A&P II Ch. 23: Respiratory System

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the atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which valve?

760 mmHg

In internal respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the blood is ____mm Hg, while the PO2 in the tissues is ____mm Hg.

95; 40

in internal respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. the po2 in the blood is ____ mm Hg, while the po2 in the tissues is ____ mm Hg

95; 40

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right

A Tracheal cartilage B Cricoid Cartilage C Thyroid Cartilage

Bronchial arteries carry _________ blood to the tissues of the lung.

oxygenated

There are __________ pairs of nasal conchae

3

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A- inferior nasal concha B- middle meatus C- superior nasal concha D- middle nasal concha

Match the capacity or volume with the letter on the graph.

A- inspiratory reserve volume B- inspiratory capacity C- expiratory reserve volume D- residual volume

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A- internal intercostals B- diaphragm C- sternum

the smooth muscles of the bronchial wall are innervated by axons of the

ANS

hypoventilation can cause O2 levels to fall to low, a conduction called ____. CO2 levels may rise too high, a condition called _______.

Hypoxia; hypercapnia

According to Henry's Law, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid can be increased by which method?

Increase the partial pressure of the gas

According to Henry's law, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid can be increased by which of the following methods?

Increase the partial pressure of the gas

Cricoid cartilage

Is located inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage and is where the thyroid cartilage attaches.

Nasal meatus

Is the name given for each nasal conchae region.

Fauces

Is the opening that represents the threshold for entry into the oropharynx from the oral cavity.

Which statement about the respiratory membrane is true

It contains the fused basement membranes of an alveolus and capillary.

How is loudness determined?

It depends on the force of the air passing across the vocal chords. The more air the louder you'll be.

Why is there a tuber lance like shape in each meatus?

It ensures that the air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time so that it becomes warm and humidified.

Nasopharynx (CHARACTERISTICS)

Posterior to nasal cavity Pharyngeal tonsil on the posterior wall (lymphatic tissue) Auditory tubes are located there to equalize air pressure

the condition that is directly related to the magnitude of a pressure gradient and inversely related to airway resistance is:

airflow

What is the effect of the oxygen reserve on the body's ability to undergo vigorous exercise?

The oxygen reserve is used when PO2 falls very low in exercising tissue.

dust cells are also called:

alceolar macrophages.

the mucosa of the sinuses can become inflamed in response to

allergies

useful for treating asthma?

allergy shots, oral steroids, inhaled steroids

in a healthy person, what effect would administration of pure oxygen have on oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?

almost no effect

larynx

also called the voice box; a short, somewhat cylindrical airway that is bounded superiorly by the laryngopharynx and posteriorly by the esophagus and inferiorly by the trachea; superior aspect is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium; inferior to the vocal cords, the lining becomes a ciliated epithelium; prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract, conducts air into the lower respiratory tract, and produces sounds; supported by a framework of nine pieces of cartilage that are held in place by ligaments and muscles

the complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. the __________ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein

alternative

The collective volume of the alveoli in the lungs is known as the __ volume.

alveolar

the collective volume of the alveoli in the lungs is known as the ______________ volume

alveolar

What are the 3 layers of the lungs, in order?

Visceral Pleura(innermost), Pleural Cavity(Middle), Parietal Pleura(outer)

The sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume equals the ________ ________.

Vital Capacity

Cilia:

are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed

After leaving the thymus, T-lymphocutes

are naive, are immunocompetent,

which of the following are included in a lung lobule?

arteriole, terminal bronchiole, venule

The largest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.

The presence of free air in the pleural space sometimes causes the affected lung to deflate, a condition called

atelectasis

the presence of free air in the pleural space sometimes causes the affected lung to deflate, a condition called

atelectasis

most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as ________

bicarbonate

the conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract include which of the following?

bronchi, trachea, larynx

which arteries supply blood to the walls of the bronchi?

bronchial arteries

The ranking from highest to lowest P(O2) in the area of the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries is

capillaries, tissue fluid, cells

dendritic cels

capture antigens and bring them to the lymph nodes

squamous cell carcinoma--> small cell carcinoma --> adenocarcinoma-->

cells of respiratory membrane neuroendocrine cells mucin producing cells

squamous cell carcinoma

cells of the respiratory membrane

T-lymphocytes are a part of _________ immunity

cellular

The partial pressures of gases in cells of systemic tissues result from

cellular respiration

depression of the ribs ___________ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity

decreases

Surfactant

decreases surface tension

when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure ___________ and air flows ______ the lungs

decreases, into

Contraction of the diaphragm __________ the intrapulmonary pressure, producing __________.

decreases; inhalation

Which can act as stimuli that will affect breathing rate and depth via reflexes?

deep inhalation, stretching of bronchiole smooth muscle, moving joints and muscles

The bronchial veins dump a small amount of ___ blood into the pulmonary veins prior to the blood returning to the heart.

deoxygenated

the bronchial veins dump a small amount of ____ blood into the pulmonary veins prior to the blood returning to the heart

deoxygenated

HHb is the abbreviation for

deoxyhemoglobin

contraction of the internal intercostals ______________ the ribs.

depresses

functions of respiratory system

detection of odors; sound production; exchange of O2 and CO2; air passageway

which of the following are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?

dissolved carbon dioxide in the plasma; as bicarbonate; bound to hemoglobin

when successful swallowing occurs, the __________ closes over the opening to the larynx to prevent materials from entering the larynx

epiglottis

The mucous membrane is composed of _____ and is ciliated in most portions of the respiratory tract conducting zone

epithelial tissue

the mucous membrane is composed of _________ and is ciliated in most portions of the respiratory tract conducting zone

epithelium

The superior ligaments, the vestibular folds, are also called the __ vocal cords.

false

If the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, which phrase describes the net movement of oxygen?

from alveoli to blood

if the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, which phrase describes the net movement of oxygen?

from alveoli to blood

The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior.

frontal ethmoid maxilla

the paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. rank the bones in order starting with the most superior

frontal > ethmoid > maxilla

the parietal pleura lines which structures?

internal thoracic walls, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum superior surface of the diaphragm

the parietal pleura lines which of the following?

internal thoracic walls, later; lateral surfaces of the mediastinum; superior surface of the diaphragm

The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the ___ pressure.

intrapleural

which events are occurring during quiet exhalation?

intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure and pleural cavity volume is decreasing

nasal cavity

is continuous posteriorly with the nasopharynx via the internal nares; the internal surface of the nose leads to this

epiglottis

is the large, spoon or leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the larynx

The anatomic features of the respiratory membrane that make alveolar gas exchange so efficient are:

its large surface area and minimal thickness.

the anatomical features of the respiratory membrane increase the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. which features increase efficiency?

large number of alveoli large surface area thin squamous cells lining alveoli

if two regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ________ pressure.

lower

the intracellular pressure is always ___________ than intrapulmonary pressure.

lower

which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?

lowered pco2 lowered temp elevated ph

Which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?

lowered temperature, lowered PCO2, elevated pH

Gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the __ and systemic cells.

lungs

Particles that reach the alveoli are consumed by __________.

macrophages

T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called ___________ T-lymphocytes

naive

The nose is supported by paired __ __ that form the bridge of the nose.

nasal bones

the nose is supported superiorly by paired _________ __________ that form the bridge of the nose

nasal bones

which anatomical structures aid sound production?

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth, lips and tongue.

the _______ _______ divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions

nasal septum

the ________ ________ divides the nasal cavity into left and right portion

nasal septum

small cell carcinoma

neuroendocrine cells

when antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be

neutralized

the _____________ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air.

nose

components of the conducting zone of the respiratory system

nose, nasal cavity, bronchioles, larynx, trachea

Check the functions that can be carried out by the respiratory system.

-exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. -passageway for air between the external environment and the alveoli of the lungs. -detection of odors. -production of sound.

which form the roof of the nasal cavity?

-frontal bone -cribriform plate -sphenoid bone -nasal bones

the conduction airways of the lower respiratory tract include which of the following?

-larynx -trachea -bronchi

what factors determine the characteristics of sound as they pass through the vocal folds?

-lenght -tension

Check the components of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.

-nose. -nasal cavity. -bronchioles. -larynx. -trachea.

which are considered part of anatomic dead space?

-secondary and tertiary bronchi -trachea -primary bronchi

the parietal pleura lines which of the following?

-superior surface of the diaphragm. -internal thoracic walls. -lateral surfaces of the mediastinum.

which of the following statements is true about memory cells?

1. memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T cells 2. upon reexposure to a pathogen, memory cells engage in the T cell recall response, destroying the pathogen quickly

there are several ways to measure pressure. standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. what is this in pounds square inch?

14.7

Check the events that occur during internal respiration.

-Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. -Blood transports carbon dioxide produced by the body cells to the lungs.

Check all of the ways that resistance may be increased.

-Decreased elasticity of chest wall. -Bronchoconstriction. -Increased alveolar surface tension.

What can act as stimuli that will affect breathing rate and depth via reflexes?

-Deep inhalation -Moving joints and muscles -Stretching of brochiole smooth muscle

What are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?

-Dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma -As bicarbonate -Bound to hemoglobin

What are some functions of the respiratory system?

-Exchange of O2 and CO2 -Air passageway -Detection of odors -Sound Production

What are potential consequences of hypoventilation?

-Hypoxia (deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues) -Hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream)

Lower respiratory tract involved in the respiratory system

-Larynx -Trachea -Bronchi -Lungs

The parietal pleura lines?

-Lateral surfaces of the mediastinum -Superior surface of the diaphragm -Internal Thoracic walls

Which substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?

-Oxygen -Carbon dioxide -Hydrogen ions (protons)

Which are among the 4 continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?

-Pulmonary ventilation -Alveolar gas exchange -Gas transport -Systemic gas exchange

What are functions of the larynx?

-Serves as passageway for air -Produces sound for speech -Blocks food and drink from entering airway

Upper respiratory tract involved in the respiratory system

-Sphenoidal sinus -Frontal sinus -Nasal cavity -Pharynx

Which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen?

-The presence of hemoglobin -The solubility coefficient of oxygen

which are characteristics of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

-attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages. -change dimensions of rima glottis. -close larynx when swallowing.

as inhaled gases pass through conducting air ways, the gases are "conditioned" in which of the following ways?

-cleansed of particulates -humidified -warmed to body temperature

which options are correctly identified as functions of the respiratory system?

-detection of odors. -air passageway. -sound production. -exchange of 02 and C02.

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right. Letter C indicates the entire organ.

A- lumen of trachea. B- pseudostratifiec ciliated columnar epithelium. C- trachea

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A- rima glottidis B- vestibular folds C- vocal folds

Match the nasal cartilages with he labels in the picture.

A- septal cartilage B- alar cartilage C- lateral cartilage

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A- trachea B- carina C- right primary bronchus D- larynx

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A- visceral pleura B- pleaural cavity C- parietal pleura

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A- vocal folds B- rima glottidis C- vestibular fold

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right

A: Alveolar macrophages B: Alveolar pore C: Alveolar type I cell D:Alveolar type II cell

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A: respiratory bronchioles B: alveoli C: alveolar ducts D: alveolar sac

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A: trachea B: carina C: right pulmonary bronchus D: larynx

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A: vocal folds B: rima glottides C: vestibular fold

Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?

Abdominal muscles; Serratus posterior inferior; Internal intercostals

Which are the functions of the respiratory system?

Air passageway detection of odors sound production exchange of O2 and CO2

place the gases below in order of solubility, most soluble to lease soluble

CO2 O2 N2

place the gases below in order of solubility, more soluble to least soluble

CO2 > O2 > N2

Oropharynx (FUNCTION & LINING)

Conducts air & passageway for food and drink Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The stem of an antibody contains which of the following regions?

