is located inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage and is where the thyroid cartilage attaches.
Nasal meatus
Is the name given for each nasal conchae region.
Fauces
Is the opening that represents the threshold for entry into the oropharynx from the oral cavity.
Which statement about the respiratory membrane is true
It contains the fused basement membranes of an alveolus and capillary.
How is loudness determined?
It depends on the force of the air passing across the vocal chords. The more air the louder you'll be.
Why is there a tuber lance like shape in each meatus?
It ensures that the air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time so that it becomes warm and humidified.
Nasopharynx (CHARACTERISTICS)
Posterior to nasal cavity Pharyngeal tonsil on the posterior wall (lymphatic tissue) Auditory tubes are located there to equalize air pressure
the condition that is directly related to the magnitude of a pressure gradient and inversely related to airway resistance is:
airflow
What is the effect of the oxygen reserve on the body's ability to undergo vigorous exercise?
The oxygen reserve is used when PO2 falls very low in exercising tissue.
dust cells are also called:
alceolar macrophages.
the mucosa of the sinuses can become inflamed in response to
allergies
useful for treating asthma?
allergy shots, oral steroids, inhaled steroids
in a healthy person, what effect would administration of pure oxygen have on oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
almost no effect
larynx
also called the voice box; a short, somewhat cylindrical airway that is bounded superiorly by the laryngopharynx and posteriorly by the esophagus and inferiorly by the trachea; superior aspect is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium; inferior to the vocal cords, the lining becomes a ciliated epithelium; prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract, conducts air into the lower respiratory tract, and produces sounds; supported by a framework of nine pieces of cartilage that are held in place by ligaments and muscles
the complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. the __________ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein
alternative
The collective volume of the alveoli in the lungs is known as the __ volume.
alveolar
the collective volume of the alveoli in the lungs is known as the ______________ volume
alveolar
What are the 3 layers of the lungs, in order?
Visceral Pleura(innermost), Pleural Cavity(Middle), Parietal Pleura(outer)
The sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume equals the ________ ________.
Vital Capacity
Cilia:
are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed
After leaving the thymus, T-lymphocutes
are naive, are immunocompetent,
which of the following are included in a lung lobule?
arteriole, terminal bronchiole, venule
The largest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.
The presence of free air in the pleural space sometimes causes the affected lung to deflate, a condition called
atelectasis
the presence of free air in the pleural space sometimes causes the affected lung to deflate, a condition called
atelectasis
most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as ________
bicarbonate
the conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract include which of the following?
bronchi, trachea, larynx
which arteries supply blood to the walls of the bronchi?
bronchial arteries
The ranking from highest to lowest P(O2) in the area of the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries is
capillaries, tissue fluid, cells
dendritic cels
capture antigens and bring them to the lymph nodes
squamous cell carcinoma--> small cell carcinoma --> adenocarcinoma-->
cells of respiratory membrane neuroendocrine cells mucin producing cells
squamous cell carcinoma
cells of the respiratory membrane
T-lymphocytes are a part of _________ immunity
cellular
The partial pressures of gases in cells of systemic tissues result from
cellular respiration
depression of the ribs ___________ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity
decreases
Surfactant
decreases surface tension
when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure ___________ and air flows ______ the lungs
decreases, into
Contraction of the diaphragm __________ the intrapulmonary pressure, producing __________.
decreases; inhalation
Which can act as stimuli that will affect breathing rate and depth via reflexes?
deep inhalation, stretching of bronchiole smooth muscle, moving joints and muscles
The bronchial veins dump a small amount of ___ blood into the pulmonary veins prior to the blood returning to the heart.
deoxygenated
the bronchial veins dump a small amount of ____ blood into the pulmonary veins prior to the blood returning to the heart
deoxygenated
HHb is the abbreviation for
deoxyhemoglobin
contraction of the internal intercostals ______________ the ribs.
depresses
functions of respiratory system
detection of odors; sound production; exchange of O2 and CO2; air passageway
which of the following are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?
dissolved carbon dioxide in the plasma; as bicarbonate; bound to hemoglobin
when successful swallowing occurs, the __________ closes over the opening to the larynx to prevent materials from entering the larynx
epiglottis
The mucous membrane is composed of _____ and is ciliated in most portions of the respiratory tract conducting zone
epithelial tissue
the mucous membrane is composed of _________ and is ciliated in most portions of the respiratory tract conducting zone
epithelium
The superior ligaments, the vestibular folds, are also called the __ vocal cords.
false
If the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, which phrase describes the net movement of oxygen?
from alveoli to blood
if the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, which phrase describes the net movement of oxygen?
from alveoli to blood
The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior.
frontal ethmoid maxilla
the paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. rank the bones in order starting with the most superior
frontal > ethmoid > maxilla
the parietal pleura lines which structures?
internal thoracic walls, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum superior surface of the diaphragm
the parietal pleura lines which of the following?
internal thoracic walls, later; lateral surfaces of the mediastinum; superior surface of the diaphragm
The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the ___ pressure.
intrapleural
which events are occurring during quiet exhalation?
intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure and pleural cavity volume is decreasing
nasal cavity
is continuous posteriorly with the nasopharynx via the internal nares; the internal surface of the nose leads to this
epiglottis
is the large, spoon or leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the larynx
The anatomic features of the respiratory membrane that make alveolar gas exchange so efficient are:
its large surface area and minimal thickness.
the anatomical features of the respiratory membrane increase the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. which features increase efficiency?
large number of alveoli large surface area thin squamous cells lining alveoli
if two regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ________ pressure.
lower
the intracellular pressure is always ___________ than intrapulmonary pressure.
lower
which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?
lowered pco2 lowered temp elevated ph
Which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?
lowered temperature, lowered PCO2, elevated pH
Gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the __ and systemic cells.
lungs
Particles that reach the alveoli are consumed by __________.
macrophages
T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called ___________ T-lymphocytes
naive
The nose is supported by paired __ __ that form the bridge of the nose.
nasal bones
the nose is supported superiorly by paired _________ __________ that form the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
which anatomical structures aid sound production?
nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth, lips and tongue.
the _______ _______ divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions
nasal septum
the ________ ________ divides the nasal cavity into left and right portion
nasal septum
small cell carcinoma
neuroendocrine cells
when antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be
neutralized
the _____________ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air.
nose
components of the conducting zone of the respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, bronchioles, larynx, trachea
Check the functions that can be carried out by the respiratory system.
-exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. -passageway for air between the external environment and the alveoli of the lungs. -detection of odors. -production of sound.
which form the roof of the nasal cavity?
-frontal bone -cribriform plate -sphenoid bone -nasal bones
the conduction airways of the lower respiratory tract include which of the following?
-larynx -trachea -bronchi
what factors determine the characteristics of sound as they pass through the vocal folds?
-lenght -tension
Check the components of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
-nose. -nasal cavity. -bronchioles. -larynx. -trachea.
which are considered part of anatomic dead space?
-secondary and tertiary bronchi -trachea -primary bronchi
the parietal pleura lines which of the following?
-superior surface of the diaphragm. -internal thoracic walls. -lateral surfaces of the mediastinum.
which of the following statements is true about memory cells?
1. memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T cells 2. upon reexposure to a pathogen, memory cells engage in the T cell recall response, destroying the pathogen quickly
there are several ways to measure pressure. standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. what is this in pounds square inch?
14.7
Check the events that occur during internal respiration.
-Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. -Blood transports carbon dioxide produced by the body cells to the lungs.
Check all of the ways that resistance may be increased.
-Decreased elasticity of chest wall. -Bronchoconstriction. -Increased alveolar surface tension.
What can act as stimuli that will affect breathing rate and depth via reflexes?
-Deep inhalation -Moving joints and muscles -Stretching of brochiole smooth muscle
What are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?
-Dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma -As bicarbonate -Bound to hemoglobin
What are some functions of the respiratory system?
-Exchange of O2 and CO2 -Air passageway -Detection of odors -Sound Production
What are potential consequences of hypoventilation?
-Hypoxia (deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues) -Hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream)
Lower respiratory tract involved in the respiratory system
-Larynx -Trachea -Bronchi -Lungs
The parietal pleura lines?
-Lateral surfaces of the mediastinum -Superior surface of the diaphragm -Internal Thoracic walls
Which substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?
-Oxygen -Carbon dioxide -Hydrogen ions (protons)
Which are among the 4 continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?
-Pulmonary ventilation -Alveolar gas exchange -Gas transport -Systemic gas exchange
What are functions of the larynx?
-Serves as passageway for air -Produces sound for speech -Blocks food and drink from entering airway
Upper respiratory tract involved in the respiratory system
-Sphenoidal sinus -Frontal sinus -Nasal cavity -Pharynx
Which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
-The presence of hemoglobin -The solubility coefficient of oxygen
which are characteristics of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
-attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages. -change dimensions of rima glottis. -close larynx when swallowing.
as inhaled gases pass through conducting air ways, the gases are "conditioned" in which of the following ways?
-cleansed of particulates -humidified -warmed to body temperature
which options are correctly identified as functions of the respiratory system?
-detection of odors. -air passageway. -sound production. -exchange of 02 and C02.
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right. Letter C indicates the entire organ.
A- lumen of trachea. B- pseudostratifiec ciliated columnar epithelium. C- trachea
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- rima glottidis B- vestibular folds C- vocal folds
Match the nasal cartilages with he labels in the picture.
A- septal cartilage B- alar cartilage C- lateral cartilage
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- trachea B- carina C- right primary bronchus D- larynx
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- visceral pleura B- pleaural cavity C- parietal pleura
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- vocal folds B- rima glottidis C- vestibular fold
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right
A: Alveolar macrophages B: Alveolar pore C: Alveolar type I cell D:Alveolar type II cell
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: respiratory bronchioles B: alveoli C: alveolar ducts D: alveolar sac
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: trachea B: carina C: right pulmonary bronchus D: larynx
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: vocal folds B: rima glottides C: vestibular fold
Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?
Abdominal muscles; Serratus posterior inferior; Internal intercostals
Which are the functions of the respiratory system?
Air passageway detection of odors sound production exchange of O2 and CO2
place the gases below in order of solubility, most soluble to lease soluble
CO2 O2 N2
place the gases below in order of solubility, more soluble to least soluble
CO2 > O2 > N2
Oropharynx (FUNCTION & LINING)
Conducts air & passageway for food and drink Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The stem of an antibody contains which of the following regions?
Constant
HIV blood tests look for the presence of ________ __________ in the blood
HIV antibodies
antibody-mediated immunity is also called _____
HUMORAL immunity
identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes
Hyaluronic acid
Which are potential consequences of hypoventilation?
Hypercapnia, hypoxia
Is the breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand
Hyperventilation
__ is a breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand.
Hyperventilation
____________ is a breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand.
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation can cause oxygen levels to fall too low, a condition called ____________. Carbon dioxide levels may rise too high, a condition called ______________.
Hypoxia; Hypercapnia
Which statement accurately describes alveolar and systemic gas exchanges?
In alveolar gas exchange oxygen diffuses into the blood, but in systemic gas exchange it diffuses out of the blood.
Which are examples of chemoreceptors reflexes?
Increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF, increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2
_______ the tension on the vocal folds causes the vocal folds to vibrate ________ when air passes by them and produces a ________ sound
Increasing, more, higher
Where is the epiglottis anchored?
Inner aspect of the thyroid cartilage.
Which options are major respiratory volumes
Inspiratory Reserve Volume Tidal Volume Expiratory Volume Residual Volume
Where does the maxillary sinus drain?
