A&P II Chapter 25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis NWCC Nickens
Which of the following statements about ECF is correct? It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid. It has the same composition as the ICF. It accounts for about 60% of the total body water. It is found inside cells.
It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid. Other examples of extracellular fluid include cerebrospinal fluid and lymph.
Which of the following sources accounts for the majority of our total body water? Cytosol Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid Plasma
Cytosol
What is the appropriate respiratory compensation for alkalosis? Decreased respiratory rate Increased respiratory rate Secretion of hydrogen ions Secretion of bicarbonate ions
Decreased respiratory rate
Which of the following functions is not an important role of hydrogen ions? Digestion of ingested food Inactivation of bacteria Intracellular digestion by lysosomes Decreases sodium ion reabsorption
Decreases sodium ion reabsorption
What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Increasing potassium ion concentration of the blood Decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood Increasing calcium ion concentration of the blood Decreasing sodium ion concentration of the blood
Decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
What is the most common cause for hypernatremia? Hypotonic hydration Edema Water toxicity Dehydration
Dehydration
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF)? Overhydration Dehydration Edema Hypotonic hydration
Dehydration
Which of the following locations is a site of potassium ion secretion? Macula densa Distal tubule Proximal tubule Juxtaglomerular cells
Distal tubule
What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)? ADH has no effect on ECF. ECF increases initially, then decreases when ADH is present. ECF decreases when ADH is present. ECF increases when ADH is present.
ECF increases when ADH is present.
Which of the following solutes will dissociate into ions when placed in water? Nonelectrolyte Glucose Electrolyte Starch
Electrolyte
Which of the following ions is an important component of osseous tissue? Chlorine ions Sodium ions Magnesium ions Potassium ions
Magnesium ions
Which of the following ions is found primarily in the ECF? HPO42− Mg2+ HCO3− K+
HCO3− The concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate ions are much higher in the ECF than in the cytosol (ICF).
Which ion imbalance causes the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential to shorten, making the heart contractions shorter and weaker? Hyponatremia Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Which of the following side effects is most likely to develop if a patient is given aldosterone inhibitors? Decreased diuresis Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Hypernatremia
Hyperkalemia
A patient is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. If that patient experienced damage to the kidneys from diabetes mellitus, predict how the body compensates to return blood pH to normal. Hyperventilation will return blood pH to normal. The kidneys retain hydrogen ions. The kidneys secrete bicarbonate ions into the urine. Hypoventilation will return blood pH to normal.
Hyperventilation will return blood pH to normal.
What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism? Hypothalamus Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Pons
Hypothalamus
What leads to respiratory acidosis? Hypoventilation Increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate Increasing secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Under what conditions might it be beneficial to administer a hypertonic saline solution to a patient? If the patient is overhydrated, then a hypertonic solution could be used to draw the water out of their cells. If a patient is dehydrated, then a hypertonic saline solution could be used to draw water into their cells. If a patient suffers from hypovolemia, then a hypertonic saline solution could be used to draw water out of their cells. If a patient has edema, then a hypertonic saline solution could be used to draw water into their cells.
If the patient is overhydrated, then a hypertonic solution could be used to draw the water out of their cells. Overhydration, also known as hypotonic hydration, results when the volume of the ECF increases and its osmotic pressure falls. Cells exposed to the hypotonic ECF swell as water enters the cells by osmosis. If a patient is overhydrated, then a hypertonic saline could be used to draw the excess water out of the cells.
Which of the following individuals has the highest total body water percentage? People older than age 60 Men Infants Women
Infants
Which of the following functions is associated with chloride ions in the body? Involved in the activation of many enzymes Main factor responsible for generating the resting membrane potential Responsible for depolarization Involved in the secretion of newly formed bicarbonate ions from erythrocytes
Involved in the secretion of newly formed bicarbonate ions from erythrocytes
What is a major function of potassium ions in the body? Maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid (ECF) Activating enzymes Forming hydroxyapatite salts in osseous tissue Maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells
Maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells
What acid-base imbalance has an elevated blood pH and an elevated bicarbonate ion level? Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Through what two organ systems are carbon dioxide eliminated from the body? Integumentary and skeletal systems Respiratory and urinary systems Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Digestive and urinary systems
Respiratory and urinary systems
How would drugs such as ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors affect the response of dehydration? Response to dehydration begins with angiotensin-II so inhibiting it will hinder the body's ability to respond properly when dehydrated. Dehydration will allow for aldosterone and ADH to be secreted excessively if an ACE inhibitor is present. ACE inhibitors will keep levels of angiotensin-II at stable levels and will not impose any issues in the response to dehydration. ACE inhibitors will prevent dehydration from occurring.
Response to dehydration begins with angiotensin-II so inhibiting it will hinder the body's ability to respond properly when dehydrated. During dehydration, angiotensin-II has multiple effects. It causes vasoconstriction, increases sodium ion reabsorption (and water flow by osmosis) and stimulates thirst, it stimulates ADH secretion and it stimulates aldosterone secretion. The blockage of angiotensin-II would hamper the ability of the body to adjust to dehydration, as the response begins with angiotensin-II. Note that hormones such as ADH would still be secreted due to stimulation of osmoreceptors, so the body would be able to partially respond to dehydration.
What effect will an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the plasma have on the plasma pH? The pH will remain the same. CO2 has no effect on pH. The pH will decrease. The pH will increase.
The pH will decrease.
A nurse is asked to start an intravenous line of isotonic 0.9% sodium chloride. He accidentally grabs a bag of hypertonic 9% sodium chloride instead. What will happen to his patient? The patient's cells will swell due to the hypertonic extracellular fluid, causing movement of water into the cytosol by osmosis. The patient's cells will accommodate for the hypertonic solution and will allow for movement by osmosis to be minimal. The patient's cells will shrivel due to losing water by osmosis from the cytosol into the hypertonic extracellular fluid. The patient's cells will exchange the fluid within the cytosol and the extracellular fluid at a constant rate, creating an isotonic solution.