Constant

HIV blood tests look for the presence of ________ __________ in the blood

HIV antibodies

antibody-mediated immunity is also called _____

HUMORAL immunity

identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes

Hyaluronic acid

Which are potential consequences of hypoventilation?

Hypercapnia, hypoxia

Is the breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand

Hyperventilation

__ is a breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand.

Hyperventilation

____________ is a breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand.

Hyperventilation

Hypoventilation can cause oxygen levels to fall too low, a condition called ____________. Carbon dioxide levels may rise too high, a condition called ______________.

Hypoxia; Hypercapnia

Which statement accurately describes alveolar and systemic gas exchanges?

In alveolar gas exchange oxygen diffuses into the blood, but in systemic gas exchange it diffuses out of the blood.

Which are examples of chemoreceptors reflexes?

Increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF, increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2

_______ the tension on the vocal folds causes the vocal folds to vibrate ________ when air passes by them and produces a ________ sound

Increasing, more, higher

Where is the epiglottis anchored?

Inner aspect of the thyroid cartilage.

Which options are major respiratory volumes

Inspiratory Reserve Volume Tidal Volume Expiratory Volume Residual Volume

Where does the maxillary sinus drain?

Into the nasal cavity Opening for maxillary sinus in spaces inferior (deep) to the turbinate bone form a medial view are called the meatus

How is sound produced?

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow the opening of the rim glottidis and air is forced past the vocal cords during an exhalation.

Function Residual Capacity(FRC)

It is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation. it is calculated by adding together residual and expiratory reserve volumes.The normal value is about 1800-2200 mL.FRC=RV+ERV

Vital Capacity(VC)

It is the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation. The value is about 4800mL and it varies according to age and body size.It is calculated by summing tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.VC= TV+IRV+ERV

Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?

It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

The ___________ ____________ ____________ molecules must match as closely as possible to prevent rejection of the donor organs in an organ transplant

Major Histocompatibility Complex

the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries

Margination

While ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down ___ ___ gradients.

Partial Pressure

What are some of the functions of the larynx?

Passageway for air Prevents materials from entering respiratory tract Produces sound for speech Increasing pressure in abdominal cavity Sneeze and cough reflex

An inflammation of the pleural membrane is known as __.

Pleurisy

___________ is a condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity

Pneumothorax

What does the pharynx bifurcate into?

Portion of the: Larynx Esophagus

Alveolar type I cell

Promoted rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall.

Alveolar pores (Function)

Provide for collateral ventilation of alveoli

Respiratory System

Provides the means for gas exchange required by living cells. Exchanges gases between the atmosphere and the blood. Conduction: Moving the gas Respiration: Gas exchange

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Alveolar type II cells secrete _____ _____.

Pulmonary surfactant.

Physiologic dead space =

anatomic dead space + lost alveoli

the trachea is __________ to the esophagus, __________ to the larynx, and _____________ to the primary bronchi.

anterior; inferior; superior

a Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of 4 polypeptide chains and referred to as an ______________

antibody monomer

cytotoxic t cells release granzymes onto infected cells, inducing cell death by _______

apoptosis

bronchial arteries

approximately three or four of these branch from the anterior wall fo the descending thoracic aorta and divide to form capillary beds to supply structures in the bronchial tree

The total pressure exerted by all gases in an environment is called the ___ pressure.

atmospheric

in the study of respiration, the pressure of the outside air measured at sea level is known as the __________ pressure

atmospheric

what are the characteristics of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages; close larynx when swallowing; change dimensions of rima glottis

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

The frontal bone, nasal bones, cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and sphenoid bone form the roof of the nasal cavity.

Gas conditioning

The gases are warmed to body temperature, humidified, and cleansed of particulate matter through contact with the sticky mucous in the nasal cavity.

Nasal cavity

The internal surface of the nose leads to the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasopharynx by openings called the choanae (internal nares)

Which of the following statements about the pleura is (are) FALSE?

The intrapleural pressure will rise above intrapulmonary pressure during forceful inspiration.

_________ __________ __________is the sum of all the volumes including residual volume and is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold.

Total Lung Capacity

the ________ equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere by allowing excess air pressure to be released into the nasopharynx

auditory tubes

the ______________ equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere by allowing excess air pressure to be released into the nasopharynx.

auditory tubes

the wide ____ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm

base

the wide ________ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm

base

in a secondary response to a specific antigen, your antibody titer will _____

be higher.

most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as

bicarbonate

inside red blood cells, carbonic acid (H2CO3) breaks down into ______________.

bicarbonate and a hydrogen ions

Inside red blood cells, carbonic acid (H2CO2) breaks down into ____.

bicarbonate and hydrogen ion

trachealis muscle

binds the open ends of each C-shaped tracheal cartilage ring; during swallowing, this muscle distends and bulges into the lumen of the trachea to allow for expansion of the esophagus to accommodate larger materials being swallowed; contraction of this muscle influences airflow by narrowing the diameter of the trachea (for example, to expel a foreign object or mucus, narrowing this muscle causes air to move more rapidly and forcefully through the trachea

Which are functions of the larynx?

blocks food and drink from entering airway produces sound for speech serves as a passageway for air

the respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the

blood

Gas exchange is the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?

blood and alveoli, blood and systemic tissues

Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?

blood and systemic tissues, blood and alveoli

Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?

blood and systemic tissues; blood and alveoli

The respiratory centers of the brain are located in __________.

both the pons and the medulla oblongata

Which are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?

bound to hemoglobin, dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma, as bicarbonate

there are 2 forms of hypoventilation, ____ in which breathing is too slow, and ____ in which breathing is too shallow.

bradypnea hypopnea

which of the following are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation?

bradypnea hypopnea

Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the _________ through the medulla oblongata and the pons

brainstem

the involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove gases are located in which part of the CNS?

brainstem

pulmonary ventilation

breathing; the primary function associated with the respiratory system

the ____ ____ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles

bronchial tree

the ________ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles

bronchial tree

the _________ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles

bronchial tree

the autonomic nervous system innervates which of the following in the respiratory system

bronchial tree; lungs; trachea

Contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in __.

bronchoconstriction

Contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in __________.

bronchoconstriction

contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in

bronchoconstriction

contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in ______________________.

bronchoconstriction

the main function of the sympathetic innervation on the lungs is

bronchodilation

the left and right lung are partitioned into 8-10 ________ segments

bronchopulmonary

the left and right lung are partitioned into 8-10 _________ segments

bronchopulmonary

the alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote diffusion of gasses between the alveolus and the

capillaries

The haldane effect describes the effect describes the effect of ___ ____ binding to hemoglobin or the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin.

carbon dioxide

the haldane effect describes the effect of ____ binding to hemoglobin or the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin

carbon dioxide

the haldane effect describes the effect of ________ ________ binding to hemoglobin or the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin

carbon dioxide

Hemoglobin is capable of transporting

carbon dioxide bound to the globin

Which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?

carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli

which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?

carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli

which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?

carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood

which statement characterizes the effects of exercise on blood carbon dioxide?

carbon dioxide remains relatively constant during exercise

Which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?

carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen ions(protons)

The conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid is aided by enzyme ___ anhydrase.

carbonic

conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid (H2CO2) is aided by the enzyme _______ __________

carbonic anhydride

left lung has a medial surface indention called the __ that is formed by the heart

cardiac impression

Which of the following is not a surface of the lungs?

cardiac surface

the most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi and forms an internal ridge called the ______________.

carnia

vasodilation

causes a decrease in blood pressure

which of the following chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?

changes in blood pH, changes in blood PCO2, changes in CSF pH

The trachea is lined with __ which will propel mucus laden particles toward the pharynx where they can be swallowed.

cilia

the trachea is lined with ________, which propel mucus laden particles toward the pharynx where they can be swallowed

cilia

the trachea is lined with __________ which will propel mucus laden particles toward the pharynx where they can be swallowed

cilia

basophils

circulates in blood; release granules of histamine & heparin

as inhaled gases pass through conducting airways, the gases are "conditioned" in which of the following ways?

cleansed of particulates, warmed to body temperature, humidified

vibrissae

coarse hairs near the vestibule that help trap large particles

alveolar pores provide

collateral ventilaition.

Alveolar pores provide

collateral ventilation

alveolar pores provide

collateral ventilation

bronchial veins

collect venous blood from these same structures and drain into the azygous system of veins

which might require a tracheotomy?

difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury; respiratory disease; an upper airway obstruction

Sympathetic stimulation leads to __________ the bronchioles

dilation of

nasal septum

divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions; formed anteriorly by the septal cartilage; formed superiorly by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid; the vomer bone contributes to the posterior portion

which of the following are symptoms of hyperventilation?

dizziness numbness coma

increases in the PCO2 of as little as 5 mmHg can ____________ breathing rate.

double

the laryngopharynx extends inferiorly form the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and _______________,

esophagus

the laryngopharynx extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone and is continous with the larynx and ___________.

esophagus

the thoracic cavity dimensions return their original size during _______.

exhalation

when the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, the intrapulmonary pressure increases and ___________ occurs.

exhalation

exhalation

expiration; forces gases out of the lungs

which of the following option is correctly identified as one of the major respiratory volumes?

expiratory reserve volume; inspiratory reserve volume; tidal volume; residual volume

Due to the damage to elastic tissues, a person with emphysema is a unable to ___ effectively.

expire

how does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temperatures

how does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temps

alveoli have a unique shape, best described as

hexagonal

alveoli have a unique shape, best described as _______________

hexagonal

alveoli have an unique shape, best described as ____________.

hexagonal

on the medial surface of each lung is an indented ________ through which a bronchus enters the lung

hilum

the __________ of the lung is where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels and nerves pass through

hilum

the visceral and parietal pleural layers are continuous at the ___________ of each lung

hilum

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right

horizontal fissure apex cardiac notch oblique fissure inferior lobe

The ___ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the ___ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe.

horizontal, oblique

the ______ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the _______ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe

horizontal, oblique

the _____ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the _____ fissure separates the middle from inferior lobe

horizontal; oblique

secondary lymphatic structures do...

house lymphocytes and other immune cells following their formation and provide the site where an immune response is initiated (surveillance)

lungs

house the bronchial tree and the respiratory portion of the respiratory system; located on the lateral sides of the thoracic cavity and are separated from each other by the mediastinum; lined by the pleura

Incomplete rings of __ __ support the wall of the primary bronchi to sure that they remain open.

hyaline cartilage

incomplete rings of ___________ ________________ support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.

hyaline cartilage

which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?

hydrogen ions carbon dioxide oxygen

which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?

hydrogen ions (protons); oxygen; carbon dioxide

The oropharynx extends from the soft palate superiorly to the___ inferiorly

hyoid bone

the oropharynx extends from the soft palate superiorly to the ________ inferiorly

hyoid bone

Which are potential consequences of hypoventilation

hypercapnia hypoxia

which are potential consequences of hypoventilation?

hypercapnia hypoxia

exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing

hypernea

a person hiking up to high altitudes may ___ in an attempt to gain more oxygen

hyperventilate

a person hiking up to high altitudes may ___________ in an attempt to gain more oxygen

hyperventilate

hyperventilation may cause a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide, also known as

hypocapnia

which of the following are consequences of hyperventilation?

hypocapnia respiratory alkalosis rising blood pH

which of the following are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation?

hypopnea, bradypnea

which higher brain areas are known to directly influence breathing rate

hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

Airway obstruction can lead to hypoventilation, which can cause:

hypoxia and respiratory acidosis

certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. these areas are said to have ______ ______

immune privilege

even through alveolar air is drawn in from the atmosphere, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air are not equal to atmospheric air...

incoming air mixes with air in anatomical dead space oxygen diffuses out of the atmosphere and into the blood

even though alveolar air is drawn in from the atmosphere, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air are not equal to atmospheric air. which of the following are potential reasons?

incoming air mixes with air in anatomical dead space; oxygen diffuses out of the atmosphere and into the blood

the scalene muscles help to __________ the thoracic cavity dimensions

increase

according to henry's law, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid can be increased by which of the following methods?

increase the partial pressure of the gas

The result of inspiration is

increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure.

which of the following are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes?

increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2; increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF

effects of emphysema

increased lung compliance; reduced number of alveoli; increased physiologic dead space; reduced respiratory surface area

Which factors will reduce the volume of airflow

increased resistance to airflow smaller pressure gradient increased surface tension in alveoli

smoking results in which conditions

increased risk of respiratory infections increased risk of asthma

which of the following factors will reduce the volume of airflow?

increased surface tension; smaller pressure gradient; increased resistance to airflow

How does pneumonia affect the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange?

increased thickness of respiratory membrane

the complement system ______ the inflammatory response

increases

the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container ___________

increases

During expiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals:

increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity.