Into the nasal cavity Opening for maxillary sinus in spaces inferior (deep) to the turbinate bone form a medial view are called the meatus
How is sound produced?
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow the opening of the rim glottidis and air is forced past the vocal cords during an exhalation.
Function Residual Capacity(FRC)
It is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation. it is calculated by adding together residual and expiratory reserve volumes.The normal value is about 1800-2200 mL.FRC=RV+ERV
Vital Capacity(VC)
It is the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation. The value is about 4800mL and it varies according to age and body size.It is calculated by summing tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.VC= TV+IRV+ERV
Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?
It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.
The ___________ ____________ ____________ molecules must match as closely as possible to prevent rejection of the donor organs in an organ transplant
Major Histocompatibility Complex
the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries
Margination
While ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down ___ ___ gradients.
Partial Pressure
What are some of the functions of the larynx?
Passageway for air Prevents materials from entering respiratory tract Produces sound for speech Increasing pressure in abdominal cavity Sneeze and cough reflex
An inflammation of the pleural membrane is known as __.
Pleurisy
___________ is a condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
What does the pharynx bifurcate into?
Portion of the: Larynx Esophagus
Alveolar type I cell
Promoted rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall.
Alveolar pores (Function)
Provide for collateral ventilation of alveoli
Respiratory System
Provides the means for gas exchange required by living cells. Exchanges gases between the atmosphere and the blood. Conduction: Moving the gas Respiration: Gas exchange
What type of tissue lines the trachea?
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Alveolar type II cells secrete _____ _____.
Pulmonary surfactant.
Physiologic dead space =
anatomic dead space + lost alveoli
the trachea is __________ to the esophagus, __________ to the larynx, and _____________ to the primary bronchi.
anterior; inferior; superior
a Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of 4 polypeptide chains and referred to as an ______________
antibody monomer
cytotoxic t cells release granzymes onto infected cells, inducing cell death by _______
apoptosis
bronchial arteries
approximately three or four of these branch from the anterior wall fo the descending thoracic aorta and divide to form capillary beds to supply structures in the bronchial tree
The total pressure exerted by all gases in an environment is called the ___ pressure.
atmospheric
in the study of respiration, the pressure of the outside air measured at sea level is known as the __________ pressure
atmospheric
what are the characteristics of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages; close larynx when swallowing; change dimensions of rima glottis
What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
The frontal bone, nasal bones, cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and sphenoid bone form the roof of the nasal cavity.
Gas conditioning
The gases are warmed to body temperature, humidified, and cleansed of particulate matter through contact with the sticky mucous in the nasal cavity.
Nasal cavity
The internal surface of the nose leads to the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasopharynx by openings called the choanae (internal nares)
Which of the following statements about the pleura is (are) FALSE?
The intrapleural pressure will rise above intrapulmonary pressure during forceful inspiration.
_________ __________ __________is the sum of all the volumes including residual volume and is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold.
Total Lung Capacity
the ________ equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere by allowing excess air pressure to be released into the nasopharynx
auditory tubes
the ______________ equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere by allowing excess air pressure to be released into the nasopharynx.
auditory tubes
the wide ____ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm
base
the wide ________ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm
base
in a secondary response to a specific antigen, your antibody titer will _____
be higher.
most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as
bicarbonate
inside red blood cells, carbonic acid (H2CO3) breaks down into ______________.
bicarbonate and a hydrogen ions
Inside red blood cells, carbonic acid (H2CO2) breaks down into ____.
bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
trachealis muscle
binds the open ends of each C-shaped tracheal cartilage ring; during swallowing, this muscle distends and bulges into the lumen of the trachea to allow for expansion of the esophagus to accommodate larger materials being swallowed; contraction of this muscle influences airflow by narrowing the diameter of the trachea (for example, to expel a foreign object or mucus, narrowing this muscle causes air to move more rapidly and forcefully through the trachea
Which are functions of the larynx?
blocks food and drink from entering airway produces sound for speech serves as a passageway for air
the respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the
blood
Gas exchange is the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?
blood and alveoli, blood and systemic tissues
Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?
blood and systemic tissues, blood and alveoli
Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?
blood and systemic tissues; blood and alveoli
The respiratory centers of the brain are located in __________.
both the pons and the medulla oblongata
Which are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?
bound to hemoglobin, dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma, as bicarbonate
there are 2 forms of hypoventilation, ____ in which breathing is too slow, and ____ in which breathing is too shallow.
bradypnea hypopnea
which of the following are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation?
bradypnea hypopnea
Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the _________ through the medulla oblongata and the pons
brainstem
the involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove gases are located in which part of the CNS?
brainstem
pulmonary ventilation
breathing; the primary function associated with the respiratory system
the ____ ____ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles
bronchial tree
the ________ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles
bronchial tree
the _________ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles
bronchial tree
the autonomic nervous system innervates which of the following in the respiratory system
bronchial tree; lungs; trachea
Contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in __.
bronchoconstriction
Contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in __________.
bronchoconstriction
contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in
bronchoconstriction
contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in ______________________.
bronchoconstriction
the main function of the sympathetic innervation on the lungs is
bronchodilation
the left and right lung are partitioned into 8-10 ________ segments
bronchopulmonary
the left and right lung are partitioned into 8-10 _________ segments
bronchopulmonary
the alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote diffusion of gasses between the alveolus and the
capillaries
The haldane effect describes the effect describes the effect of ___ ____ binding to hemoglobin or the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin.
carbon dioxide
the haldane effect describes the effect of ____ binding to hemoglobin or the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin
carbon dioxide
the haldane effect describes the effect of ________ ________ binding to hemoglobin or the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin
carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin is capable of transporting
carbon dioxide bound to the globin
Which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?
carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli
which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?
carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli
which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?
carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood
which statement characterizes the effects of exercise on blood carbon dioxide?
carbon dioxide remains relatively constant during exercise
Which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?
carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen ions(protons)
The conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid is aided by enzyme ___ anhydrase.
carbonic
conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid (H2CO2) is aided by the enzyme _______ __________
carbonic anhydride
left lung has a medial surface indention called the __ that is formed by the heart
cardiac impression
Which of the following is not a surface of the lungs?
cardiac surface
the most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi and forms an internal ridge called the ______________.
carnia
vasodilation
causes a decrease in blood pressure
which of the following chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?
changes in blood pH, changes in blood PCO2, changes in CSF pH
The trachea is lined with __ which will propel mucus laden particles toward the pharynx where they can be swallowed.
cilia
the trachea is lined with ________, which propel mucus laden particles toward the pharynx where they can be swallowed
cilia
the trachea is lined with __________ which will propel mucus laden particles toward the pharynx where they can be swallowed
cilia
basophils
circulates in blood; release granules of histamine & heparin
as inhaled gases pass through conducting airways, the gases are "conditioned" in which of the following ways?
cleansed of particulates, warmed to body temperature, humidified
vibrissae
coarse hairs near the vestibule that help trap large particles
alveolar pores provide
collateral ventilaition.
Alveolar pores provide
collateral ventilation
alveolar pores provide
collateral ventilation
bronchial veins
collect venous blood from these same structures and drain into the azygous system of veins
which might require a tracheotomy?
difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury; respiratory disease; an upper airway obstruction
Sympathetic stimulation leads to __________ the bronchioles
dilation of
nasal septum
divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions; formed anteriorly by the septal cartilage; formed superiorly by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid; the vomer bone contributes to the posterior portion
which of the following are symptoms of hyperventilation?
dizziness numbness coma
increases in the PCO2 of as little as 5 mmHg can ____________ breathing rate.
double
the laryngopharynx extends inferiorly form the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and _______________,
esophagus
the laryngopharynx extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone and is continous with the larynx and ___________.
esophagus
the thoracic cavity dimensions return their original size during _______.
exhalation
when the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, the intrapulmonary pressure increases and ___________ occurs.
exhalation
exhalation
expiration; forces gases out of the lungs
which of the following option is correctly identified as one of the major respiratory volumes?
expiratory reserve volume; inspiratory reserve volume; tidal volume; residual volume
Due to the damage to elastic tissues, a person with emphysema is a unable to ___ effectively.
expire
how does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temperatures
how does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temps
alveoli have a unique shape, best described as
hexagonal
alveoli have a unique shape, best described as _______________
hexagonal
alveoli have an unique shape, best described as ____________.
hexagonal
on the medial surface of each lung is an indented ________ through which a bronchus enters the lung
hilum
the __________ of the lung is where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels and nerves pass through
hilum
the visceral and parietal pleural layers are continuous at the ___________ of each lung
hilum
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right
horizontal fissure apex cardiac notch oblique fissure inferior lobe
The ___ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the ___ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe.
horizontal, oblique
the ______ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the _______ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe
horizontal, oblique
the _____ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the _____ fissure separates the middle from inferior lobe
horizontal; oblique
secondary lymphatic structures do...
house lymphocytes and other immune cells following their formation and provide the site where an immune response is initiated (surveillance)
lungs
house the bronchial tree and the respiratory portion of the respiratory system; located on the lateral sides of the thoracic cavity and are separated from each other by the mediastinum; lined by the pleura
Incomplete rings of __ __ support the wall of the primary bronchi to sure that they remain open.
hyaline cartilage
incomplete rings of ___________ ________________ support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.
hyaline cartilage
which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?
hydrogen ions carbon dioxide oxygen
which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?
hydrogen ions (protons); oxygen; carbon dioxide
The oropharynx extends from the soft palate superiorly to the___ inferiorly
hyoid bone
the oropharynx extends from the soft palate superiorly to the ________ inferiorly
hyoid bone
Which are potential consequences of hypoventilation
hypercapnia hypoxia
which are potential consequences of hypoventilation?
hypercapnia hypoxia
exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing
hypernea
a person hiking up to high altitudes may ___ in an attempt to gain more oxygen
hyperventilate
a person hiking up to high altitudes may ___________ in an attempt to gain more oxygen
hyperventilate
hyperventilation may cause a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide, also known as
hypocapnia
which of the following are consequences of hyperventilation?
hypocapnia respiratory alkalosis rising blood pH
which of the following are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation?
hypopnea, bradypnea
which higher brain areas are known to directly influence breathing rate
hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex
Airway obstruction can lead to hypoventilation, which can cause:
hypoxia and respiratory acidosis
certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. these areas are said to have ______ ______
immune privilege
even through alveolar air is drawn in from the atmosphere, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air are not equal to atmospheric air...
incoming air mixes with air in anatomical dead space oxygen diffuses out of the atmosphere and into the blood
even though alveolar air is drawn in from the atmosphere, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air are not equal to atmospheric air. which of the following are potential reasons?
incoming air mixes with air in anatomical dead space; oxygen diffuses out of the atmosphere and into the blood
the scalene muscles help to __________ the thoracic cavity dimensions
increase
according to henry's law, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid can be increased by which of the following methods?
increase the partial pressure of the gas
The result of inspiration is
increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure.
which of the following are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes?
increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2; increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF
effects of emphysema
increased lung compliance; reduced number of alveoli; increased physiologic dead space; reduced respiratory surface area
Which factors will reduce the volume of airflow
increased resistance to airflow smaller pressure gradient increased surface tension in alveoli
smoking results in which conditions
increased risk of respiratory infections increased risk of asthma
which of the following factors will reduce the volume of airflow?
increased surface tension; smaller pressure gradient; increased resistance to airflow
How does pneumonia affect the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange?
increased thickness of respiratory membrane
the complement system ______ the inflammatory response
increases
the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container ___________
increases
During expiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals:
increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity.