As blood flows through lung capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood ___ and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

increases, decreases

as blood flows through lung capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood __________ and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ____________

increases, decreases

function of pyrogens

induce fever

The cricoid cartilage is __ to the thyroid cartilage.

inferior

the vocal folds are the ___ set of ligaments, in the larynx, that produce sound

inferior

the dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls

inhalation

pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, __________ and _________

inspiration and expiration

inhalation

inspiration; draws gases into the lungs

pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases _____ and _____

inspiration; expiration

It is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following a resting state.It is calculated from the sum of inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volumeIC=IRV+TV

inspiratory capacity

a class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ________, also referred to as IFN

interferon

Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?

internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, serratus posterior inferior

the parietal pleura lines which of the following?

internal thoracic wall superior surface of the diaphragm lateral surface of the mediastinum

the pressure within the pleura cavity is known as the ____________ pressure.

intrapleural

auditory (Eustachian) tubes

paired structures in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx that connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear so air pressure can be equalized behind the ear drum

what forms the nasal cavity floor?

palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plate of the palatine bones

which of the following form the nasal cavity floor?

palatine process of maxillae; horizontal plate of the palatine bones

viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. they are called obligate intracellular_________

parasites

which are parts of the conduction portion of the respiratory system?

pharynx, trachea, and primary bronchi.

is the frequency of sound waves and is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds

pitch

the frequency of sound waves is called ________ and is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds

pitch

activated b-lymphocytes differentiate into ________ cells that produce antibodies

plasma

between the visceral and parietal pleura is a potential space called the ________ __________

pleural cavity

an inflammation of the pleural membranes is known as

pleurisy

a puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura is called a __________.

pneumothorax

which statements describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting conditions?

po2 of 40 mm Hg pco2 of 45 mm Hg relatively constant partial pressures

pneumotaxic center is located in the

pons

cytokines are

proteins

the breathing pattern at rest is known as _______ breathing

quiet

T-lymphocytes originate in ______ bone marrow

red

if a change in blood chemistry causes less oxygen to be bound to hemoglobin at a specific po2 then the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve is said to be shifted to the

right

the ___________ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one

right

deoxygenated blood is pumped from the _________ through the pulmonary trunk into __________ which enter the lungs.

right ventricle, pulmonary arteries

deoxygenated blood is pumped from the _________ through the pulmonary trunk into ___________ which enter the lungs

right ventricle, pulmonary arteries

a lot of air forced through the ______ ________ produces a loud sound

rima glottidis

a lot of air forced through the ________ ________ produces a loud sound

rima glottidis

a lot of air forced through the ________ ____________ produces a loud sound.

rima glottidis

bronchodilation

smooth muscle relaxation that dilates bronchioles

The most common form of lung cancer is ___ ___ carcinoma.

squamous cell

the ________ is the primary nerve that innervates the larynx

vagus

the closing of the epiglottis over the larynx along with the simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the ____________ _____________, results in an increase abdominal pressure

valsalva maneuver

The region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific is the _________ region.

variable

The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the ____________ region.

variable

the region of antibody that makes it antigen-specific is the ___________ region.

variable

thyroid cartilage

the largest cartilage in the larynx, which forms only the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx; has no posterior component and is formed from hyaline cartilage

bronchopulmonary segments

the left and right lungs may be partitioned into these, each with their own tertiary bronchus, surrounded by connective tissue, and each with its own arterial and venous blood supply

There are 15-20 C-shaped __ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea.

tracheal

there are 15-20 c-shaped __________ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea

tracheal

there are 15-20 c-shaped ____________ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea.

tracheal

The posterior sides of the tracheal C-shaped pieces of cartilage are bound together by the

trachealis muscle

"Breathing" is more formally known as pulmonary __.

ventilation

Breathing is more formally known as pulmonary ____.

ventilation

during exercise when one is breathing deeply and forcibly the is activated

ventral respiratory group

during normal quiet breathing, the ___________ is inactive and exhalation is a passive event that does not require nervous stimulation

ventral respiratory group

near the vestibule of the nose are coarse hairs called _________

vibrissae

the total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs by forced breathing is known as the ________ _________.

vital capacity

The trachea is more commonly called the __.

windpipe

the trachea is more commonly called the ____.

windpipe

the trachea is more commonly called the ___________.

windpipe

the nasal septum is formed by which of the following?

-vomer -septal nasal cartilage -perpendicular plate

At rest, a normal person breathes about _____ times per minute.

12

restful breathing has a typical rate of ___________ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of _________ mL.

12-15, 500

The left lung has __ secondary bronchi since it has __ lobes; the right lung has __ lobes and __ secondary bronchi.

2, 2, 3, 3

the left lung has _____ secondary bronchi since it has ______ lobes; the right lung has ____ lobes and the ______ secondary bronchi

2, 2, 3, 3

which of the following statements is true regarding memory in humoral immunity?

2. memory b-lymphocytes are found mainly in the lymph nodes

during normal circulation, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries is released to the tissues?

25%

during normal conditions, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries

25%

How many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?

3

During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from __ mm Hg to 40 mm Hg

45

During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from __ mmHg to 40 mmHg.

45

During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from ________ mm Hg to 40 mm Hg.

45

during external respiration the pco2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from ____ mm Hg to 40 mm Hg

45

Which is a typical value for the systemic tissue partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

45 mm Hg

During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from ___ mm Hg to ___ mm Hg.

45, 40

What is the tidal volume of a typical adult?

500 mL

what is the tidal volume of a typical adult?

500 ml

Total lung volume in males averages __________.

6.0 liters

the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response

Haptens is

How does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temperature

pulmonary ventilation

breathing; the movement of air into and out of the respiratory system

The apex of the lung projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior to the bone called the __.

clavicle

which are symptoms of asthma?

coughing shortness of breath wheezing

which are the symptoms of asthma?

coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

visceral pleura

covers the outer surface of each lung; continuous at the hilum of each lung

the ring shaped ________ cartilage of the inferior portion of the larynx connects to the trachea inferiorly

cricoid

the ring shaped _________ cartilage of the inferior portion of the larynx connects to the trachea inferiorly

cricoid

secondary bronchi

each primary bronchus branches into these; the left lung has two, since it has two lobes; the right lung has three, since it has three lobes

Expiration involves

elastic recoil of the lungs.

In ventilation-perfusion coupling, pulmonary arterioles dilate under what conditions?

elevated oxygen in alveoli

Alveolar macrophages

engulf microorganisms or particulate material that has reached the alveoli

The letter A indicated the __ sinus and letter C indicates the __ sinus.

ethmoidal, frontal

the superior region of the nasal cavity is covered with ________, which contains receptors for smell

olfactory epithelium

alveolar type 2 II cells secrete:

pulmonary surfactant

which are characteristics of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

originate in hyoid bone or sternum stabilize larynx help with swallowing

which are the characteristics of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

originiate in hyoid bone or sternum, stabilize larynx, help with swallowing

the __________ is a common respiratory and digestive pathway through which both air and swallowed food and drink pass

oropharynx

the oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the _______ and returns to the _________.

pulmonary veins, left atrium

the thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of ___________.

testosterone

thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of

testosterone

At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries

the P(O2) is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.

laryngeal prominence

the V-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage; commonly referred to as the Adam's apple; the growth of this is stimulated by testosterone, thus, it is usually prominent and larger in males after puberty

alveoli

the alveolar ducts terminate into these; arise from both the respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar ducts; specialized to promote diffusion of gases between themselves and the surrounding pulmonary capillaries; oxygen diffuses from these to the pulmonary capillaries so it can be carried by erythrocytes to the body's metabolically active tissues; carbon dioxide diffuses out of pulmonary capillaries into these so it can be exhaled; apporximately 300-400 million of these in the lungs

in which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?

the alveolar volume

vestibule

the anterior region of the nasal cavity, near the nostrils

Histamine is:

the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation

The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the __-__ __ curve.

oxygen, hemoglobin, saturation

While ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down ___ ____ gradients.

partial pressure

while ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down ___________ ______________ gradients

partial pressure

activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using:

perforins and granzymes

superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _______ and posterior to the larynx is the ______.

trachea; esophagus

the posterior sides of the tracheal C-shaped cartilages are bound together by the

trachealis muscle

the posterior sides of the tracheal C-shaped pieces of cartilage are bound together by the

trachealis muscle

Lysozyme attacks the cell wall of gram-______ bacteria

positive

T-lymphocytes that can bind with thyme epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called:

positive selection

Airflow is a function of what two factors?

pressure gradient and resistance

Pulmonary surfactant coats the inner alveolar surface to reduce surface tension and _______

prevent their collapse

pulmonary surfactant coats the inner alveolar surface to reduce surface tension and

prevent their collapse

at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into left and right ___________

primary bronchi

which of the following are considered part of anatomic dead space?

primary bronchi, trachea, secondary and tertiary bronchi

vestibular folds

the superior ligaments of the larynx (vestibular ligaments), along with the mucous membrane covering them; also known as the false vocal cords because they have no function in sound production

superior nasal conchae

the superior part of the nasal conchae that is part of the ethmoid

nasopharynx

the superiormost region of the pharynx and is located directly posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate, which separates it from the posterior part of the oral cavity; lined with ciliated epithelium; food and drink is blocked from going down this cavity by the elevation of the soft palate and uvula; normally, only air passes through this

primary bronchi

the trachea bifurcates into these two smaller tubes at the level of the sternal angle; each projects laterally toward each lung; the left leaves at a more acute angle than the right, which is shorter, wider, and has a more vertical position (inhaled foreign objects or vomit are more likely to travel down into the right lobes of the lungs than the left lobes); incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage support the walls of this to ensure they remain open

Classical pathway:

the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies

Autoimmune disorders:

the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and non self-antigens

Alveolar ventilation is different from pulmonary ventilation. Why is this the case?

the ventilation of anatomic dead space reduces the ventilation of the alveoli

what prevents small bronchioles from collapsing?

their small diameter

what prevents the small bronchioles from collapsing?

their small diameter

In a healthy person, what effect would administration of pure oxygen have on oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?

there would be almost no effect

In a healthy person, what effect would administration of pure oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?

there would be almost no effect

whats a similarity between peripheral and central chemoreceptors?

they both monitor pH changes

alveolar ducts

thin airways formed by the division of respiratory bronchioles that eventually terminate into alveolus

Which factors may make the chest wall or lungs less elastic and therefore increase resistance to airflow?

thoracic cage arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, vertebral column malformation

which of the following factors may make the chest wall or lungs less elastic and therefore increase resistance to airflow?

thoracic cage arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, vertebral column malformation

The right lung has ________ lobes, and the left lung has ________ lobes.

three, two

There are __________ lobes in the right lung and __________ lobes in the left lung.