As blood flows through lung capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood ___ and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
increases, decreases
as blood flows through lung capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood __________ and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ____________
increases, decreases
function of pyrogens
induce fever
The cricoid cartilage is __ to the thyroid cartilage.
inferior
the vocal folds are the ___ set of ligaments, in the larynx, that produce sound
inferior
the dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls
inhalation
pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, __________ and _________
inspiration and expiration
inhalation
inspiration; draws gases into the lungs
pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases _____ and _____
inspiration; expiration
It is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following a resting state.It is calculated from the sum of inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volumeIC=IRV+TV
inspiratory capacity
a class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ________, also referred to as IFN
interferon
Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?
internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, serratus posterior inferior
the parietal pleura lines which of the following?
internal thoracic wall superior surface of the diaphragm lateral surface of the mediastinum
the pressure within the pleura cavity is known as the ____________ pressure.
intrapleural
auditory (Eustachian) tubes
paired structures in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx that connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear so air pressure can be equalized behind the ear drum
what forms the nasal cavity floor?
palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plate of the palatine bones
which of the following form the nasal cavity floor?
palatine process of maxillae; horizontal plate of the palatine bones
viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. they are called obligate intracellular_________
parasites
which are parts of the conduction portion of the respiratory system?
pharynx, trachea, and primary bronchi.
is the frequency of sound waves and is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds
pitch
the frequency of sound waves is called ________ and is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds
pitch
activated b-lymphocytes differentiate into ________ cells that produce antibodies
plasma
between the visceral and parietal pleura is a potential space called the ________ __________
pleural cavity
an inflammation of the pleural membranes is known as
pleurisy
a puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura is called a __________.
pneumothorax
which statements describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting conditions?
po2 of 40 mm Hg pco2 of 45 mm Hg relatively constant partial pressures
pneumotaxic center is located in the
pons
cytokines are
proteins
the breathing pattern at rest is known as _______ breathing
quiet
T-lymphocytes originate in ______ bone marrow
red
if a change in blood chemistry causes less oxygen to be bound to hemoglobin at a specific po2 then the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve is said to be shifted to the
right
the ___________ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one
right
deoxygenated blood is pumped from the _________ through the pulmonary trunk into __________ which enter the lungs.
right ventricle, pulmonary arteries
deoxygenated blood is pumped from the _________ through the pulmonary trunk into ___________ which enter the lungs
right ventricle, pulmonary arteries
a lot of air forced through the ______ ________ produces a loud sound
rima glottidis
a lot of air forced through the ________ ________ produces a loud sound
rima glottidis
a lot of air forced through the ________ ____________ produces a loud sound.
rima glottidis
bronchodilation
smooth muscle relaxation that dilates bronchioles
The most common form of lung cancer is ___ ___ carcinoma.
squamous cell
the ________ is the primary nerve that innervates the larynx
vagus
the closing of the epiglottis over the larynx along with the simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the ____________ _____________, results in an increase abdominal pressure
valsalva maneuver
The region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific is the _________ region.
variable
The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the ____________ region.
variable
the region of antibody that makes it antigen-specific is the ___________ region.
variable
thyroid cartilage
the largest cartilage in the larynx, which forms only the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx; has no posterior component and is formed from hyaline cartilage
bronchopulmonary segments
the left and right lungs may be partitioned into these, each with their own tertiary bronchus, surrounded by connective tissue, and each with its own arterial and venous blood supply
There are 15-20 C-shaped __ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea.
tracheal
there are 15-20 c-shaped __________ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea
tracheal
there are 15-20 c-shaped ____________ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea.
tracheal
The posterior sides of the tracheal C-shaped pieces of cartilage are bound together by the
trachealis muscle
"Breathing" is more formally known as pulmonary __.
ventilation
Breathing is more formally known as pulmonary ____.
ventilation
during exercise when one is breathing deeply and forcibly the is activated
ventral respiratory group
during normal quiet breathing, the ___________ is inactive and exhalation is a passive event that does not require nervous stimulation
ventral respiratory group
near the vestibule of the nose are coarse hairs called _________
vibrissae
the total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs by forced breathing is known as the ________ _________.
vital capacity
The trachea is more commonly called the __.
windpipe
the trachea is more commonly called the ____.
windpipe
the trachea is more commonly called the ___________.
windpipe
the nasal septum is formed by which of the following?
-vomer -septal nasal cartilage -perpendicular plate
At rest, a normal person breathes about _____ times per minute.
12
restful breathing has a typical rate of ___________ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of _________ mL.
12-15, 500
The left lung has __ secondary bronchi since it has __ lobes; the right lung has __ lobes and __ secondary bronchi.
2, 2, 3, 3
the left lung has _____ secondary bronchi since it has ______ lobes; the right lung has ____ lobes and the ______ secondary bronchi
2, 2, 3, 3
which of the following statements is true regarding memory in humoral immunity?
2. memory b-lymphocytes are found mainly in the lymph nodes
during normal circulation, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries is released to the tissues?
25%
during normal conditions, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries
25%
How many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?
3
During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from __ mm Hg to 40 mm Hg
45
During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from __ mmHg to 40 mmHg.
45
During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from ________ mm Hg to 40 mm Hg.
45
during external respiration the pco2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from ____ mm Hg to 40 mm Hg
45
Which is a typical value for the systemic tissue partial pressure of carbon dioxide?
45 mm Hg
During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from ___ mm Hg to ___ mm Hg.
45, 40
What is the tidal volume of a typical adult?
500 mL
what is the tidal volume of a typical adult?
500 ml
Total lung volume in males averages __________.
6.0 liters
the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response
Haptens is
How does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temperature
pulmonary ventilation
breathing; the movement of air into and out of the respiratory system
The apex of the lung projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior to the bone called the __.
clavicle
which are symptoms of asthma?
coughing shortness of breath wheezing
which are the symptoms of asthma?
coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
visceral pleura
covers the outer surface of each lung; continuous at the hilum of each lung
the ring shaped ________ cartilage of the inferior portion of the larynx connects to the trachea inferiorly
cricoid
the ring shaped _________ cartilage of the inferior portion of the larynx connects to the trachea inferiorly
cricoid
secondary bronchi
each primary bronchus branches into these; the left lung has two, since it has two lobes; the right lung has three, since it has three lobes
Expiration involves
elastic recoil of the lungs.
In ventilation-perfusion coupling, pulmonary arterioles dilate under what conditions?
elevated oxygen in alveoli
Alveolar macrophages
engulf microorganisms or particulate material that has reached the alveoli
The letter A indicated the __ sinus and letter C indicates the __ sinus.
ethmoidal, frontal
the superior region of the nasal cavity is covered with ________, which contains receptors for smell
olfactory epithelium
alveolar type 2 II cells secrete:
pulmonary surfactant
which are characteristics of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
originate in hyoid bone or sternum stabilize larynx help with swallowing
which are the characteristics of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
originiate in hyoid bone or sternum, stabilize larynx, help with swallowing
the __________ is a common respiratory and digestive pathway through which both air and swallowed food and drink pass
oropharynx
the oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the _______ and returns to the _________.
pulmonary veins, left atrium
the thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of ___________.
testosterone
thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of
testosterone
At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries
the P(O2) is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
laryngeal prominence
the V-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage; commonly referred to as the Adam's apple; the growth of this is stimulated by testosterone, thus, it is usually prominent and larger in males after puberty
alveoli
the alveolar ducts terminate into these; arise from both the respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar ducts; specialized to promote diffusion of gases between themselves and the surrounding pulmonary capillaries; oxygen diffuses from these to the pulmonary capillaries so it can be carried by erythrocytes to the body's metabolically active tissues; carbon dioxide diffuses out of pulmonary capillaries into these so it can be exhaled; apporximately 300-400 million of these in the lungs
in which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?
the alveolar volume
vestibule
the anterior region of the nasal cavity, near the nostrils
Histamine is:
the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation
The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the __-__ __ curve.
oxygen, hemoglobin, saturation
While ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down ___ ____ gradients.
partial pressure
while ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down ___________ ______________ gradients
partial pressure
activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using:
perforins and granzymes
superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _______ and posterior to the larynx is the ______.
trachea; esophagus
the posterior sides of the tracheal C-shaped cartilages are bound together by the
trachealis muscle
the posterior sides of the tracheal C-shaped pieces of cartilage are bound together by the
trachealis muscle
Lysozyme attacks the cell wall of gram-______ bacteria
positive
T-lymphocytes that can bind with thyme epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called:
positive selection
Airflow is a function of what two factors?
pressure gradient and resistance
Pulmonary surfactant coats the inner alveolar surface to reduce surface tension and _______
prevent their collapse
pulmonary surfactant coats the inner alveolar surface to reduce surface tension and
prevent their collapse
at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into left and right ___________
primary bronchi
which of the following are considered part of anatomic dead space?
primary bronchi, trachea, secondary and tertiary bronchi
vestibular folds
the superior ligaments of the larynx (vestibular ligaments), along with the mucous membrane covering them; also known as the false vocal cords because they have no function in sound production
superior nasal conchae
the superior part of the nasal conchae that is part of the ethmoid
nasopharynx
the superiormost region of the pharynx and is located directly posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate, which separates it from the posterior part of the oral cavity; lined with ciliated epithelium; food and drink is blocked from going down this cavity by the elevation of the soft palate and uvula; normally, only air passes through this
primary bronchi
the trachea bifurcates into these two smaller tubes at the level of the sternal angle; each projects laterally toward each lung; the left leaves at a more acute angle than the right, which is shorter, wider, and has a more vertical position (inhaled foreign objects or vomit are more likely to travel down into the right lobes of the lungs than the left lobes); incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage support the walls of this to ensure they remain open
Classical pathway:
the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies
Autoimmune disorders:
the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and non self-antigens
Alveolar ventilation is different from pulmonary ventilation. Why is this the case?
the ventilation of anatomic dead space reduces the ventilation of the alveoli
what prevents small bronchioles from collapsing?
their small diameter
what prevents the small bronchioles from collapsing?
their small diameter
In a healthy person, what effect would administration of pure oxygen have on oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
there would be almost no effect
In a healthy person, what effect would administration of pure oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
there would be almost no effect
whats a similarity between peripheral and central chemoreceptors?
they both monitor pH changes
alveolar ducts
thin airways formed by the division of respiratory bronchioles that eventually terminate into alveolus
Which factors may make the chest wall or lungs less elastic and therefore increase resistance to airflow?
thoracic cage arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, vertebral column malformation
which of the following factors may make the chest wall or lungs less elastic and therefore increase resistance to airflow?
thoracic cage arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, vertebral column malformation
The right lung has ________ lobes, and the left lung has ________ lobes.
three, two
There are __________ lobes in the right lung and __________ lobes in the left lung.
three; two
the ______________ membrane attaches the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone
thyrohyoid
the growth of the _______ cartilage is stimulated by testosterone, this, the adams apple is usually prominent and larger in males after puberty
thyroid
The largest unpaired laryngeal cartilage is the
thyroid cartilage
What is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages that form most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
cartilages from mouth to chest
thyroid then cricoid then tracheal
the circulating blood concentration of antibody against a specific antigen is referred to as the antibody_____
titer
the concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ________
titer
the concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ____________________
titer.
which anatomical structus aid sound production?
tongue lips paranasal sinuses teeth nasal cavity
respiratory acidosis occurs when blood carbon dioxide levels are ___________
too high
the _________ is also known as the "windpipe"
trachea
Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _________________ and posterior to the larynx is the __________.