three; two

the ______________ membrane attaches the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone

thyrohyoid

the growth of the _______ cartilage is stimulated by testosterone, this, the adams apple is usually prominent and larger in males after puberty

thyroid

The largest unpaired laryngeal cartilage is the

thyroid cartilage

What is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages that form most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx?

thyroid cartilage

cartilages from mouth to chest

thyroid then cricoid then tracheal

the circulating blood concentration of antibody against a specific antigen is referred to as the antibody_____

titer

the concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ________

titer

the concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ____________________

titer.

which anatomical structus aid sound production?

tongue lips paranasal sinuses teeth nasal cavity

respiratory acidosis occurs when blood carbon dioxide levels are ___________

too high

the _________ is also known as the "windpipe"

trachea

Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _________________ and posterior to the larynx is the __________.

trachea, esophagus

True or False: the vestibular folds that attach to the corniculate cartilage protect the vocal folds

true

increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere would have little effect on the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

true

plasma cells are b-cells that produce antibodies

true

the vocal folds of the larynx are called the

true vocal cords

True or false: chemoreceptor reflexes, pco2, is the most important factor in affecting breathing depth and rate

truew

The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar ___ cell

type 1

the predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar __ cell

type 1

the respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar _________ _________ cell.

type 1

The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar __ cell.

type I

The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar ____________ cell.

type I

the closing of the epiglottis is over the larynx along with simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the _____ ________, results in an increase abdominal pressure

vasalva maneuver

which are potential consequences of hypocapnia

vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the brain

The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by

visceral pleura

the outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by

visceral pleura

The total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs by forced breathing is known as the __ __.

vital capacity

The total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs by forced breathing is known as the ___ ___

vital capacity

the trachea is more commonly called the _________

windpipe.

which events are occurring during quiet inhalation?

intrapleural pressure is decreasing; pleural cavity volume is increasing; the lungs are expanding; intrapulmonary pressure is falling

The lungs remain inflated because:

intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.

which is always higher, intrapulmonary pressure or intrapleural pressure?

intrapulmonary

The reason air flows out of the body during expiration is that during that time:

intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

the secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called _____ bronchi.

lobar

the secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called _________ bronchi

lobar

the secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called __________ bronchi.

lobar bronchi

each bronchopulmonary segment is divided into many

lobues

each bronchopulmonary segment is divided into many ________________.

lobules

lingual tonsils

located at the base of the tongue and provide the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials

palatine tonsils

located on the lateral wall of the oropharynx and provide the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials

lymph nodes

located within the connective tissue of lungs as well as around the bronchi and pleura; collect carbon , dust particles, and pollutants that were not filtered out by the ciliated epithelium; the lymphatic drainage of the right lung drains into the right lymphatic duct, while the lymphatic drainage of the left lung drains into the thoracic duct

The __ the vocal fold, the deeper the voice.

longer

the ________ the vocal fold, the deeper the voice

longer

If two regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ___ pressure

lower

The partial pressure of oxygen is __ in the pulmonary arteries than in the pulmonary veins

lower

The trachea is part of the __ respiratory system.

lower

the trachea is part of the ____ respiratory system

lower

which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?

lowered PCO2, lowered temperature, elevated pH

gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the ____________ and systemic cells

lungs

secondary lymphatic structures

lymph nodes, sleep, tonsils, lymphatic nodules and MALT

which are found in the mucous lining the respiratory tract?

lysozome, defensins, immunoglobulins, mucin

macrophages

phagocytize foreign substances

____________ tonsils are also called adenoids

pharyngeal

the ________ tonsils are also called adenoids

pharyngeal

tonsils are also called the adenoids

pharyngeal

The choanae lead into the

pharynx

which of the following events are occurring during quiet exhalation?

pleural cavity volume is decreasing; intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure

A condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity is called a ____.

pneumothorax

A puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura creates a condition a ____.

pneumothorax

a puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura creates a condition known a

pneumothorax

Put the following structures in order:

primary bronchus secondary bronchus tertiary bronchus bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveoli

signals from ____ in joints, muscles, and tendons may trigger hyperpnea during exercise

proprioceptors

movement may increase breathing rate by stimulating ________ within joints and muscles

proprioreceptors

A membrane attack complex is the name for a:

protein channel

complement system is made of 30 different:

proteins

respiratory system

provides the means for gas exchange required by living cells; oxygen must be supplied without interruption and carbon dioxide is generated as waste

symptoms of altitude sickness

pulmonary edema; nausea; headache

which of the following conditions can increase airway resistance?

pulmonary fibrosis, thoracic cage arthritis, decreased elasticity of the chest wall

Alveolar type 2 cells secrete ___________ __________.

pulmonary surfactant

the term ________ ____________ is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. the same term may also refer to the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minutes

pulmonary ventilation

Severe symptoms of altitude sickness include __ edema and ____ edema.

pulmonary, cerebral

Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte ________.

recirculation

Which are among the four continuous and stimitaneous processes of respiration?

systemic gas exchange, gas transport, alveolar gas exchange, pulmonary ventitilation

what is the effect of the oxygen reserve on the body's ability to undergo vigorous exercise?

the oxygen reserve is used when PO2 falls very low in exercising tissue

As blood travels through a systemic capillary and exchanges gases with systemic cells:

the partial pressure of oxygen in blood decreases as it goes from arterioles to venules.

conducting portion

the portion of the respiratory system that transports air; includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, progressively smaller airways (from the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles)

respiratory portion

the portion of the respiratory system where gas exchange with the blood occurs; composed of small airways (respiratory bronchioles), alveolar ducts, air sacs called alveoli

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

the posterior nasopharynx houses this tonsil that is commonly called the adenoids

pleural cavity

the potential space between the serous membrane layers of the pleura; when the lungs are fully inflated, this is a potential space because the visceral and parietal pleurae are almost in contact with one another; the pressure here is lower than that in the lungs, this partial vacuum causes the visceral and parietal pleurae to pull toward each other

which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen?

the presence of hemoglobin; the solubility coefficient of oxygen

Endocytosis:

the process that brings an exogenous antigen into a cell

what information is described by the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?

the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin saturation with oxygen

tertiary bronchi

the secondary bronchi divide into these, which in turn divide into even smaller bronchi

why is hemoglobin necessary to carry oxygen in the blood?

the solubility coefficient of oxygen is very low

Alveolar capillaries are primary sources of

angiotensin-converting enzyme

ventral respiratory group is located

anterior part of medulla oblongata

the trachea is ________ to the esophagus, _______ to the larynx, and _________ to the primary bronchi

anterior, inferior, superior

PLASMA CELLS

antibodies that are produced by activated B cells

Fetal hemoglobin has a _____ affinity for oxygen than mature hemoglobin.

higher

During inhalation, air flows from region of __ pressire (the atmosphere) into a region of __ pressure within the lungs (the intrapulmonary region)

higher to lower

what are the potential consequences of hypoventilation?

hypoxia and hypercapnia

skin is an example of

innate immunity

the ________ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air

nose

the __________ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air.

nose

which of the following are symptoms are hyperventilation?

numbness; dizziness; coma

The ___ fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung.

oblique

the ___________ fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung

oblique

the second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because

of the presence of memory B cells

the superior region of the nasal cavity is covered with ___________ which contains receptors for smell.

olfactory epithelium

the superior region of the nasal cavity is covered with _____________ which contains receptors for smell.

olfactory epithelium

nostrils (external nares)

open on the inferior surface of the nose

What is it called when antibodies coat a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it?

opsonization

what is it called when antibodies coat a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it?

opsonization

The Hering-Breuer reflexes protect against __________.

overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing

which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin

oxygen carbon dioxide hydrogen ions (protons)

How does oxygen binding to one site on hemoglobin affect the binding of oxygen to the remaining sites?

oxygen can bind more easily

how does oxygen binding to one site on hemoglobin affect the binding of oxygen to the remaining sites?

oxygen can bind more easily

which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?

oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood

The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the __ ___ ____ curve.

oxygen hemoglobin saturation

the effects of exercise on blood oxygen?

oxygen remains relatively constant during exercise

the oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is known as the

oxygen reserve

the oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is known as the _________ ____________.

oxygen reserve

Which substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin? Oxygen Hydrogen ions (protons) Bicarbonate ions Carbon dioxide

oxygen, hydrogen ions (protons), carbon dioxide

the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the ____ curve

oxygen-hemoglobin saturation

Hb02 is an abbreviation for

oxyhemoglobin

paranasal sinuses

paired air spaces that are contained within four bones of the skull; decrease skull bone weight; all communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts and are lined by ciliated epithelium with overlying mucus; frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

internal nares

paired openings within the nose that makes it so that the nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasopharynx

Multiplying the atmospheric pressure by the fraction of a gas in the atmosphere yields the ______ pressure of the gas

partial

Dalton's law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the ___ ____ of the individual gases.

partial pressure

inflammation

-- activates mast cells & basophils -- attracts neutrophils and macrophages

__ is inflammation of the larynx.

Laryngitis

MHC class 2 molecules are synthesized by the:

RER

Nose

main conducting airway for inhaled air.

hilum

the medial surface of the lung

Which of the following are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?

- Alveolar gas exchange - System gas exchange - Gas transport - Pulmonary ventilation

which of the following are potential causes of hyperventilation?

- conscious control of breathing muscles - ascending to high altitude - a panic attack

which of the following are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood

- dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma -as bicarbonate -bound to hemoglobin

Lymphatic System Functions

- return of excess fluid -defense against disease - transportation of absorbed fats - return of filtered proteins - (works with other systems)

Which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen?

- the solubility coefficient of oxygen - presence of hemoglobin

Which drugs are useful in treating asthma?

-Allergy shots -Oral steroids -Inhaled steroids

which are functions of the larynx?

-Blocks food and drink from entering airway. -serves as a passageway for air. -Produces sound for speech.

Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?

-Blood & Alveoli -Blood & Systemic Tissues

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

The c-shaped cartilaginous rings

How is the range of sound determined?

The length and thickness of the vocal folds.

Which of the two lungs is larger and wider?

The right lung

lymph node

filters lymph

The __ is also known as the "windpipe".

trachea

The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the ___ ____

Partial Pressure

there are several ways to measure pressure. standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. What is this in pounds per square inch?

14.7

The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the ____ _____.

partial pressure

Place the gases below in order of solubility, most soluble to least soluble.

1. CO2 2. O2 3. N2

Which describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting conditions?

1. Relatively constant partial pressure; 2. PCO2 of 45mm Hg ; and 3. PO2 of 40mm Hg

an immune cell is observed to present antigen to naive helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes...

1. cell is an antigen-presenting cell 2. cell may be a macrophage 3. cell may be a dendritic cell 4. cell may be a B-lymphocyte

functions of the larynx

1. serves as a passageway for air 2. produces sound for speech 3. blocks food and drink from entering airway

which of the following are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?

1. systemic gas exchange 2. alveolar gas exchange 3. gas transport 4. pulmonary ventilation

Which statement about the nasopharynx is true?

1/ The nasopharynx contains the opening to the auditory tubes. 2/ The nasopharynx contains ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. 3/ The nasopharynx begins at the internal nares.

Which of the following is a part of the upper respiratory system?

1/ oropharynx 2/ paranasal sinuses 3/ internal nares

Which of the following basic functions of the respiratory system?

1/ removing waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the blood 2/ producing sound 3/ providing a large surface area for gas exchange

the right lung has ________ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ________ tertiary bronchi

10 8-10

the right lung has _________ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ________ tertiary bronchi.

10, 8-10

Which is a typical value for the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen

104 mm hg

In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ____ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ___ mm Hg.

104; 40

In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ____mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ____mm Hg.

104; 40

in external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. the PO2 in the alveoli is __________ mm Hg, which the PO2 in the blood is _______ mmHg

104; 40

In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ________ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ________ mm Hg.

104;40

resting breathing has a typical rate of ____ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of ____ ml

12-15, 500

a normal breathing rate is ____ to ____ breaths per minute

12; 20

There are several ways to measure pressure. Standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. What is this in pounds per square inch?

14.7

There are several ways to measure pressure. Standard atmospheric pressure is 760mm Hg. What is this in pounds per square inch?

14.7

The lining of the alveolus is coated with an oily secretion called __________.

surfactant

tracheal cartilages

15-20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage rings that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea; reinforce and provide some rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open (patent) at all times

Each lung contains about __________ alveoli, giving the lungs a spongy appearance.

150 mil

how many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?

3

the lungs contain approximately __________ alveoli

300-400 million

Which is a typical value for the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

40 mm Hg

Which is a typical value for the systemic tissue partial pressure of oxygen?

40 mm Hg

During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decrease from _________mm Hg to 40 mm Hg

45

During normal circulation, hemoglobin is ___ saturated in blood entering the lungs?

75%

During normal circulation, what is the percent oxygen-hemoglobin saturation in systemic blood returning to the lungs?

75%

when lungs are at rest, the intrapulmonary pressure is 760 mm Hg (equal to atmospheric pressure). What is the pressure inside the pleural cavity?

754 mm Hg

The atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which value?

760 mm Hg

The atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which value?

760 mmHg

the atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which value?

760 mmHg

In internal respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the blood is ___ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the tissues is ___ mm Hg.

95; 40

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A Terminal Bronchiole B Alveolar Duct C Respiratory bronchiole D Alveoli

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A Thyroid cartilage B Arytenoid cartilage C cricoid cartilage D vocal ligaments

You may have noticed that after a large meal you have had some difficulty breathing. Which explanation is most accurate with regard to this situation?

A full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm, limiting inhalation.

Cardiac Impression

A medial surface indentation on the left lung due to the apex of the heart.

What forms the posterior part of the nasal septum?

A thin, bony sheet formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superiorly) and the vomer bone (inferiorly) forms the posterior part of the nasal septum

The respiratory portion of the lungs is composed of which structures? A) Alveolar ducts B) Respiratory bronchioles C) Terminal bronchiole D) Alveoli

A) Alveolar ducts B) Respiratory bronchioles D) Alveoli

The _____ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles. A) Bronchial tree B) Larynx C) Alveolar ducts D) Trachea.

A) Bronchial tree.

Which might require a tracheotomy? A) Difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury B) An upper airway obstruction C) A lower airway obstruction D) Respiratory disease.

A) Difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury B) An upper airway obstruction D) Respiratory Disease

Which are symptoms of asthma? A) Shortness of breath B) Wheezing C) Bronchodilation D) Coughing

A) Shortness of breath B) Wheezing D) Coughing

resonating

Besides functioning in filtration, conditioning, and olfaction, the nasal cavity is a __________________ chamber that contributes to sound production.

The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar ______ cell. A) Type I B) Type II C) Surfactant D) Type III

A) Type I

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A- arytenoid cartilage B- corniculate cartilage C- epiglottis D- cricoid cartilage

Match the letter on the left that corresponds to the tonsils on the right.

A- lingual B- palatine C- pharyngeal

bronchi

All ______________________ have incomplete rings of cartilage which become fewer and fewer as bronchi branch and become smaller and are lined with ciliated epithelium. A complete ring of smooth muscle develops between the mucosa of the airways and the cartilaginous support in the wall. They branch into smaller and smaller tubules that eventually reach a diameter of less than 1 millimeter.

1. the TCR binds a peptide displayed with an MHC class 1 molecule of an infected cell. 2. clones of the cytotoxic t-lymphocytes are produced

All occur during activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

What do the sinuses communicate with?

All sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts and are lined with the same pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the nasal cavity

Which drugs are useful in treating asthma?

Allergy shots, inhaled steroids, oral steroids

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

Allows the air to be remain in the nasal cavity for longer period due to the tuburlence which allows it to get cleansed and conditioned

Where are the nasal conchae?

Along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are the three paired bony projections, the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

The smallest respiratory bronchioles are subdivided into thin airways called _____ _____.

Alveolar ducts.

The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ___ ___.

Alveolar pores

The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called _______ ______.

Alveolar pores.

What are the two types of alveolar cells?

Alveolar type 1 cell Alveolar type II cell

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as ___________.

Bicarbonate

The respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called _______.

Alveoli

Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Alveoli

Choanae

An opening in the nasal cavity that is very posteriorly and leads to the pharynx.

What are the three small paired cartilage in the larynx?

Arytenoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Cuneiform cartilage ALL of them are composed of hyaline cartilage.

sound, smell, olfactory, infection, hairs, trap, mucus

As air is forced out of the lungs and moves through the larynx, __________________ may be produced, such as speech or singing. Other anatomic structures aid sound production: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth, lips, and tongue. The superior region of the nasal cavity is covered with olfactory epithelium, which contains chemoreceptors for the sense of _________________. These chemoreceptors detect inhaled molecules that dissolve in the mucus overlying the ________________________ epithelium. The structure of the respiratory, and some of the cells in the respiratory epithelium, protects the body against airborne ____________________________. Entrance to the nose is lined with coarse _________________. Twisted passageways _______________ insects and microbes. Numerous cells are found in the epithelium that produce mucus and lysozyme (an enzyme that destroys microbial cell walls). The _______________ traps inhaled dust, microbes, insects, and pollen. Defensive mucus production can increase when large quantities of irritating materials enter

Air through the nasal conchae and meatus

As inhaled air passes over constricted, narrow grooves in each meatus, the inhaled air becomes turbulent. Increased turbulence ensure that the air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time, so that the air becomes warmed and humidified. Because the conchae help produce this turbulence, they are sometimes called the "turbinate" bones

conditioned, warmed, humidified, cleansed, twisted, turbulent

As inhaled gases pass through conducting airways the gases are _______________________ prior to reaching the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs. The gases are _____________________ to body temperature. The gases are ______________________ (moistened). The gases are __________________________ of particulate matter through contact with the respiratory epithelium and its sticky mucus covering. This conditioning is facilitated by the ______________________ pathways through the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, which cause the inhaled air to become very ______________________ during inhalation.

inhale, exhalation, diaphragm, contracts, elevation, depression

As you _______________, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity generally increase, forming a larger space for the expanding lungs. During ______________________, your thoracic cavity dimensions return to their original size. Thus the thoracic cavity becomes larger during inhalation and smaller during exhalation. Vertical dimension changes occur with movements of the ____________________, which forms the rounded floor of the thoracic cavity. As you inhale, the diaphragm _____________________ so that its dome-shaped central portion flattens and moves inferiorly to press against the abdominal viscera. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original position. Lateral dimension changes occur with the rib movements. ___________________________ of the ribs increases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity, while _________________________ of the ribs decreases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.

16, 500, muscular, inhalation, circulatory, lungs, exhalation

At rest, a normal adult breathes about ________ times per minute. Approximately ________ milliliters (one-half liter) of air are exchanged with the atmosphere per breath. The airflow exchange is caused by the ________________________ actions associated with inhalation and exhalation, as well as by differences in atmospheric air pressure and lung air pressure. Oxygen in the air is drawn into the lungs by ___________________. Oxygen is transported to the body cells from the lungs by blood circulating through the ____________________ system. Cells use the oxygen and generate carbon dioxide as a waste product. Blood transports the carbon dioxide from the body cells to the ________________. Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere during _________________________.

_________ _________ result when the immune system does not have tolerance for a specific self-antigen and attacks the cells

Autoimmune Disorders

the lungs contain approx. ______ alveoli. A) 300 - 400 B) 300 - 400 million C) 300 - 400 thousand

B) 300 - 400 million

Which drugs are useful in treating asthma? A) Bronchoconstrictors B) Allergy shots C) Inhaled steroids D) Oral steroids

B) Allergy shots C) Inhaled steroids D) Oral steroids

The alveoli have thin walls specialised to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the _____. A) Alveolar ducts B) Capillaries C) Respiratory bronchioles

B) Capillaries

Alveoli has a unique shape, best described as _____. A) Square B) Hexagonal C) Triangular D) Circular

B) Hexagonal

Which is not part of the upper respiratory system? A) Nose B) Larynx C) Pharynx D) Nasal cavity

B) Larynx

The trachea is part of the ______ respiratory system. A) Upper B) Lower

B) Lower

Which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? A) Alveoli B) Primary bronchi C) Trachea D) Pharynx

B) Primary bronchi C) Trachea D) Pharynx

The mucosa lining the trachea is made of what type of tissue? A) Stratified cuboidal epithelium B) Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium C) Simple columnar epithelium

B) Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The ______ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one. A) Left B) Right

B) Right

The bronchioles are no longer lined with pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi are lined with _____ epithelium. A) Simple squamous B) Simple columnar C) Pseudo-stratified

B) Simple columnar

Which characteristics are shared among all the bronchi? A) All bronchi are lined with simple columnar epithelium B)The amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter C) A complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage D) The epithelium changes from pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar to ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller.

B) The amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter C) A complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage D) The epithelium changes from pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar to ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller.

Which are functions of the larynx?

Blocks food and drink from entering airway, produces sound for speech, serves as a passageway for air

Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?

Blood and systemic tissues; Blood and alveoli

Antigen-presenting cells display:

Both MHC class 1 and 2 molecules

Glottis

Both the vocal fold and the rim glottidis.

the movement of gases into and out of the respiratory system follows ____________ law

Boyle's

There are two forms of hypoventilation, ___________ when breathing is too low, and __________ in which breathing is too shallow.

Bradypnea, Hypopnea

The _______ _____ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originates from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles.

Bronchial Tree

Inflammation of the bronchi caused by a virus or bacterial infection is called ______.

Bronchitis.

The right lung has ______ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ______ tertiary bronchi. A) 8-10, 10 B) 8, 10 C) 10, 8-10 D) 8-10, 8

C) 10, 8-10

Dust cells are also called ______. A) Alveolar type I cells B) Alveolar type II cells C) Alveolar macrophages

C) Alveolar macrophages

Respiration affects all conditions except ________. A) Blood levels of carbon dioxide B) Venous return of blood C) Blood K+ levels D) Blood levels of oxygen.

C) Blood K+ levels

The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the ______. A) Lymph B) Respiratory bronchiole C) Blood D) Alveolar duct

C) Blood.

Which are found in the walls of bronchioles? A) Small plates of cartilage B) Rings of cartilage C) Smooth muscle D) Large plates of cartilage

C) Smooth muscle

Respiratory portion

Gas exchange with the blood occurs. Includes: Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli

Place the gases below in order of solubility, most soluble to least soluble.

CO2, O2, N2

Place the gases in order of solubility, from most soluble to least soluble.

CO2, O2, N2

Hemoglobin binds not only to oxygen, but also protons and __________ ___________.

Carbon dioxide

Gases most soluble to least soluble

Carbon dioxide (CO2), Oxygen2 (O2), Nitrogen (N2)

What statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli

which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli.

Tracheal cartilages (Anatomy)

Cartilage that is C-shaped or ring shaped covering the trachea anteriorly and laterally.

The process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells

Chemotaxis

Vibrissae

Coarse hairs near the vestibule that help trap larger particles.

Defense of the respiratory system

Coarse hairs, and twisted passageways prevent large particles, microorganisms and insects from entering.

Pharynx

Commonly called the throat, is the space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Funnel shaped.

Vocal ligaments

Composed of elastic connective tissue and extend all the way to the arytenoid cartilage. Called true vocal cords and produce sound.

Nasal conchae increase what?