trachea, esophagus
True or False: the vestibular folds that attach to the corniculate cartilage protect the vocal folds
true
increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere would have little effect on the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
true
plasma cells are b-cells that produce antibodies
true
the vocal folds of the larynx are called the
true vocal cords
True or false: chemoreceptor reflexes, pco2, is the most important factor in affecting breathing depth and rate
truew
The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar ___ cell
type 1
the predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar __ cell
type 1
the respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar _________ _________ cell.
type 1
The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar __ cell.
type I
The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar ____________ cell.
type I
the closing of the epiglottis is over the larynx along with simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the _____ ________, results in an increase abdominal pressure
vasalva maneuver
which are potential consequences of hypocapnia
vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the brain
The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by
visceral pleura
the outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by
visceral pleura
The total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs by forced breathing is known as the __ __.
vital capacity
The total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs by forced breathing is known as the ___ ___
vital capacity
the trachea is more commonly called the _________
windpipe.
which events are occurring during quiet inhalation?
intrapleural pressure is decreasing; pleural cavity volume is increasing; the lungs are expanding; intrapulmonary pressure is falling
The lungs remain inflated because:
intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.
which is always higher, intrapulmonary pressure or intrapleural pressure?
intrapulmonary
The reason air flows out of the body during expiration is that during that time:
intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
the secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called _____ bronchi.
lobar
the secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called _________ bronchi
lobar
the secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called __________ bronchi.
lobar bronchi
each bronchopulmonary segment is divided into many
lobues
each bronchopulmonary segment is divided into many ________________.
lobules
lingual tonsils
located at the base of the tongue and provide the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials
palatine tonsils
located on the lateral wall of the oropharynx and provide the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials
lymph nodes
located within the connective tissue of lungs as well as around the bronchi and pleura; collect carbon , dust particles, and pollutants that were not filtered out by the ciliated epithelium; the lymphatic drainage of the right lung drains into the right lymphatic duct, while the lymphatic drainage of the left lung drains into the thoracic duct
The __ the vocal fold, the deeper the voice.
longer
the ________ the vocal fold, the deeper the voice
longer
If two regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ___ pressure
lower
The partial pressure of oxygen is __ in the pulmonary arteries than in the pulmonary veins
lower
The trachea is part of the __ respiratory system.
lower
the trachea is part of the ____ respiratory system
lower
which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?
lowered PCO2, lowered temperature, elevated pH
gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the ____________ and systemic cells
lungs
secondary lymphatic structures
lymph nodes, sleep, tonsils, lymphatic nodules and MALT
which are found in the mucous lining the respiratory tract?
lysozome, defensins, immunoglobulins, mucin
macrophages
phagocytize foreign substances
____________ tonsils are also called adenoids
pharyngeal
the ________ tonsils are also called adenoids
pharyngeal
tonsils are also called the adenoids
pharyngeal
The choanae lead into the
pharynx
which of the following events are occurring during quiet exhalation?
pleural cavity volume is decreasing; intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure
A condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity is called a ____.
pneumothorax
A puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura creates a condition a ____.
pneumothorax
a puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura creates a condition known a
pneumothorax
Put the following structures in order:
primary bronchus secondary bronchus tertiary bronchus bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveoli
signals from ____ in joints, muscles, and tendons may trigger hyperpnea during exercise
proprioceptors
movement may increase breathing rate by stimulating ________ within joints and muscles
proprioreceptors
A membrane attack complex is the name for a:
protein channel
complement system is made of 30 different:
proteins
respiratory system
provides the means for gas exchange required by living cells; oxygen must be supplied without interruption and carbon dioxide is generated as waste
symptoms of altitude sickness
pulmonary edema; nausea; headache
which of the following conditions can increase airway resistance?
pulmonary fibrosis, thoracic cage arthritis, decreased elasticity of the chest wall
Alveolar type 2 cells secrete ___________ __________.
pulmonary surfactant
the term ________ ____________ is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. the same term may also refer to the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minutes
pulmonary ventilation
Severe symptoms of altitude sickness include __ edema and ____ edema.
pulmonary, cerebral
Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte ________.
recirculation
Which are among the four continuous and stimitaneous processes of respiration?
systemic gas exchange, gas transport, alveolar gas exchange, pulmonary ventitilation
what is the effect of the oxygen reserve on the body's ability to undergo vigorous exercise?
the oxygen reserve is used when PO2 falls very low in exercising tissue
As blood travels through a systemic capillary and exchanges gases with systemic cells:
the partial pressure of oxygen in blood decreases as it goes from arterioles to venules.
conducting portion
the portion of the respiratory system that transports air; includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, progressively smaller airways (from the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles)
respiratory portion
the portion of the respiratory system where gas exchange with the blood occurs; composed of small airways (respiratory bronchioles), alveolar ducts, air sacs called alveoli
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
the posterior nasopharynx houses this tonsil that is commonly called the adenoids
pleural cavity
the potential space between the serous membrane layers of the pleura; when the lungs are fully inflated, this is a potential space because the visceral and parietal pleurae are almost in contact with one another; the pressure here is lower than that in the lungs, this partial vacuum causes the visceral and parietal pleurae to pull toward each other
which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
the presence of hemoglobin; the solubility coefficient of oxygen
Endocytosis:
the process that brings an exogenous antigen into a cell
what information is described by the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?
the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin saturation with oxygen
tertiary bronchi
the secondary bronchi divide into these, which in turn divide into even smaller bronchi
why is hemoglobin necessary to carry oxygen in the blood?
the solubility coefficient of oxygen is very low
Alveolar capillaries are primary sources of
angiotensin-converting enzyme
ventral respiratory group is located
anterior part of medulla oblongata
the trachea is ________ to the esophagus, _______ to the larynx, and _________ to the primary bronchi
anterior, inferior, superior
PLASMA CELLS
antibodies that are produced by activated B cells
Fetal hemoglobin has a _____ affinity for oxygen than mature hemoglobin.
higher
During inhalation, air flows from region of __ pressire (the atmosphere) into a region of __ pressure within the lungs (the intrapulmonary region)
higher to lower
what are the potential consequences of hypoventilation?
hypoxia and hypercapnia
skin is an example of
innate immunity
the ________ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air
nose
the __________ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air.
nose
which of the following are symptoms are hyperventilation?
numbness; dizziness; coma
The ___ fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung.
oblique
the ___________ fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung
oblique
the second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because
of the presence of memory B cells
the superior region of the nasal cavity is covered with ___________ which contains receptors for smell.
olfactory epithelium
the superior region of the nasal cavity is covered with _____________ which contains receptors for smell.
olfactory epithelium
nostrils (external nares)
open on the inferior surface of the nose
What is it called when antibodies coat a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it?
opsonization
what is it called when antibodies coat a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it?
opsonization
The Hering-Breuer reflexes protect against __________.
overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing
which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin
oxygen carbon dioxide hydrogen ions (protons)
How does oxygen binding to one site on hemoglobin affect the binding of oxygen to the remaining sites?
oxygen can bind more easily
how does oxygen binding to one site on hemoglobin affect the binding of oxygen to the remaining sites?
oxygen can bind more easily
which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?
oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood
The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the __ ___ ____ curve.
oxygen hemoglobin saturation
the effects of exercise on blood oxygen?
oxygen remains relatively constant during exercise
the oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is known as the
oxygen reserve
the oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is known as the _________ ____________.
oxygen reserve
Which substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin? Oxygen Hydrogen ions (protons) Bicarbonate ions Carbon dioxide
oxygen, hydrogen ions (protons), carbon dioxide
the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the ____ curve
oxygen-hemoglobin saturation
Hb02 is an abbreviation for
oxyhemoglobin
paranasal sinuses
paired air spaces that are contained within four bones of the skull; decrease skull bone weight; all communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts and are lined by ciliated epithelium with overlying mucus; frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
internal nares
paired openings within the nose that makes it so that the nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasopharynx
Multiplying the atmospheric pressure by the fraction of a gas in the atmosphere yields the ______ pressure of the gas
partial
Dalton's law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the ___ ____ of the individual gases.
partial pressure
inflammation
-- activates mast cells & basophils -- attracts neutrophils and macrophages
__ is inflammation of the larynx.
Laryngitis
MHC class 2 molecules are synthesized by the:
RER
Nose
main conducting airway for inhaled air.
hilum
the medial surface of the lung
Which of the following are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?
- Alveolar gas exchange - System gas exchange - Gas transport - Pulmonary ventilation
which of the following are potential causes of hyperventilation?
- conscious control of breathing muscles - ascending to high altitude - a panic attack
which of the following are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood
- dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma -as bicarbonate -bound to hemoglobin
Lymphatic System Functions
- return of excess fluid -defense against disease - transportation of absorbed fats - return of filtered proteins - (works with other systems)
Which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
- the solubility coefficient of oxygen - presence of hemoglobin
Which drugs are useful in treating asthma?
-Allergy shots -Oral steroids -Inhaled steroids
which are functions of the larynx?
-Blocks food and drink from entering airway. -serves as a passageway for air. -Produces sound for speech.
Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?
-Blood & Alveoli -Blood & Systemic Tissues
What prevents the trachea from collapsing?
The c-shaped cartilaginous rings
How is the range of sound determined?
The length and thickness of the vocal folds.
Which of the two lungs is larger and wider?
The right lung
lymph node
filters lymph
The __ is also known as the "windpipe".
trachea
The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the ___ ____
Partial Pressure
there are several ways to measure pressure. standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. What is this in pounds per square inch?
14.7
The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the ____ _____.
partial pressure
Place the gases below in order of solubility, most soluble to least soluble.
1. CO2 2. O2 3. N2
Which describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting conditions?
1. Relatively constant partial pressure; 2. PCO2 of 45mm Hg ; and 3. PO2 of 40mm Hg
an immune cell is observed to present antigen to naive helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes...
1. cell is an antigen-presenting cell 2. cell may be a macrophage 3. cell may be a dendritic cell 4. cell may be a B-lymphocyte
functions of the larynx
1. serves as a passageway for air 2. produces sound for speech 3. blocks food and drink from entering airway
which of the following are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?
1. systemic gas exchange 2. alveolar gas exchange 3. gas transport 4. pulmonary ventilation
Which statement about the nasopharynx is true?
1/ The nasopharynx contains the opening to the auditory tubes. 2/ The nasopharynx contains ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. 3/ The nasopharynx begins at the internal nares.
Which of the following is a part of the upper respiratory system?
1/ oropharynx 2/ paranasal sinuses 3/ internal nares
Which of the following basic functions of the respiratory system?
1/ removing waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the blood 2/ producing sound 3/ providing a large surface area for gas exchange
the right lung has ________ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ________ tertiary bronchi
10 8-10
the right lung has _________ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ________ tertiary bronchi.
10, 8-10
Which is a typical value for the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen
104 mm hg
In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ____ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ___ mm Hg.
104; 40
In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ____mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ____mm Hg.
104; 40
in external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. the PO2 in the alveoli is __________ mm Hg, which the PO2 in the blood is _______ mmHg
104; 40
In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ________ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ________ mm Hg.
104;40
resting breathing has a typical rate of ____ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of ____ ml
12-15, 500
a normal breathing rate is ____ to ____ breaths per minute
12; 20
There are several ways to measure pressure. Standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. What is this in pounds per square inch?
14.7
There are several ways to measure pressure. Standard atmospheric pressure is 760mm Hg. What is this in pounds per square inch?