Conchae increase surface area of mucosal membrane in the nasal cavity

Nasopharynx (FUNCTION & LINING)

Conducts air Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Laryngopharynx (FUNCTION & LINING)

Conducts air & passageway for food and drink Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?

Gas transport, alveolar gas exchange, systemic gas exchange, pulmonary ventilation.

Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection

Diapedesis

Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscle of the bronchioles ________.

Dilate

A partial pressure _________ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.

Gradient

Anular ligaments

Elastic connective tissue sheets that connect the tracheal cartilages to each other.

Tracheal cartilages (Function)

Ensures rigidity to the tracheal wall and ensures the trachea remains open.

Which options are correctly identified as functions of the respiratory system?

Exchange of O2 and CO2; detection of odors; air passageway; sound production

External respiration

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood. Oxygen in the atmosphere is inhaled into the lungs.

Internal respiration

Exchange of gases between the blood and cells of the body. Blood transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

Laryngopharynx (CHARACTERISTIC)

Extends inferiorly from the level of the hyoid bone

a healthy person should be able to expel 75-85 of the vital capacity in 1 second. This measure of respiratory health

FEV1 (forced expiratory volume)

As the diaphragm relaxes, it is depressed (moves inferiorly).

False

Bronchoconstriction results from relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of airways.

False

Depression of the ribs increases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.

False

Hemoglobin is able to transport carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen ions at the same time without affecting each other.

False

Hyperventilation leads to hypercapnia.

False

If a partial pressure gradient exists between two regions for a given gas, then the gas moves from the region of its lower partial pressure to the region of its higher partial pressure.

False

In general, respiratory zone structures are lined with a thicker mucosa than conducting zone structures.

False

The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli is equal to the partial pressures of these gases in the atomosphere.

False

The trachea extends inferiorly through the neck into the mediastinum and lies immediately posterior to the esophagus and the sternum.

False

True or False: The volumes measured with a spirometer should be fairly consistent throughout the life of an individual.

False

When a partial pressure gradient exists for a gas, it will move from the area of its lower partial pressure to the area of higher partial pressure.

False

True or false: Primary bronchi have less cartilage than tertiary bronchi.

False.

true or false: a person breathing fast during a foot race is most likely hyperventilating?

False: rapid breathing is only hyperventilation if the rate exceeds demand

true or false: over use of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number one cause of laryngitis?

False: viral or bacterial infections is the number one cause of laryngitis

True or False: Overuse of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number 1 cause for laryngitis.

False; Viral or bacterial infection is the #1 cause.

All IgM antibodies have what region in common?

Fc

Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells?

Fc

which region of an antibody helps activate complement?

Fc

What are some of the functions of the nasal cavity?

Filtration (defense) Conditioning Olfaction Sound production

What is the pharynx a common pathway for?

For most of its length, the pharynx is the common pathway for both inhaled and exhaled air (the respiratory system) and ingested food (the digestive system)

Paranasal Sinuses

Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces superiorly called the paranasal sinuses, which together decrease skull bone weight (decrease weight of skull). These are the "holes in the head" called the frontal sinus and sphenoidal sinus

If the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, what phrase describes the net movement of oxygen?

From alveoli to blood

Which bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?

Frontal bone Nasal bones Cribriform plate of ethmoid Sphenoid bone

The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior.

Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla

In addition to gas exchange, what else does the respiratory system function in?

Gas conditioning Sound production Olfaction Defense

Thyroid cartilage

Largest laryngeal cartilage and is shield like. Seen from the anterior view of the larynx.

__________ is an inflammation of the larynx.

Laryngitis

Which two regions of the pharynx conduct both air and food?

Laryngopharynx Oropharynx

The _______ is also called the voice box.

Larynx

which is not part of the upper respiratory system?

Larynx

Which structures is the lower respiratory tract composed of?

Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts and alveoli

Oropharynx (CHARACTERISTICS)

Lingual tonsils on anterior of oropharynx Is between the soft palate and hyoid bone

where are complement proteins synthesized?

Liver

The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.

Lobar

The _______ the vocal fold, the deeper the voice.

Longer

Vestibular ligaments

Longer intrinsic ligaments that extend further to the corniculate cartilage.

If 2 regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ________ pressure.

Lower

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right. Letter C indicates the entire organe

Lumen of trachea Mucosa Trachea

Gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the ___ and systemic cells.

Lungs

Gas transport is the movement of respiratory gases in blood between the ________ and systemic cells.

Lungs

Which of the following increases the odds that a specific lymphocyte will encounter its specific antigen?

Lymphocyte Recirculation

At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into right and left _____ _____ .

Main bronchi.

which are found in the mucous lining the respiratory tract?

Mucin lysozyme defensins immunoglobulin

What are the two primary structures that primarily warm and humidify the air we inhale?

Nasal Cavity Paranasal sinuses

Which region of the pharynx is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Nasopharynx

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx (top layer) Oropharynx (middle layer) Laryngopharynx (inferior layer)

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Never Open Lions

Paired nostrils/nares

Open on the inferior surface of the nose Nostrils/Nares = External nare

Which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood.

Which statement accurately describes alveolar exchange of oxygen?

Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen.

Which statement describes the net movement of oxygen during internal respiration?

Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues

Even though alveolar air is drawn in from the atmosphere, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air are not equal to atmospheric air. Which of the following are potential reasons?

Oxygen diffuses out of the atmosphere and into the blood. Incoming air mixes with air in anatomical dead space.

The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the __-__ ___ curve

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation

The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the __________ ________ ________ curve.

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation

If P1 and V1 represent the initial conditions, and P2 and V2 represent the changed conditions for pressure and volume, Boyle's law would state:

P1V1=P2V2

which statements describes the partial pressures of system cells under resting conditions?

PCO2 of 45 mmHg, PO2 of 40 mmHg, relatively constant partial pressures

Which bones form the floor of the nasal cavity?

Palatine process of the maxillae Hard palate

Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscle of the bronchioles _________.

Relaxes

the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract includes which of the following?

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts alveoli

What statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?

Respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients.

Which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?

Respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients.

The terminal bronchioles conduct air into the _____ bronchioles.

Respiratory.

Trachea

Rigid tubular organ often referred to as the windpipe.

Match the structure on the left with the structure on the right (vocal)

Rima Glottidis Vestibular Folds Vocal folds

If all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% __________.

Saturated

Alveolar type II cell

Secret a fluid composed of lipids and proteins that costs the inner alveolar surface.

Pleura

Simple Squamous epithelium.

How is stalled food prevented from entering the nasopharynx?

Skeletal muscles in the soft palate contract after swallowing which seals it off.

Alveolar pores

Small openings in the alveoli walls.

Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas is dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and its ___ ___

Solubility Coefficient

The ________ _________ of a gas depends on the interactions between the molecules of the gas and the molecules of the liquid.

Solubility Coefficient

Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?

Spleen

What are the three paired bony projections in the nasal cavity?

Superior nasal conchae Middle nasal conchae Inferior nasal conchae

The parietal pleura lines with which of the following?

Superior surface of the diaphragm, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, internal thoracic walls

Antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte:

TCR

when a virus infects a cell, some of the viral proteins are broken down into peptide fragments

TRUE

Which of the following structures is not part of the respiratory zone?

Terminal bronchioles

roof, floor

The ___________ of the nasal cavity is formed by the frontal bone, nasal bones, cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the sphenoid bone. The _______________ of the nasal cavity is formed by the horizontal plate of the maxillae and the horizontal portions of the palatine bones.

respiratory, thinner

The _______________________ portion of the respiratory system consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and pulmonary alveoli. Within this respiratory portion, the epithelium is much _____________________ than in the conducting portion, thus facilitating gas diffusion between pulmonary capillaries and the respiratory structures.

Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception.

The air is cooled.

In which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?

The alveolar volume

How is pitch determined?

The amount of tension on the vocal folds are what regulate the pitch.

Vestibule

The anterior region of the nasal cavity. Right above the nostrils

Why may people become hypoxic at high altitudes?

The atomospheric partial pressure of oxygen is lower

Main bronchi

The bifurcation of the trachea at the sternal angle that descends into the lungs.

Lobar bronchi

The branches in the lungs that are branched from the main bronchi.

Respiratory bronchioles

The branches that are formed from the terminal bronchioles.

Pharynx

The common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems is the pharynx, commonly called the throat. -where nasal cavity ends and throat (pharynx) begins

What do the nasal conchae divide?

The conchae subdivide the nasal cavity into separate air passages, each called a nasal meatus. The superior, middle, and inferior meatuses are located immediately inferior to their corresponding nasal conchae.

Alveolar ducts

The divine of thin airways from bronchioles. Lined with a simple squamous epithelium.

Dorsum nasi

The fleshy part of the nose which consists of 1 pair of lateral cartilages and 2 pairs of alar cartilages.

Which statement is true regarding secondary bronchi?

The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi.

What bone/sinus causes issues with the sinuses like sinusitis?

The maxilla bone/maxillary sinus

trachea, swallowed, coughed

The mucosa lining the ___________________ is a ciliated epithelium with numerous mucin secreting goblet cells and underlying mucin-secreting glands. The cilia propel mucus laden with particles toward the larynx and the pharynx, where it is _____________________ or ________________________ out.

Vestibular folds

The mucous membrane covering the vestibular ligaments.

What are the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses the primary structure for?

The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses are the primary structures that warm and humidify the air we inhale. Ex: If you breathe through your mouth on a cold morning your throat and trachea may feel raw because the air going in is not being properly conditioned. --When you breathe through your nose on a cold day the air gets warmed and humidified in the nasal cavity which makes it easier to breathe.

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing is known as the ________ volume.

Tidal

the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing

Tidal volume

Nasal bone

Top portion of the external bone which forms the bridge of the nose.

Functions of the nasal cavity

The nasal cavity functions in filtration, conditioning, and olfaction. It is also a resonating chamber that contributes to sound production.

What does the nasal septum divide?

The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions. It is formed anteriorly by septal nasal cartilage.

How is the nose supported

The nose is supported superiorly by paired nasal bones that form the bridge of the nose.

What is the main conducting airway for inhaled air

The nose is the main conducting airway for inhaled air The air goes into the nasal cavity through the external nare

Rima vestibuli

The opening between the vestibule folds. Considered fall vocal chords.

Rima glottidis

The opening between the vocal folds.

Laryngeal inlet

The opening that connects the pharynx and larynx.

respiration, base, apex, thoracic, mediastinum, right, left

The paired, spongy lungs are the primary organs of _________________________. Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave ________________ rests inferiorly upon the muscular diaphragm, and its relatively blunt superior region , called the __________________, projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle. Both lungs are bordered by the ___________________ wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and supported by the rib cage. Toward the midline, the lungs are separated by the _________________________. The _________________ lung is divided into the superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe. The ___________________ lung is divided into the superior lobe and inferior lobe.

The symbol "PO2" is used to indicate what?

The partial pressure of oxygen

The symbol "PO2" is used to indicate which of the following?

The partial pressure of oxygen

Shape of pharynx

The pharynx is funnel-shaped, meaning that it is slightly wider superiorly and narrower interiorly.

Features of the pharynx

The pharynx is lined by a mucosa and contains skeletal muscles that are primarily used for swallowing. Its flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus.

What is the pharynx partitioned into?

The pharynx is partitioned into three adjoining regions: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx

Where does the pharynx originate and where does it extend to?

The pharynx originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly to the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.

serous fluid, slide, friction

The pleural membranes produce a non-viscous, _______________________________ that acts as a lubricant, ensuring that opposing pleural membrane surfaces ___________________ by each other with minimal ______________________ during breathing (like two pieces of Saran wrap with oil between them).

Which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen?

The presence of hemoglobin, the solubility coefficient of oxygen.

Valsalva maneuver

The process by which the epiglottis closes over the larynx and abdominal pressure increases.

Laryngeal prominence

The projection of the thyroid cartilage (commonly known as Adam's apple.

respiratory, cardiovascular

The respiratory and cardiovascular systems are inseparable partners. While the __________________________ system exchanges gases between the atmosphere and the blood, the ________________________ system transports those gases between the lungs and the body cells.

efficient, decrease, darker, tobacco, inflammation, exhale

The respiratory system becomes less _____________________ with age due to several structural changes. ______________________ in elastic connective tissue, which reduces the amount of gas that can be exchanged with each breath and results in a decrease in the ventilation rate. Carbon, dust, and pollution material gradually accumulate in our lymph nodes and lungs. If a person smokes regularly, the lungs become _________________ and blacker throughout because of the deposition of carbon particles in the cells. Two distinct disease, emphysema and chronic bronchitis, together encompass chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is often related to _________________ use. The condition is characterized by lung structural abnormalities resulting from ____________________. The resulting airflow obstruction makes it hard for the person to _________________.

Is is the maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate or sum of all volume compartments or volume of air in lungs after maximum inspiration.

Total Lung Capacity

lung is divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes

The right lung

Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

The systemic cells

autonomic, respiratory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, brainstem, medulla oblongata, pons

The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are innervated by the _______________________ nervous system. The autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart also send branches to these _______________________ structures. The main function of the _________________________ innervation is to open up and dilate the bronchioles (bronchodilation). The main function of _____________________ innervation is to decrease the airway diameter of the bronchioles (bronchoconstriction). The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the ________________________. Regulatory respiratory centers are located in both the _______________________________ (which establishes the rate and depth of breathing) and the ________________ (which can also influence the breathing rate).

How are vocal fold formed?

The vocal ligaments are covered with a mucous membrane forming the vocal folds.

The different paranasal sinuses from superior to inferior

These paired air spaces in the skull are named for the bones in which they are housed, thus from a superior to inferior direction: they are the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses.

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Three lobes Horizontal fissure oblique fissure

What are the nine pieces of cartilage supporting the larynx?

Thyroid Cricoid Epiglottis Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform

__ __ __ is the sum of all the volumes including residual volume and is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold.

Total lung capacity

The ________ is also known as the 'windpipe'.

Trachea

Conducting portion of the respiratory system

Transports air Includes the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx of URT and the larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways (from the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles) of the LRT

Conduction portion

Transports air. Includes: Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx Larynx Trachea

External respiration involves the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.

True

Increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the atomosphere would have little effect on the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.

True

Oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveoli into the capillaries because of the P(O2) partial pressure gradient.

True

The P(O2) is lower in the alveoli than it is in the atmosphere, and the P(CO2) is higher in the alveoli than it is in the atmosphere.

True

The depth and rate of respiration influence blood levels of hydrogen ion.

True

The gas exchange surfaces of the lungs are part of the pulmonary circulation, while the bronchial circulation is part of the systemic circulation.

True

The smallest bronchioles contain no cartilage

True

Total lung capacity can be calculated as: vital capacity + residual volume.

True

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Two lobes. Oblique fissure.

A pathogen located outside of a cell is referred to as:

an exogenous antigen

vibrate, sound, length, longer, increase, males, pitch, increasing, higher, less, lower, loudness, loud, soft, do not, shorter, higher, cracking

When air is forced through the rima glottidis, the vocal folds begin to ___________________, and this vibration produces _____________________. The length, tension, and position of the vocal folds determine the quality of sound. The range of voices (be it soprano or bass) is determined by the ____________________ of the vocal folds. _________________ vocal folds produce lower sounds than shorter vocal folds. As we grow, our vocal folds ______________________ in length, and our voices deepen. Under the influence of testosterone, the vocal folds of __________________ are longer and thicker than those of females, which explains why men typically have deeper voices than females. __________________ refers to the frequency of sound waves and is determined by the amount of tension or tautness on the vocal folds by the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. ___________________________ the tension on the vocal folds causes the vocal folds to vibrate more when air passes by them and produces a ________________________ sound. The ______________ taut the vocal folds, the less they vibrate and the _________________ the pitch of the sound. _________________________ depends on the force of the air passing across the vocal folds. A lot of air forced through the rima glottidis produces a _______________ sound. A little air forced through the rima glottidis produces a ____________________ sound. When you whisper, only the most posterior portion of the rima glottidis is open, and the vocal cords ______________________ vibrate. Since the vocal cords are not vibrating, the whispered sounds are all the same pitch. A child has _________________, smaller vocal folds, which produce _________________ voices. When a male goes through puberty, his laryngeal cartilages and vocal folds grow rapidly, producing the ___________________ voice that eventually leads to a deeper voice at maturity. Keep in mind that recognizable speech also requires the participation of numerous structures: pharynx, nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, lips, tongue.

HIV becomes identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs?

When the patient develops an opportunistic infection

Respiratory portion of the respiratory system

Where gas exchange with the blood occurs -the continuous movement of gases into and out of the lungs is necessary for the process of gas exchange Composed of small airways called respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs called alveoli in the lower respiratory tract

Helper T-cells contain:

a CD4 protein

The trachealis is __________.

a band of smooth muscle connecting the ends of tracheal cartilages that regulate its diameter

characteristics among all the bronchi?

a complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage; the epithelium changes from pseudo stratified ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller; the amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter

bronchial circulation

a component of the systemic circulation and consists of tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung; this part of the circulation system is much smaller than the pulmonary system, because most tiny respiratory structures (alveoli and alveolar ducts) exchange respiratory gases directly with the inhaled air

cricothyroid ligament

a dense connective tissue band that attaches the cricoid cartilage to the inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage; is four fingers width above the sternal notch

trachea

a flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ often referred to as the windpipe; extends through the mediastinum and lies immediately anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs

bronchial tree

a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before ending in the terminal bronchioles

epiglottis

a large, spoon- or leaf-shaped structure that is formed primarily of elastic cartilage; projects superiorly into the pharynx from its attachment to the thyroid cartilage; when a person swallows, this closes over the laryngeal opening, preventing materials from entering the larynx; during swallowing, the larynx elevates and moves forward while this structure is bent backwards to cover the underlying glottis; after swallowing, the larynx moves inferiorly and this structure returns to its original superior position

which of the following are potential causes of hyperventilation?

a panic attack; ascending to high altitude; conscious control of breathing muscles

cricoid cartilage

a ring-shaped piece of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior base of the larynx and connects to the trachea inferiorly

Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in:

a secondary lymphatic structure

pleura

a serous membrane that lines the outer surfaces of the lungs and the adjacent internal thoracic cavity

acquired immunity is also called ______________ immunity

adaptive

if the wrong blood type is given to a pt, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as _____________.

agglutination

a collapsed lung remains down until ________ has been removed from the pleural space

air

normally, only ________ passes through the nasopharynx

air

the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract includes which structure?

alveolar ducts respiratory bronchioles alveoli

the respiratory portion in the lungs is composed of which of the following?

alveolar ducts, alveoli, respiratory bronchioles

dust cells are also called

alveolar macrophages

the cells that engulf microorganisms or particulate material that have reached the alveoli are called

alveolar macrophages

The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ___ _____.

alveolar pores

small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ________ _________

alveolar pores

the small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called _______ _______

alveolar pores

the distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated ________ ________.

alveolar sac

the distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated

alveolar sacs

The type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the

alveolar type 1 cell

the type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the

alveolar type 1 cell

The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the:

alveolar type I cell

In which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?

alveolar volume

the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called ________

alveoli

the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract includes which of the following?

alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles

laryngoscope

an L-shaped endoscope used for visualizing the larynx; two pairs of strong connective tissue bands are stretched across the upper opening of the larynx and can be seen with this

cricothyrotomy

an emergency airway that is sometimes opened in the larynx by making an incision through the cricothyroid ligament; a vertical incision is made just through the skin followed by a horizontal incision made through the cricothyroid ligament to allow air to enter the lower respiratory tract

pharynx

commonly called the throat; the common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems; funnel-shaped, meaning that it is slightly wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly; originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly to the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus; for most of its length it is the common pathway for both inhaled and exhaled air (the respiratory system) and for ingested food (the digestive system); lined by mucosa and contains skeletal muscles that are primarily used for swallowing; its flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus

the bony projections along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity are called _________ and the air passages that lie between them are called nasal __________.

conchae, meatuses

the ________ division of the respiratory system transports the air

conducting

pulmonary circulation

conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces or the lungs to replenish its depleted oxygen levels ad get rid of excess carbon dioxide; deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk into the pulmonary arteries, which enter the lung; thereafter, continuous branching of these vessels leads to pulmonary capillaries that encircle the alveoli; the deoxygenated blood that enters these capillaries becomes oxygenated before it returns to the left atrium through a series of pulmonary venules and veins

upper respiratory tract

consists of the nose and nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses, pharynx (throat), and structures associated with these; all part of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

Under normal, resting conditions, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide remain _______.

constant

under normal, resting conditions the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide remain

constant

When local carbon dioxide levels increase, bronchioles __________.

constrict

Parasympathetic stimulation leads to __________ the bronchioles.

constriction of

during inhalation, the external intercostals _________ to increase the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity

contract

during inhalation, the diaphragm _________ & __________.

contracts, flattens

In hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the ___ ____ effect.

cooperative binding

in hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the ____ effect

cooperative binding

in hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the _________ __________ effect

cooperative binding

The only tissue that is transplanted that does not involve MHC matching is the ____________

cornea

the ___________ ligament attaches the cricoid cartilage to the inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage

criocthyroid

along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper t-lympocyte, specific type of ____________ released from the helper t-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching

cytokine

which law establishes the relationship between partial pressures and atmospheric pressure?

dalton's law

As you ascend to higher altitudes, the maximum oxygen hemoglobin saturation ____.

declines

A diver returning to the surface too quickly may suffer ___ ___, caused by nitrogen in tissues coming out of solution forming bubbles.

decompression sickness

Brainstem injury can cause a(n) ___ ability to stimulate muscles of breathing.

decreased

Many factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding. An increased level of 2,3-BPG in erythrocytes will have a similar effect to which conditions?

decreased PO2, increased temperature, increased PCO2

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right

diaphragm parietal pleura visceral pleura

which of the following anatomical structures aid sound production?

lips, tongue, teeth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses

external intercostal muscles

extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib; the ribs elevate upon contraction of these muscles, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation

Air enters the nasal passages through the __________.

external nares

a person breathing fast during a foot race is most likely hyperventilating.

false

nitrogen is normally very soluble in blood

false

the vestibular folds are also called the _______ vocal cords

false

spleen

filters blood; storage of platelets and erythocytes

the breathing that accompanies exercise involves more muscles and deeper breaths. this is known as ______________ breathing

forced

breathing involving more muscles and greater changes in volume is known as ___________ ____________.

forced breathing

conchae

form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; also referred to as turbinates because they create turbulence in inhaled air, this turbulence ensures that air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time, so that the air becomes warmed and humidified

Letter c indicates the __ sinus and letter a indicates the __ sinus

frontal sinus (forehead) and letter a is the ethmoidal sinuses (right under frontal, interior between bridge of nose and sphenoidal sinus)

bones of the skull that house paranasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid,

The movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues is ___ ___.

gas exchange

Hemogolbin is able to carry carbon dioxide bound to the ___ protein subunits.

globin

which portion of the hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the transport of carbon dioxide?

globin

MHC class 1 molecules are:

glycoproteins

A partial pressure __ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.

gradient

A partial pressure ____ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.

gradient

A pressure __ exists when two interconnected regions have gases at different pressures.