14.7
The lining of the alveolus is coated with an oily secretion called __________.
surfactant
tracheal cartilages
15-20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage rings that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea; reinforce and provide some rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open (patent) at all times
Each lung contains about __________ alveoli, giving the lungs a spongy appearance.
150 mil
how many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?
3
the lungs contain approximately __________ alveoli
300-400 million
Which is a typical value for the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide?
40 mm Hg
Which is a typical value for the systemic tissue partial pressure of oxygen?
40 mm Hg
During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decrease from _________mm Hg to 40 mm Hg
45
During normal circulation, hemoglobin is ___ saturated in blood entering the lungs?
75%
During normal circulation, what is the percent oxygen-hemoglobin saturation in systemic blood returning to the lungs?
75%
when lungs are at rest, the intrapulmonary pressure is 760 mm Hg (equal to atmospheric pressure). What is the pressure inside the pleural cavity?
754 mm Hg
The atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which value?
760 mm Hg
The atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which value?
760 mmHg
the atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which value?
760 mmHg
In internal respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the blood is ___ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the tissues is ___ mm Hg.
95; 40
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A Terminal Bronchiole B Alveolar Duct C Respiratory bronchiole D Alveoli
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A Thyroid cartilage B Arytenoid cartilage C cricoid cartilage D vocal ligaments
You may have noticed that after a large meal you have had some difficulty breathing. Which explanation is most accurate with regard to this situation?
A full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm, limiting inhalation.
Cardiac Impression
A medial surface indentation on the left lung due to the apex of the heart.
What forms the posterior part of the nasal septum?
A thin, bony sheet formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superiorly) and the vomer bone (inferiorly) forms the posterior part of the nasal septum
The respiratory portion of the lungs is composed of which structures? A) Alveolar ducts B) Respiratory bronchioles C) Terminal bronchiole D) Alveoli
A) Alveolar ducts B) Respiratory bronchioles D) Alveoli
The _____ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles. A) Bronchial tree B) Larynx C) Alveolar ducts D) Trachea.
A) Bronchial tree.
Which might require a tracheotomy? A) Difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury B) An upper airway obstruction C) A lower airway obstruction D) Respiratory disease.
A) Difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury B) An upper airway obstruction D) Respiratory Disease
Which are symptoms of asthma? A) Shortness of breath B) Wheezing C) Bronchodilation D) Coughing
A) Shortness of breath B) Wheezing D) Coughing
resonating
Besides functioning in filtration, conditioning, and olfaction, the nasal cavity is a __________________ chamber that contributes to sound production.
The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar ______ cell. A) Type I B) Type II C) Surfactant D) Type III
A) Type I
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A- arytenoid cartilage B- corniculate cartilage C- epiglottis D- cricoid cartilage
Match the letter on the left that corresponds to the tonsils on the right.
A- lingual B- palatine C- pharyngeal
bronchi
All ______________________ have incomplete rings of cartilage which become fewer and fewer as bronchi branch and become smaller and are lined with ciliated epithelium. A complete ring of smooth muscle develops between the mucosa of the airways and the cartilaginous support in the wall. They branch into smaller and smaller tubules that eventually reach a diameter of less than 1 millimeter.
1. the TCR binds a peptide displayed with an MHC class 1 molecule of an infected cell. 2. clones of the cytotoxic t-lymphocytes are produced
All occur during activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
What do the sinuses communicate with?
All sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts and are lined with the same pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the nasal cavity
Which drugs are useful in treating asthma?
Allergy shots, inhaled steroids, oral steroids
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
Allows the air to be remain in the nasal cavity for longer period due to the tuburlence which allows it to get cleansed and conditioned
Where are the nasal conchae?
Along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are the three paired bony projections, the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
The smallest respiratory bronchioles are subdivided into thin airways called _____ _____.
Alveolar ducts.
The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ___ ___.
Alveolar pores
The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called _______ ______.
Alveolar pores.
What are the two types of alveolar cells?
Alveolar type 1 cell Alveolar type II cell
Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as ___________.
Bicarbonate
The respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called _______.
Alveoli
Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Alveoli
Choanae
An opening in the nasal cavity that is very posteriorly and leads to the pharynx.
What are the three small paired cartilage in the larynx?
Arytenoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Cuneiform cartilage ALL of them are composed of hyaline cartilage.
sound, smell, olfactory, infection, hairs, trap, mucus
As air is forced out of the lungs and moves through the larynx, __________________ may be produced, such as speech or singing. Other anatomic structures aid sound production: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth, lips, and tongue. The superior region of the nasal cavity is covered with olfactory epithelium, which contains chemoreceptors for the sense of _________________. These chemoreceptors detect inhaled molecules that dissolve in the mucus overlying the ________________________ epithelium. The structure of the respiratory, and some of the cells in the respiratory epithelium, protects the body against airborne ____________________________. Entrance to the nose is lined with coarse _________________. Twisted passageways _______________ insects and microbes. Numerous cells are found in the epithelium that produce mucus and lysozyme (an enzyme that destroys microbial cell walls). The _______________ traps inhaled dust, microbes, insects, and pollen. Defensive mucus production can increase when large quantities of irritating materials enter
Air through the nasal conchae and meatus
As inhaled air passes over constricted, narrow grooves in each meatus, the inhaled air becomes turbulent. Increased turbulence ensure that the air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time, so that the air becomes warmed and humidified. Because the conchae help produce this turbulence, they are sometimes called the "turbinate" bones
conditioned, warmed, humidified, cleansed, twisted, turbulent
As inhaled gases pass through conducting airways the gases are _______________________ prior to reaching the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs. The gases are _____________________ to body temperature. The gases are ______________________ (moistened). The gases are __________________________ of particulate matter through contact with the respiratory epithelium and its sticky mucus covering. This conditioning is facilitated by the ______________________ pathways through the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, which cause the inhaled air to become very ______________________ during inhalation.
inhale, exhalation, diaphragm, contracts, elevation, depression
As you _______________, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity generally increase, forming a larger space for the expanding lungs. During ______________________, your thoracic cavity dimensions return to their original size. Thus the thoracic cavity becomes larger during inhalation and smaller during exhalation. Vertical dimension changes occur with movements of the ____________________, which forms the rounded floor of the thoracic cavity. As you inhale, the diaphragm _____________________ so that its dome-shaped central portion flattens and moves inferiorly to press against the abdominal viscera. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original position. Lateral dimension changes occur with the rib movements. ___________________________ of the ribs increases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity, while _________________________ of the ribs decreases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
16, 500, muscular, inhalation, circulatory, lungs, exhalation
At rest, a normal adult breathes about ________ times per minute. Approximately ________ milliliters (one-half liter) of air are exchanged with the atmosphere per breath. The airflow exchange is caused by the ________________________ actions associated with inhalation and exhalation, as well as by differences in atmospheric air pressure and lung air pressure. Oxygen in the air is drawn into the lungs by ___________________. Oxygen is transported to the body cells from the lungs by blood circulating through the ____________________ system. Cells use the oxygen and generate carbon dioxide as a waste product. Blood transports the carbon dioxide from the body cells to the ________________. Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere during _________________________.
_________ _________ result when the immune system does not have tolerance for a specific self-antigen and attacks the cells
Autoimmune Disorders
the lungs contain approx. ______ alveoli. A) 300 - 400 B) 300 - 400 million C) 300 - 400 thousand
B) 300 - 400 million
Which drugs are useful in treating asthma? A) Bronchoconstrictors B) Allergy shots C) Inhaled steroids D) Oral steroids
B) Allergy shots C) Inhaled steroids D) Oral steroids
The alveoli have thin walls specialised to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the _____. A) Alveolar ducts B) Capillaries C) Respiratory bronchioles
B) Capillaries
Alveoli has a unique shape, best described as _____. A) Square B) Hexagonal C) Triangular D) Circular
B) Hexagonal
Which is not part of the upper respiratory system? A) Nose B) Larynx C) Pharynx D) Nasal cavity
B) Larynx
The trachea is part of the ______ respiratory system. A) Upper B) Lower
B) Lower
Which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? A) Alveoli B) Primary bronchi C) Trachea D) Pharynx
B) Primary bronchi C) Trachea D) Pharynx
The mucosa lining the trachea is made of what type of tissue? A) Stratified cuboidal epithelium B) Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium C) Simple columnar epithelium
B) Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The ______ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one. A) Left B) Right
B) Right
The bronchioles are no longer lined with pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi are lined with _____ epithelium. A) Simple squamous B) Simple columnar C) Pseudo-stratified
B) Simple columnar
Which characteristics are shared among all the bronchi? A) All bronchi are lined with simple columnar epithelium B)The amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter C) A complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage D) The epithelium changes from pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar to ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller.
B) The amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter C) A complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage D) The epithelium changes from pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar to ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller.
Which are functions of the larynx?
Blocks food and drink from entering airway, produces sound for speech, serves as a passageway for air
Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?
Blood and systemic tissues; Blood and alveoli
Antigen-presenting cells display:
Both MHC class 1 and 2 molecules
Glottis
Both the vocal fold and the rim glottidis.
the movement of gases into and out of the respiratory system follows ____________ law
Boyle's
There are two forms of hypoventilation, ___________ when breathing is too low, and __________ in which breathing is too shallow.
Bradypnea, Hypopnea
The _______ _____ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles.
Bronchial Tree
Inflammation of the bronchi caused by a virus or bacterial infection is called ______.
Bronchitis.
The right lung has ______ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ______ tertiary bronchi. A) 8-10, 10 B) 8, 10 C) 10, 8-10 D) 8-10, 8
C) 10, 8-10
Dust cells are also called ______. A) Alveolar type I cells B) Alveolar type II cells C) Alveolar macrophages
C) Alveolar macrophages
Respiration affects all conditions except ________. A) Blood levels of carbon dioxide B) Venous return of blood C) Blood K+ levels D) Blood levels of oxygen.
C) Blood K+ levels
The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the ______. A) Lymph B) Respiratory bronchiole C) Blood D) Alveolar duct
C) Blood.
Which are found in the walls of bronchioles? A) Small plates of cartilage B) Rings of cartilage C) Smooth muscle D) Large plates of cartilage
C) Smooth muscle
Respiratory portion
Gas exchange with the blood occurs. Includes: Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli
Place the gases below in order of solubility, most soluble to least soluble.
CO2, O2, N2
Place the gases in order of solubility, from most soluble to least soluble.
CO2, O2, N2
Hemoglobin binds not only to oxygen, but also protons and __________ ___________.
Carbon dioxide
Gases most soluble to least soluble
Carbon dioxide (CO2), Oxygen2 (O2), Nitrogen (N2)
What statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli
which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli.
Tracheal cartilages (Anatomy)
Cartilage that is C-shaped or ring shaped covering the trachea anteriorly and laterally.
The process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells
Chemotaxis
Vibrissae
Coarse hairs near the vestibule that help trap larger particles.
Defense of the respiratory system
Coarse hairs, and twisted passageways prevent large particles, microorganisms and insects from entering.
Pharynx
Commonly called the throat, is the space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Funnel shaped.
Vocal ligaments
Composed of elastic connective tissue and extend all the way to the arytenoid cartilage. Called true vocal cords and produce sound.
Nasal conchae increase what?
Conchae increase surface area of mucosal membrane in the nasal cavity
Nasopharynx (FUNCTION & LINING)
Conducts air Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Laryngopharynx (FUNCTION & LINING)
Conducts air & passageway for food and drink Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?
Gas transport, alveolar gas exchange, systemic gas exchange, pulmonary ventilation.
Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection
Diapedesis
Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscle of the bronchioles ________.
Dilate
A partial pressure _________ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.
Gradient
Anular ligaments
Elastic connective tissue sheets that connect the tracheal cartilages to each other.
Tracheal cartilages (Function)
Ensures rigidity to the tracheal wall and ensures the trachea remains open.
Which options are correctly identified as functions of the respiratory system?
Exchange of O2 and CO2; detection of odors; air passageway; sound production
External respiration
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood. Oxygen in the atmosphere is inhaled into the lungs.
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between the blood and cells of the body. Blood transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
Laryngopharynx (CHARACTERISTIC)
Extends inferiorly from the level of the hyoid bone
a healthy person should be able to expel 75-85 of the vital capacity in 1 second. This measure of respiratory health
FEV1 (forced expiratory volume)
As the diaphragm relaxes, it is depressed (moves inferiorly).
False
Bronchoconstriction results from relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of airways.
False
Depression of the ribs increases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
False
Hemoglobin is able to transport carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen ions at the same time without affecting each other.
False
Hyperventilation leads to hypercapnia.
False
If a partial pressure gradient exists between two regions for a given gas, then the gas moves from the region of its lower partial pressure to the region of its higher partial pressure.
False
In general, respiratory zone structures are lined with a thicker mucosa than conducting zone structures.
False
The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli is equal to the partial pressures of these gases in the atomosphere.
False
The trachea extends inferiorly through the neck into the mediastinum and lies immediately posterior to the esophagus and the sternum.
False
True or False: The volumes measured with a spirometer should be fairly consistent throughout the life of an individual.
False
When a partial pressure gradient exists for a gas, it will move from the area of its lower partial pressure to the area of higher partial pressure.
False
True or false: Primary bronchi have less cartilage than tertiary bronchi.
False.
true or false: a person breathing fast during a foot race is most likely hyperventilating?
False: rapid breathing is only hyperventilation if the rate exceeds demand
true or false: over use of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number one cause of laryngitis?
False: viral or bacterial infections is the number one cause of laryngitis
True or False: Overuse of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number 1 cause for laryngitis.
False; Viral or bacterial infection is the #1 cause.
All IgM antibodies have what region in common?
Fc
Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells?
Fc
which region of an antibody helps activate complement?
Fc
What are some of the functions of the nasal cavity?
Filtration (defense) Conditioning Olfaction Sound production
What is the pharynx a common pathway for?
For most of its length, the pharynx is the common pathway for both inhaled and exhaled air (the respiratory system) and ingested food (the digestive system)
Paranasal Sinuses
Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces superiorly called the paranasal sinuses, which together decrease skull bone weight (decrease weight of skull). These are the "holes in the head" called the frontal sinus and sphenoidal sinus
If the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, what phrase describes the net movement of oxygen?
From alveoli to blood
Which bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?
Frontal bone Nasal bones Cribriform plate of ethmoid Sphenoid bone
The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior.
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla
In addition to gas exchange, what else does the respiratory system function in?
Gas conditioning Sound production Olfaction Defense
Thyroid cartilage
Largest laryngeal cartilage and is shield like. Seen from the anterior view of the larynx.
__________ is an inflammation of the larynx.
Laryngitis
Which two regions of the pharynx conduct both air and food?
Laryngopharynx Oropharynx
The _______ is also called the voice box.
Larynx
which is not part of the upper respiratory system?
Larynx
Which structures is the lower respiratory tract composed of?
Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts and alveoli
Oropharynx (CHARACTERISTICS)
Lingual tonsils on anterior of oropharynx Is between the soft palate and hyoid bone
where are complement proteins synthesized?
Liver
The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.
Lobar
The _______ the vocal fold, the deeper the voice.
Longer
Vestibular ligaments
Longer intrinsic ligaments that extend further to the corniculate cartilage.
If 2 regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ________ pressure.
Lower
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right. Letter C indicates the entire organe
Lumen of trachea Mucosa Trachea
Gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the ___ and systemic cells.
Lungs
Gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the ________ and systemic cells.
Lungs
Which of the following increases the odds that a specific lymphocyte will encounter its specific antigen?
Lymphocyte Recirculation
At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into right and left _____ _____ .
Main bronchi.
which are found in the mucous lining the respiratory tract?
Mucin lysozyme defensins immunoglobulin
What are the two primary structures that primarily warm and humidify the air we inhale?
Nasal Cavity Paranasal sinuses
Which region of the pharynx is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Nasopharynx
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx (top layer) Oropharynx (middle layer) Laryngopharynx (inferior layer)
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Never Open Lions
Paired nostrils/nares
Open on the inferior surface of the nose Nostrils/Nares = External nare
Which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood.
Which statement accurately describes alveolar exchange of oxygen?
Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen.
Which statement describes the net movement of oxygen during internal respiration?
Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues
Even though alveolar air is drawn in from the atmosphere, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air are not equal to atmospheric air. Which of the following are potential reasons?
Oxygen diffuses out of the atmosphere and into the blood. Incoming air mixes with air in anatomical dead space.
The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the __-__ ___ curve
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation
The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the __________ ________ ________ curve.
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation
If P1 and V1 represent the initial conditions, and P2 and V2 represent the changed conditions for pressure and volume, Boyle's law would state:
P1V1=P2V2
which statements describes the partial pressures of system cells under resting conditions?
PCO2 of 45 mmHg, PO2 of 40 mmHg, relatively constant partial pressures
Which bones form the floor of the nasal cavity?
Palatine process of the maxillae Hard palate
Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscle of the bronchioles _________.
Relaxes
the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract includes which of the following?
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts alveoli
What statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?
Respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients.
Which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?
Respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients.
The terminal bronchioles conduct air into the _____ bronchioles.
Respiratory.
Trachea
Rigid tubular organ often referred to as the windpipe.
Match the structure on the left with the structure on the right (vocal)
Rima Glottidis Vestibular Folds Vocal folds
If all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% __________.
Saturated
Alveolar type II cell
Secret a fluid composed of lipids and proteins that costs the inner alveolar surface.
Pleura
Simple Squamous epithelium.
How is stalled food prevented from entering the nasopharynx?
Skeletal muscles in the soft palate contract after swallowing which seals it off.
Alveolar pores
Small openings in the alveoli walls.
Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas is dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and its ___ ___
Solubility Coefficient
The ________ _________ of a gas depends on the interactions between the molecules of the gas and the molecules of the liquid.
Solubility Coefficient
Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?
Spleen
What are the three paired bony projections in the nasal cavity?
Superior nasal conchae Middle nasal conchae Inferior nasal conchae
The parietal pleura lines with which of the following?
Superior surface of the diaphragm, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, internal thoracic walls
Antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte:
TCR
when a virus infects a cell, some of the viral proteins are broken down into peptide fragments
TRUE
Which of the following structures is not part of the respiratory zone?
Terminal bronchioles
roof, floor
The ___________ of the nasal cavity is formed by the frontal bone, nasal bones, cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the sphenoid bone. The _______________ of the nasal cavity is formed by the horizontal plate of the maxillae and the horizontal portions of the palatine bones.
respiratory, thinner
The _______________________ portion of the respiratory system consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and pulmonary alveoli. Within this respiratory portion, the epithelium is much _____________________ than in the conducting portion, thus facilitating gas diffusion between pulmonary capillaries and the respiratory structures.
Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception.
The air is cooled.
In which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?
The alveolar volume
How is pitch determined?
The amount of tension on the vocal folds are what regulate the pitch.
Vestibule
The anterior region of the nasal cavity. Right above the nostrils
Why may people become hypoxic at high altitudes?
The atomospheric partial pressure of oxygen is lower
Main bronchi
The bifurcation of the trachea at the sternal angle that descends into the lungs.
Lobar bronchi
The branches in the lungs that are branched from the main bronchi.
Respiratory bronchioles
The branches that are formed from the terminal bronchioles.
Pharynx
The common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems is the pharynx, commonly called the throat. -where nasal cavity ends and throat (pharynx) begins
What do the nasal conchae divide?
The conchae subdivide the nasal cavity into separate air passages, each called a nasal meatus. The superior, middle, and inferior meatuses are located immediately inferior to their corresponding nasal conchae.
Alveolar ducts
The divine of thin airways from bronchioles. Lined with a simple squamous epithelium.
Dorsum nasi
The fleshy part of the nose which consists of 1 pair of lateral cartilages and 2 pairs of alar cartilages.
Which statement is true regarding secondary bronchi?
The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi.
What bone/sinus causes issues with the sinuses like sinusitis?
The maxilla bone/maxillary sinus
trachea, swallowed, coughed
The mucosa lining the ___________________ is a ciliated epithelium with numerous mucin secreting goblet cells and underlying mucin-secreting glands. The cilia propel mucus laden with particles toward the larynx and the pharynx, where it is _____________________ or ________________________ out.
Vestibular folds
The mucous membrane covering the vestibular ligaments.
What are the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses the primary structure for?
The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses are the primary structures that warm and humidify the air we inhale. Ex: If you breathe through your mouth on a cold morning your throat and trachea may feel raw because the air going in is not being properly conditioned. --When you breathe through your nose on a cold day the air gets warmed and humidified in the nasal cavity which makes it easier to breathe.
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing is known as the ________ volume.
Tidal
the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing
Tidal volume
Nasal bone
Top portion of the external bone which forms the bridge of the nose.
Functions of the nasal cavity
The nasal cavity functions in filtration, conditioning, and olfaction. It is also a resonating chamber that contributes to sound production.
What does the nasal septum divide?
The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions. It is formed anteriorly by septal nasal cartilage.
How is the nose supported
The nose is supported superiorly by paired nasal bones that form the bridge of the nose.
What is the main conducting airway for inhaled air
The nose is the main conducting airway for inhaled air The air goes into the nasal cavity through the external nare
Rima vestibuli
The opening between the vestibule folds. Considered fall vocal chords.
Rima glottidis
The opening between the vocal folds.
Laryngeal inlet
The opening that connects the pharynx and larynx.
respiration, base, apex, thoracic, mediastinum, right, left
The paired, spongy lungs are the primary organs of _________________________. Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave ________________ rests inferiorly upon the muscular diaphragm, and its relatively blunt superior region , called the __________________, projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle. Both lungs are bordered by the ___________________ wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and supported by the rib cage. Toward the midline, the lungs are separated by the _________________________. The _________________ lung is divided into the superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe. The ___________________ lung is divided into the superior lobe and inferior lobe.
The symbol "PO2" is used to indicate what?
The partial pressure of oxygen
The symbol "PO2" is used to indicate which of the following?
The partial pressure of oxygen
Shape of pharynx
The pharynx is funnel-shaped, meaning that it is slightly wider superiorly and narrower interiorly.
Features of the pharynx
The pharynx is lined by a mucosa and contains skeletal muscles that are primarily used for swallowing. Its flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus.
What is the pharynx partitioned into?
The pharynx is partitioned into three adjoining regions: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
Where does the pharynx originate and where does it extend to?
The pharynx originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly to the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
serous fluid, slide, friction
The pleural membranes produce a non-viscous, _______________________________ that acts as a lubricant, ensuring that opposing pleural membrane surfaces ___________________ by each other with minimal ______________________ during breathing (like two pieces of Saran wrap with oil between them).
Which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
The presence of hemoglobin, the solubility coefficient of oxygen.
Valsalva maneuver
The process by which the epiglottis closes over the larynx and abdominal pressure increases.