gradient

A pressure ___ exists when two interconnected regions have gases at different pressures

gradient

The exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure ____.

gradients

the exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure

gradients

the exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure _____.

gradients

the exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure __________.

gradients

Match the color on the left with the structure on the right.

green- primary bronchi blue- secondary bronchi yellow- tertiary bronchi red- smaller bronchi

the postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate both the _______ and the lungs.

heart

even though the solubility of oxygen is low, blood is able to carry a large amount of oxygen because of the ____ in red blood cells.

hemoglobin

the dorsal respiratory group is activated during which of the following?

normal inhalation and forced inhalation

external respiration

involves the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood; oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses of the blood into the air spaces in the lungs in order to be exhaled

internal respiration

involves the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells throughout the body

The oropharynx __________.

is a conduit for air and food that extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue

The tidal volume __________.

is equal to about 500 mL AND is the total amount of air moving into or out of the lungs when at rest within a single respiratory cycle

Airflow

is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath

compliance

is the ease with which the lungs and chest expand

air remains in the nasal cavity for a longer time so that ______

it can be warmed and humidified

the anatomical features of the respiratory membrane increase the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. which features increase efficiency?

large number of alveoli; large surface area; thin scammers cells lining alveoli

Match the structure on the left with the structure on the right

laryngeal cartilages

In the figure the condition known as __ is shown

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx is

laryngitis

the inferior region of the pharynx is called the :

laryngopharynx

The __ is also called the voice box.

larynx

The ___ is also called the voice box.

larynx

The vestibular and vocal folds are found in the

larynx

What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

larynx

in the respiratory system, sympathetic fibers innervate the lungs, bronchial tree, the trachea, and the _________

larynx

the ________ is also called the voice box

larynx

the ___________ is also called voice box.

larynx

which is not part of the upper respiratory system?

larynx

standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. however, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the _____________ phase

latent

The conchae are located along the___walls of the nasal cavity

lateral

The parietal pleura lines which structures?

lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, internal thoracic walls, superior surface of the diaphragm

the sides of the nose are formed in part by a single pair of _________ cartilages and two pairs of _________ cartilages.

lateral; alar

The __ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior.

left

The ___ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior.

left

the _____ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior

left

the ________ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior

left

the __________ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior.

left

what factors determine the characteristics of sound as they pass through the vocal folds?

length tension

The walls of the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi contain progressively __________ amounts of cartilage and __________ amounts of smooth muscle

lesser; greater

symptoms of hypoventilation

lethargy cyanosis headache

internal intercostal muscles

lie at right angles to the external intercostals and deep to them; contraction of these muscles depresses the ribs, but this only occurs during forced exhalation; normal exhalation requires no active muscular effort and occurs by the elastic recoil of lung tissue

parietal pleura

lines the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm; continuous at the hilum of each lung

ciliated epithelium

lines the nasal cavity and is covered with mucus that moves dust and debris posteriorly toward the nasopharynx

While ventilation involves movement of gases down total pressure gradients, gas exchange involves movement of gases down __ __ gradients.

partial pressure

lower respiratory tract

made up of conducting airways (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and associated structures) as well as the respiratory portion of the respiratory system (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli)

The trachea bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle (where the manubrium and body of the sternum articulate) into the right and left _______.

main bronchi

at the level of the sternal angle the trachea bifurcates into right and left

main bronchi

at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into right and left ________ ________

main bronchi

at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into right and left _____________ _______________.

main bronchi

both the growth of the thyroid cartilage and the longer and thicker vocal folds in mature _____________ help explain why they typically have deeper voice than ___________.

males, females

both the growth of the thyroid cartilage and the longer and thicker vocal folds in mature ____ help explain why they typically have deeper voices than _____.

males; females

Total lung capacity is the_____of air that the lungs can hold

maximum volume

total lung capacity is the _______ _______ of air that the lungs can hold

maximum volume

the greatest amount of air that can be taken into and expelled from the lungs in one minute is the ______________.

maximum voluntary ventilation

Main bronchi enter the __ surface of each lung.

medial

the trachea descends through the neck into the ________ from the _________ to the main bronchi

mediastinum larynx

central chemoreceptors are found in the ventrolateral surface of the _____________.

medulla

The auditory tubes connect the nasopharynx to the __ __.

middle ear

the auditory tubes connect the nasopharynx to the _________ _____________.

middle ear

alveolar macrophages

migratory cells that continually crawl within the alveoli, engulfing microorganisms or particulate material that has reached the alveoli

According to the Bohr effect, at a higher pH, hemoglobin is ___ likely to bind oxygen.

more

According to the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve ___ oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at a higher PO2.

more

The higher the solubility coefficient the __ gas dissolves in a liquid.

more

The higher the solubility coefficient the _____ gas dissolves in a liquid.

more

according t the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve _________ oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at a higher PO2

more

according to the bohr effect, at a higher pH, hemoglobin is _________ likely to bind oxygen

more

the higher the solubility coefficient the ______ gas dissolves in a liquid

more

the changes in volume during forced breathing are greater than those during quiet breathing. why does this occur?

more muscles are involved

in the haidance effect, the _________ carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, the _________ oxygen is released from hemoglobin.

more, more

in the haldane effect, the ____ co2 binds to hemoglobin, the ____ oxygen is released from hemoglobin

more, more

Because the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs, __________ oxygen should dissolve in the blood __________.

more; more rapidly

neutrophils

most abundant; first to arrive; respiratory burst

The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls the __ neurons that stimulate the muscles of __

motor, inspiration

adenocarcinoma

mucin producing cells

Mucous Secretions

mucin, lyzozyme, defensins, immnuoglobin A,

Goblet cells produce

mucus

The __________ carries trapped particles and mucus toward the pharynx

mucus escalator

which type of epithelial tissue lines the oropharynx because it strong enough to withstand the abrasion of swallowed food?

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

primary lymphatic structures

red bone marrow & thymus

Which are effects of emphysema?

reduced respiratory surface area, reduced number of alveoli, increased lung compliance

glottis

refers to the rima glottidis plus the vocal folds

Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscle of the bronchioles __

relax

the terminal bronchioles conduct air into the ______________ bronchioles

respiratory

which of the following are consequences of hyperventilation?

respiratory alkalosis, hypocapnia, rising blood pH

Terminal bronchioles divide into (in the correct order)

respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac

which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?

respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients

If a change in blood chemistry (pH, temperature, etc.) causes less oxygen to be bound to hemoglobin at a specific PO2, then the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve is said to be shifted to the ___.

right

The __ lung is divided into superior, middle, and inferior lobes.

right

aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ primary bronchus

right

aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the _________ primary bronchus

right

If all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be %100 __.

saturated

If all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% ________.

saturated

if all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% _________________.

saturated

These muscles increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.

scalene

a short lag time and high antibody titer during the ________ response is due to the presence of memory lymphocytes

secondary

A lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is __ fluid.

serous

a lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is:

serous fluid

RDS is a condition in which the lungs of premature infants do not produce enough

surfactant

which signals are thought to trigger hyperpnea during exercise

signals from proprioreceptors, conscious anticipation of exercise, motor output from the cerebral cortex.

signals thought to trigger hypernea during exercise?

signals from proprioreceptors; conscious anticipation of exercise; motor output from the cerebral cortex

the bronchioles are no longer lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi were but with ______________ epithelium

simple colmunar

the bronchiles are no longer lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi are but are lined with ________ epithelium

simple columnar

thymus

site of T-lymphocyte maturation

bronchioles

small tubules that branch off of bronchi; no longer lined with cilia; contain no cartilage, since their small diameter alone prevents their collapse; have a thicker layer of smooth muscle than do large bronchi, a characteristic that helps them regulate airway constriction and dilation and the amount of air traveling through the bronchial tree

Components of the respiratory mucous membrane include all of these EXCEPT:

smooth muscle

bronchoconstriction

smooth muscle contraction that narrows bronchioles

if proper swallowing occurs, material from the oral cavity and oropharynx will be blocked from entering the nasopharynx by the _________, which elevates during swallowing

soft palate

Henery's law states that the solubility of a gas is dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and its ___ ___.

solubility coefficient

The ___ ____ of a gas depends on the interactions between the molecules of the gas and molecules of the liquid.

solubility coefficient

The _______ is the volume of a gas, at a given temperature and pressure, that dissolves in a specified volume of liquid.

solubility coefficient

henry's law states that the solubility of a gas is dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and its ____

solubility coefficient

the ____ of a gas depends on the interactions between the molecules of the gas and molecules of the liquid.

solubility coefficient

Functions of the respiratory system

sound protection detection of odors air passageway exchange of 02 and Co2

The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a

spirometer

The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a __.

spirometer

the volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a

spirometer

thick mucous coughed up is known as ____________

sputum

match the type of lung cancer with the tissue of origin

squamous cell carcinoma --> cells of respiratory membranesmall cell carcinoma --> neuroendocrine cellsadenocarcinoma --> mucin producing cells

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right

sternocleidomastoid scalene muscles external intercostals diaphragm

nasal bones

support the nose superiorly and form the bridge of the nose

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the pitch of the sound produced by the vocal cords?

temperature of the vocal cords

The total surface area of a healthy lung is about half the size of a(n) ____

tennis court

what factors determine the characteristics of sound as they pass through the vocal folds?

tension; length

the ________ bronchiloles are the final segment of the conducting pathway

terminal

respiratory bronchioles

terminal bronchioles branch to form these, which continue to divide and become smaller until they form thin airways called alveolar ducts

which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

terminal bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, primary bronchi

Inspiration begins as

the diaphragm contracts.

If no other forces were acting on the lungs, they would collapse. What is the reason for this?

the elastic tissue of the lung

if no other forces were acting on the lungs, they would collapse. What is the reason for this?

the elastic tissue of the lung

terminal bronchioles

the final segment of the conducting pathway; they conduct air into the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

primary lymphatic structures are involved in

the formation and maturation of lymphocytes

if a partial pressure gradient exists for a particular gas, how will this affect the movement of gas molecules?

the gas will move from higher to lower partial pressure

Virissae

the hair in the nose that traps microbes

vocal folds

the inferior ligaments (vocal ligaments), along with the mucous membrane covering them; also known as the true vocal cords because they produces sound with air passes between them

inferior nasal conchae

the inferior part of the nasal conchae that are independent facial bones; the nasolacrimal ducts empty just inferior to this

laryngopharynx

the inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx; extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and esophagus; terminates at the superior border of the esophagus; lined with strong epithelium with no cilia since it permits the passage of both food and air; when large pieces of food get stuck, and block breathing, they typically lodge here

Laryngitis

the inflammation of the larynx

During lung inflation,

the lungs cling to the internal surface of the chest wall as it expands.

nose

the main conducting airway for inhaled air; supported superiorly by paired bones that form the bridge of the nose; consists of the cartilaginous portion of the nose and the nostrils

middle nasal conchae

the middle part of the nasal conchae that is part of the ethmoid

oropharynx

the middle pharyngeal region; immediately posterior to the oral cavity; bounded superiorly by the soft palate and inferiorly by the hyoid bone; a common respiratory and digestive pathway through which both air and swallowed food and drink pass; has no cilia in the epithelium and is strong to withstand the abrasion of swallowed food; lymphatic organs in this provide the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials

carina

the most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi at their origin and forms this

olfactory epithelium

the most superior portion of the nasal cavity contains this, which has numerous chemoreceptors

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) can also be described as _____________.

the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

The lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse. What is the reason for this?

the negative intrapleural pressure relative to intrapulmonary pressure

the lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse, what is the reason for this?

the negative intrapleural pressure relative to intrapulmonary pressure

rima glottidis

the opening between the vocal folds; this opening widens if the vocal folds are abducted and becomes narrower if the vocal folds are adducted


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