Laryngeal prominence
The projection of the thyroid cartilage (commonly known as Adam's apple.
respiratory, cardiovascular
The respiratory and cardiovascular systems are inseparable partners. While the __________________________ system exchanges gases between the atmosphere and the blood, the ________________________ system transports those gases between the lungs and the body cells.
efficient, decrease, darker, tobacco, inflammation, exhale
The respiratory system becomes less _____________________ with age due to several structural changes. ______________________ in elastic connective tissue, which reduces the amount of gas that can be exchanged with each breath and results in a decrease in the ventilation rate. Carbon, dust, and pollution material gradually accumulate in our lymph nodes and lungs. If a person smokes regularly, the lungs become _________________ and blacker throughout because of the deposition of carbon particles in the cells. Two distinct disease, emphysema and chronic bronchitis, together encompass chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is often related to _________________ use. The condition is characterized by lung structural abnormalities resulting from ____________________. The resulting airflow obstruction makes it hard for the person to _________________.
Is is the maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate or sum of all volume compartments or volume of air in lungs after maximum inspiration.
Total Lung Capacity
lung is divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes
The right lung
Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?
The systemic cells
autonomic, respiratory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, brainstem, medulla oblongata, pons
The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are innervated by the _______________________ nervous system. The autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart also send branches to these _______________________ structures. The main function of the _________________________ innervation is to open up and dilate the bronchioles (bronchodilation). The main function of _____________________ innervation is to decrease the airway diameter of the bronchioles (bronchoconstriction). The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the ________________________. Regulatory respiratory centers are located in both the _______________________________ (which establishes the rate and depth of breathing) and the ________________ (which can also influence the breathing rate).
How are vocal fold formed?
The vocal ligaments are covered with a mucous membrane forming the vocal folds.
The different paranasal sinuses from superior to inferior
These paired air spaces in the skull are named for the bones in which they are housed, thus from a superior to inferior direction: they are the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses.
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes Horizontal fissure oblique fissure
What are the nine pieces of cartilage supporting the larynx?
Thyroid Cricoid Epiglottis Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform
__ __ __ is the sum of all the volumes including residual volume and is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold.
Total lung capacity
The ________ is also known as the 'windpipe'.
Trachea
Conducting portion of the respiratory system
Transports air Includes the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx of URT and the larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways (from the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles) of the LRT
Conduction portion
Transports air. Includes: Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx Larynx Trachea
External respiration involves the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.
True
Increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the atomosphere would have little effect on the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
True
Oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveoli into the capillaries because of the P(O2) partial pressure gradient.
True
The P(O2) is lower in the alveoli than it is in the atmosphere, and the P(CO2) is higher in the alveoli than it is in the atmosphere.
True
The depth and rate of respiration influence blood levels of hydrogen ion.
True
The gas exchange surfaces of the lungs are part of the pulmonary circulation, while the bronchial circulation is part of the systemic circulation.
True
The smallest bronchioles contain no cartilage
True
Total lung capacity can be calculated as: vital capacity + residual volume.
True
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes. Oblique fissure.
A pathogen located outside of a cell is referred to as:
an exogenous antigen
vibrate, sound, length, longer, increase, males, pitch, increasing, higher, less, lower, loudness, loud, soft, do not, shorter, higher, cracking
When air is forced through the rima glottidis, the vocal folds begin to ___________________, and this vibration produces _____________________. The length, tension, and position of the vocal folds determine the quality of sound. The range of voices (be it soprano or bass) is determined by the ____________________ of the vocal folds. _________________ vocal folds produce lower sounds than shorter vocal folds. As we grow, our vocal folds ______________________ in length, and our voices deepen. Under the influence of testosterone, the vocal folds of __________________ are longer and thicker than those of females, which explains why men typically have deeper voices than females. __________________ refers to the frequency of sound waves and is determined by the amount of tension or tautness on the vocal folds by the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. ___________________________ the tension on the vocal folds causes the vocal folds to vibrate more when air passes by them and produces a ________________________ sound. The ______________ taut the vocal folds, the less they vibrate and the _________________ the pitch of the sound. _________________________ depends on the force of the air passing across the vocal folds. A lot of air forced through the rima glottidis produces a _______________ sound. A little air forced through the rima glottidis produces a ____________________ sound. When you whisper, only the most posterior portion of the rima glottidis is open, and the vocal cords ______________________ vibrate. Since the vocal cords are not vibrating, the whispered sounds are all the same pitch. A child has _________________, smaller vocal folds, which produce _________________ voices. When a male goes through puberty, his laryngeal cartilages and vocal folds grow rapidly, producing the ___________________ voice that eventually leads to a deeper voice at maturity. Keep in mind that recognizable speech also requires the participation of numerous structures: pharynx, nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, lips, tongue.
HIV becomes identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs?
When the patient develops an opportunistic infection
Respiratory portion of the respiratory system
Where gas exchange with the blood occurs -the continuous movement of gases into and out of the lungs is necessary for the process of gas exchange Composed of small airways called respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs called alveoli in the lower respiratory tract
Helper T-cells contain:
a CD4 protein
The trachealis is __________.
a band of smooth muscle connecting the ends of tracheal cartilages that regulate its diameter
characteristics among all the bronchi?
a complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage; the epithelium changes from pseudo stratified ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller; the amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter
bronchial circulation
a component of the systemic circulation and consists of tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung; this part of the circulation system is much smaller than the pulmonary system, because most tiny respiratory structures (alveoli and alveolar ducts) exchange respiratory gases directly with the inhaled air
cricothyroid ligament
a dense connective tissue band that attaches the cricoid cartilage to the inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage; is four fingers width above the sternal notch
trachea
a flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ often referred to as the windpipe; extends through the mediastinum and lies immediately anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs
bronchial tree
a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before ending in the terminal bronchioles
epiglottis
a large, spoon- or leaf-shaped structure that is formed primarily of elastic cartilage; projects superiorly into the pharynx from its attachment to the thyroid cartilage; when a person swallows, this closes over the laryngeal opening, preventing materials from entering the larynx; during swallowing, the larynx elevates and moves forward while this structure is bent backwards to cover the underlying glottis; after swallowing, the larynx moves inferiorly and this structure returns to its original superior position
which of the following are potential causes of hyperventilation?
a panic attack; ascending to high altitude; conscious control of breathing muscles
cricoid cartilage
a ring-shaped piece of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior base of the larynx and connects to the trachea inferiorly
Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in:
a secondary lymphatic structure
pleura
a serous membrane that lines the outer surfaces of the lungs and the adjacent internal thoracic cavity
acquired immunity is also called ______________ immunity
adaptive
if the wrong blood type is given to a pt, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as _____________.
agglutination
a collapsed lung remains down until ________ has been removed from the pleural space
air
normally, only ________ passes through the nasopharynx
air
the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract includes which structure?
alveolar ducts respiratory bronchioles alveoli
the respiratory portion in the lungs is composed of which of the following?
alveolar ducts, alveoli, respiratory bronchioles
dust cells are also called
alveolar macrophages
the cells that engulf microorganisms or particulate material that have reached the alveoli are called
alveolar macrophages
The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ___ _____.
alveolar pores
small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ________ _________
alveolar pores
the small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called _______ _______
alveolar pores
the distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated ________ ________.
alveolar sac
the distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated
alveolar sacs
The type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the
alveolar type 1 cell
the type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the
alveolar type 1 cell
The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the:
alveolar type I cell
In which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?
alveolar volume
the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called ________
alveoli
the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract includes which of the following?
alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles
laryngoscope
an L-shaped endoscope used for visualizing the larynx; two pairs of strong connective tissue bands are stretched across the upper opening of the larynx and can be seen with this
cricothyrotomy
an emergency airway that is sometimes opened in the larynx by making an incision through the cricothyroid ligament; a vertical incision is made just through the skin followed by a horizontal incision made through the cricothyroid ligament to allow air to enter the lower respiratory tract
pharynx
commonly called the throat; the common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems; funnel-shaped, meaning that it is slightly wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly; originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly to the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus; for most of its length it is the common pathway for both inhaled and exhaled air (the respiratory system) and for ingested food (the digestive system); lined by mucosa and contains skeletal muscles that are primarily used for swallowing; its flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus
the bony projections along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity are called _________ and the air passages that lie between them are called nasal __________.
conchae, meatuses
the ________ division of the respiratory system transports the air
conducting
pulmonary circulation
conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces or the lungs to replenish its depleted oxygen levels ad get rid of excess carbon dioxide; deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk into the pulmonary arteries, which enter the lung; thereafter, continuous branching of these vessels leads to pulmonary capillaries that encircle the alveoli; the deoxygenated blood that enters these capillaries becomes oxygenated before it returns to the left atrium through a series of pulmonary venules and veins
upper respiratory tract
consists of the nose and nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses, pharynx (throat), and structures associated with these; all part of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract
Under normal, resting conditions, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide remain _______.
constant
under normal, resting conditions the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide remain
constant
When local carbon dioxide levels increase, bronchioles __________.
constrict
Parasympathetic stimulation leads to __________ the bronchioles.
constriction of
during inhalation, the external intercostals _________ to increase the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity
contract
during inhalation, the diaphragm _________ & __________.
contracts, flattens
In hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the ___ ____ effect.
cooperative binding
in hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the ____ effect
cooperative binding
in hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the _________ __________ effect
cooperative binding
The only tissue that is transplanted that does not involve MHC matching is the ____________
cornea
the ___________ ligament attaches the cricoid cartilage to the inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage
criocthyroid
along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper t-lympocyte, specific type of ____________ released from the helper t-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching
cytokine
which law establishes the relationship between partial pressures and atmospheric pressure?
dalton's law
As you ascend to higher altitudes, the maximum oxygen hemoglobin saturation ____.
declines
A diver returning to the surface too quickly may suffer ___ ___, caused by nitrogen in tissues coming out of solution forming bubbles.
decompression sickness
Brainstem injury can cause a(n) ___ ability to stimulate muscles of breathing.
decreased
Many factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding. An increased level of 2,3-BPG in erythrocytes will have a similar effect to which conditions?
decreased PO2, increased temperature, increased PCO2
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right
diaphragm parietal pleura visceral pleura
which of the following anatomical structures aid sound production?
lips, tongue, teeth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
external intercostal muscles
extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib; the ribs elevate upon contraction of these muscles, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation
Air enters the nasal passages through the __________.
external nares
a person breathing fast during a foot race is most likely hyperventilating.
false
nitrogen is normally very soluble in blood
false
the vestibular folds are also called the _______ vocal cords
false
spleen
filters blood; storage of platelets and erythocytes
the breathing that accompanies exercise involves more muscles and deeper breaths. this is known as ______________ breathing
forced
breathing involving more muscles and greater changes in volume is known as ___________ ____________.
forced breathing
conchae
form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; also referred to as turbinates because they create turbulence in inhaled air, this turbulence ensures that air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time, so that the air becomes warmed and humidified
Letter c indicates the __ sinus and letter a indicates the __ sinus
frontal sinus (forehead) and letter a is the ethmoidal sinuses (right under frontal, interior between bridge of nose and sphenoidal sinus)
bones of the skull that house paranasal sinuses
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid,
The movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues is ___ ___.
gas exchange
Hemogolbin is able to carry carbon dioxide bound to the ___ protein subunits.
globin
which portion of the hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the transport of carbon dioxide?
globin
MHC class 1 molecules are:
glycoproteins
A partial pressure __ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.
gradient
A partial pressure ____ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.
gradient
A pressure __ exists when two interconnected regions have gases at different pressures.
gradient
A pressure ___ exists when two interconnected regions have gases at different pressures
gradient
The exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure ____.
gradients
the exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure
gradients
the exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure _____.
gradients
the exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure __________.
gradients
Match the color on the left with the structure on the right.
green- primary bronchi blue- secondary bronchi yellow- tertiary bronchi red- smaller bronchi
the postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate both the _______ and the lungs.
heart
even though the solubility of oxygen is low, blood is able to carry a large amount of oxygen because of the ____ in red blood cells.
hemoglobin
the dorsal respiratory group is activated during which of the following?
normal inhalation and forced inhalation
external respiration
involves the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood; oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses of the blood into the air spaces in the lungs in order to be exhaled
internal respiration
involves the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells throughout the body
The oropharynx __________.
is a conduit for air and food that extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue
The tidal volume __________.
is equal to about 500 mL AND is the total amount of air moving into or out of the lungs when at rest within a single respiratory cycle
Airflow
is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath
compliance
is the ease with which the lungs and chest expand
air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time so that ______
it can be warmed and humidified
the anatomical features of the respiratory membrane increase the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. which features increase efficiency?
large number of alveoli; large surface area; thin scammers cells lining alveoli
Match the structure on the left with the structure on the right
laryngeal cartilages
In the figure the condition known as __ is shown
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx is
laryngitis
the inferior region of the pharynx is called the :
laryngopharynx
The __ is also called the voice box.
larynx
The ___ is also called the voice box.
larynx
The vestibular and vocal folds are found in the
larynx
What connects the pharynx to the trachea?
larynx
in the respiratory system, sympathetic fibers innervate the lungs, bronchial tree, the trachea, and the _________
larynx
the ________ is also called the voice box
larynx
the ___________ is also called voice box.
larynx
which is not part of the upper respiratory system?
larynx
standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. however, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the _____________ phase
latent
The conchae are located along the___walls of the nasal cavity
lateral
The parietal pleura lines which structures?
lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, internal thoracic walls, superior surface of the diaphragm
the sides of the nose are formed in part by a single pair of _________ cartilages and two pairs of _________ cartilages.
lateral; alar
The __ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior.
left
The ___ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior.
left
the _____ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior
left
the ________ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior
left
the __________ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior.
left
what factors determine the characteristics of sound as they pass through the vocal folds?
length tension
The walls of the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi contain progressively __________ amounts of cartilage and __________ amounts of smooth muscle
lesser; greater
symptoms of hypoventilation
lethargy cyanosis headache
internal intercostal muscles
lie at right angles to the external intercostals and deep to them; contraction of these muscles depresses the ribs, but this only occurs during forced exhalation; normal exhalation requires no active muscular effort and occurs by the elastic recoil of lung tissue
parietal pleura
lines the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm; continuous at the hilum of each lung
ciliated epithelium
lines the nasal cavity and is covered with mucus that moves dust and debris posteriorly toward the nasopharynx
While ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down __ __ gradients.
partial pressure
lower respiratory tract
made up of conducting airways (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and associated structures) as well as the respiratory portion of the respiratory system (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli)
The trachea bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle (where the manubrium and body of the sternum articulate) into the right and left _______.
main bronchi
at the level of the sternal angle the trachea bifurcates into right and left
main bronchi
at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into right and left ________ ________
main bronchi
at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into right and left _____________ _______________.
main bronchi
both the growth of the thyroid cartilage and the longer and thicker vocal folds in mature _____________ help explain why they typically have deeper voice than ___________.
males, females
both the growth of the thyroid cartilage and the longer and thicker vocal folds in mature ____ help explain why they typically have deeper voices than _____.
males; females
Total lung capacity is the_____of air that the lungs can hold
maximum volume
total lung capacity is the _______ _______ of air that the lungs can hold
maximum volume
the greatest amount of air that can be taken into and expelled from the lungs in one minute is the ______________.
maximum voluntary ventilation
Main bronchi enter the __ surface of each lung.
medial
the trachea descends through the neck into the ________ from the _________ to the main bronchi
mediastinum larynx
central chemoreceptors are found in the ventrolateral surface of the _____________.
medulla
The auditory tubes connect the nasopharynx to the __ __.
middle ear
the auditory tubes connect the nasopharynx to the _________ _____________.
middle ear
alveolar macrophages
migratory cells that continually crawl within the alveoli, engulfing microorganisms or particulate material that has reached the alveoli
According to the Bohr effect, at a higher pH, hemoglobin is ___ likely to bind oxygen.
more
According to the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve ___ oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at a higher PO2.
more
The higher the solubility coefficient the __ gas dissolves in a liquid.
more
The higher the solubility coefficient the _____ gas dissolves in a liquid.
more
according t the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve _________ oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at a higher PO2
more
according to the bohr effect, at a higher pH, hemoglobin is _________ likely to bind oxygen
more
the higher the solubility coefficient the ______ gas dissolves in a liquid
more
the changes in volume during forced breathing are greater than those during quiet breathing. why does this occur?
more muscles are involved
in the haidance effect, the _________ carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, the _________ oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
more, more
in the haldane effect, the ____ co2 binds to hemoglobin, the ____ oxygen is released from hemoglobin
more, more
Because the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs, __________ oxygen should dissolve in the blood __________.
more; more rapidly
neutrophils
most abundant; first to arrive; respiratory burst
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls the __ neurons that stimulate the muscles of __
motor, inspiration
adenocarcinoma
mucin producing cells
Mucous Secretions
mucin, lyzozyme, defensins, immnuoglobin A,
Goblet cells produce
mucus
The __________ carries trapped particles and mucus toward the pharynx
mucus escalator
which type of epithelial tissue lines the oropharynx because it strong enough to withstand the abrasion of swallowed food?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
primary lymphatic structures
red bone marrow & thymus
Which are effects of emphysema?
reduced respiratory surface area, reduced number of alveoli, increased lung compliance
glottis
refers to the rima glottidis plus the vocal folds
Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscle of the bronchioles __
relax
the terminal bronchioles conduct air into the ______________ bronchioles
respiratory
which of the following are consequences of hyperventilation?
respiratory alkalosis, hypocapnia, rising blood pH
Terminal bronchioles divide into (in the correct order)
respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac
which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?
respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients
If a change in blood chemistry (pH, temperature, etc.) causes less oxygen to be bound to hemoglobin at a specific PO2, then the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve is said to be shifted to the ___.
right
The __ lung is divided into superior, middle, and inferior lobes.
right
aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ primary bronchus
right
aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the _________ primary bronchus
right
If all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be %100 __.
saturated
If all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% ________.
saturated
if all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% _________________.
saturated
These muscles increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.
scalene
a short lag time and high antibody titer during the ________ response is due to the presence of memory lymphocytes
secondary
A lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is __ fluid.
serous
a lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is:
serous fluid
RDS is a condition in which the lungs of premature infants do not produce enough
surfactant
which signals are thought to trigger hyperpnea during exercise
signals from proprioreceptors, conscious anticipation of exercise, motor output from the cerebral cortex.
signals thought to trigger hypernea during exercise?
signals from proprioreceptors; conscious anticipation of exercise; motor output from the cerebral cortex
the bronchioles are no longer lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi were but with ______________ epithelium
simple colmunar
the bronchiles are no longer lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi are but are lined with ________ epithelium
simple columnar
thymus
site of T-lymphocyte maturation
bronchioles
small tubules that branch off of bronchi; no longer lined with cilia; contain no cartilage, since their small diameter alone prevents their collapse; have a thicker layer of smooth muscle than do large bronchi, a characteristic that helps them regulate airway constriction and dilation and the amount of air traveling through the bronchial tree
Components of the respiratory mucous membrane include all of these EXCEPT:
smooth muscle
bronchoconstriction
smooth muscle contraction that narrows bronchioles
if proper swallowing occurs, material from the oral cavity and oropharynx will be blocked from entering the nasopharynx by the _________, which elevates during swallowing
soft palate
Henery's law states that the solubility of a gas is dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and its ___ ___.
solubility coefficient
The ___ ____ of a gas depends on the interactions between the molecules of the gas and molecules of the liquid.
solubility coefficient
The _______ is the volume of a gas, at a given temperature and pressure, that dissolves in a specified volume of liquid.
solubility coefficient
henry's law states that the solubility of a gas is dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and its ____
solubility coefficient
the ____ of a gas depends on the interactions between the molecules of the gas and molecules of the liquid.
solubility coefficient
Functions of the respiratory system
sound protection detection of odors air passageway exchange of 02 and Co2
The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a
spirometer
The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a __.
spirometer
the volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a
spirometer
thick mucous coughed up is known as ____________
sputum
match the type of lung cancer with the tissue of origin
squamous cell carcinoma --> cells of respiratory membranesmall cell carcinoma --> neuroendocrine cellsadenocarcinoma --> mucin producing cells
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right
sternocleidomastoid scalene muscles external intercostals diaphragm
nasal bones
support the nose superiorly and form the bridge of the nose
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the pitch of the sound produced by the vocal cords?
temperature of the vocal cords
The total surface area of a healthy lung is about half the size of a(n) ____
tennis court
what factors determine the characteristics of sound as they pass through the vocal folds?
tension; length
the ________ bronchiloles are the final segment of the conducting pathway
terminal
respiratory bronchioles
terminal bronchioles branch to form these, which continue to divide and become smaller until they form thin airways called alveolar ducts
which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
terminal bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, primary bronchi
Inspiration begins as
the diaphragm contracts.
If no other forces were acting on the lungs, they would collapse. What is the reason for this?
the elastic tissue of the lung
if no other forces were acting on the lungs, they would collapse. What is the reason for this?
the elastic tissue of the lung
terminal bronchioles
the final segment of the conducting pathway; they conduct air into the respiratory portion of the respiratory system
primary lymphatic structures are involved in
the formation and maturation of lymphocytes
if a partial pressure gradient exists for a particular gas, how will this affect the movement of gas molecules?
the gas will move from higher to lower partial pressure
Virissae
the hair in the nose that traps microbes
vocal folds
the inferior ligaments (vocal ligaments), along with the mucous membrane covering them; also known as the true vocal cords because they produces sound with air passes between them
inferior nasal conchae
the inferior part of the nasal conchae that are independent facial bones; the nasolacrimal ducts empty just inferior to this
laryngopharynx
the inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx; extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and esophagus; terminates at the superior border of the esophagus; lined with strong epithelium with no cilia since it permits the passage of both food and air; when large pieces of food get stuck, and block breathing, they typically lodge here
Laryngitis
the inflammation of the larynx
During lung inflation,
the lungs cling to the internal surface of the chest wall as it expands.
nose
the main conducting airway for inhaled air; supported superiorly by paired bones that form the bridge of the nose; consists of the cartilaginous portion of the nose and the nostrils
middle nasal conchae
the middle part of the nasal conchae that is part of the ethmoid
oropharynx
the middle pharyngeal region; immediately posterior to the oral cavity; bounded superiorly by the soft palate and inferiorly by the hyoid bone; a common respiratory and digestive pathway through which both air and swallowed food and drink pass; has no cilia in the epithelium and is strong to withstand the abrasion of swallowed food; lymphatic organs in this provide the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials
carina
the most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi at their origin and forms this
olfactory epithelium
the most superior portion of the nasal cavity contains this, which has numerous chemoreceptors
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) can also be described as _____________.
the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
The lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse. What is the reason for this?
the negative intrapleural pressure relative to intrapulmonary pressure
the lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse, what is the reason for this?
the negative intrapleural pressure relative to intrapulmonary pressure
rima glottidis
the opening between the vocal folds; this opening widens if the vocal folds are abducted and becomes narrower if the vocal folds are adducted