The patient's cells will shrivel due to losing water by osmosis from the cytosol into the hypertonic extracellular fluid. A 9% sodium chloride solution is very hypertonic to the cytosol and will draw water out of the patient's cells by osmosis. As a result, the patient's cells will shrink, or crenate. This solution could also affect the patient's sodium ion concentration.
What system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body? Urinary system Digestive system Integumentary system Respiratory system
Urinary system
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause for metabolic acidosis? kidney failure asthma diabetes ingestion of acidic drugs
asthma Asthma causes hypoventilation, which results in an increase of H+ from carbonic acid. Asthma is the cause for respiratory acidosis, not metabolic acidosis.
The bicarbonate ion is an example of a(n) __________. cation solvent acid base
base
Which of these is not a result of Vitamin D's influence on calcium ion homeostasis? promotes calcium ion absorption in the intestines increase bone deposition prevents loss of calcium ions in urine decrease bone mass
decrease bone mass The net effect of Vitamin D is to increase bone deposition and mass, not to decrease bone mass.
This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by hyperparathyroidism. hyperkalemia hypokalemia hyponatremia hypernatremia hypercalcemia
hypercalcemia
This electrolyte imbalance can be caused by renal failure, aldosterone insufficiency, cellular destruction from severe burns or trauma, and accidental administration or ingestion of excess potassium salts. hypercalcemia hyponatremia hypernatremia hypokalemia hyperkalemia
hyperkalemia
The most common cause of this electrolyte imbalance is dehydration. hyponatremia hypercalcemia hyperkalemia hypokalemia hypernatremia
hypernatremia
Hyperventilation is the compensation for an acid-base imbalance known as ________. respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
The beaker containing the most acidic solution is __________. Diagram showing four beakers. Beaker A contains water, 10 H+ and 4 OH_. Beaker B contains water, 2 H+ and 8OH_. Beaker C contains water, 5 H+,4OH_ and 5 H2CO3. Beaker D contains water, 4 H+, 5 OH_ and 5 HCO3_. The beaker containing the most acidic solution is __________. A B C D
A The solution in Beaker A contains a large amount of free hydrogen ions and is therefore very acidic.
How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day? 1500 ml 500 ml 2500 ml 5000 ml
500 ml
What is the pH range resulting from a normal hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids? 7.50-7.6 0-14 7.35-7.45 7.15-7.25
7.35-7.45
Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation? respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3 metabolic alkalosis; hypoventilation by the lungs respiratory acidosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3 respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would retain HCO3
respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3 Yes, during hyperventilation caused by severe anxiety, carbonic acid is excreted from the lungs in the form of CO2, thus causing an alkalosis. Kidneys would compensate by excreting HCO3.
What is the most common base in the human body? Water Hydroxide ion Hydrogen ion Bicarbonate ion
Bicarbonate ion
Which of the following factors is a possible cause for respiratory alkalosis? Prolonged diarrhea Brain tumor on the respiratory centers Acute renal failure Ingesting large doses of oral antacids
Brain tumor on the respiratory centers
Which of the following actions is a primary role of the phosphate buffer system? Buffer stomach acid Buffer extracellular fluid (ECF) Buffer intracellular fluid (ICF) Buffer hydrogen ions inside erythrocytes
Buffer intracellular fluid (ICF)
Which of the following solutes has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)? Magnesium Sulfate Calcium Proteins
Calcium
What is the biggest source of metabolic acids in the body? Uric acid Ketone bodies Lactic acid Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
What product forms when a hydrogen ion from a strong acid is accepted by a bicarbonate ion? Sodium hydroxide Carbonic acid Sodium bicarbonate Hydrochloric acid
Carbonic acid
How does the respiratory system work to decrease acidosis? Carbonic acid converts a strong acid to a weak acid, thus decreasing acidity. Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate, which then buffers the acid. Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis? Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate, which then buffers the acid. Carbonic acid converts a strong acid to a weak acid, thus decreasing acidity. Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled. Yes, CO2 can be blown off, thus decreasing acidity.
What is the main buffer system of the extracellular fluid (ECF)? Phosphate buffer system Chloride ion buffer system Carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system Protein buffer system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system
Which of the following effects tend to be caused by hypernatremia? Increased urine production Inhibition of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion Cellular swelling Cellular crenation
Cellular crenation
Increased water volume causes the hydrostatic pressure in plasma to increase and the osmotic pressure to decrease; as a result, water will __________. move from the ECF to the ICF move from the interstitial fluid to the plasma move from the ICF to the ECF not move in any of the listed directions
move from the ECF to the ICF The ECF is now hypotonic to the ICF and water will move into cells.
Which of the following pH values is considered basic, or alkaline? pH of 7 pH of 1 pH of 10 pH of 4
pH of 10
Which of the following pH values is most acidic? pH of 2 pH of 13 pH of 7 pH of 9
pH of 2
How much water does an average person need to drink per day? 1.5 liters 5 liters 750 ml 2.5 liters
1.5 liters
What percentage of body fluids does interstitial fluid account for? 32% 40% 8% 60%
32%
The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution? The hydrogen ion would attach to carbonic acid. A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate. The hydrogen ion would attach to bicarbonate (HCO3) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate. Yes, a strong base (sodium hydroxide) would be converted to a weak base (sodium bicarbonate).
A patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. For which of the following patients is this solution an appropriate choice? A patient who is dehydrated A patient experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration A patient who produces too little parathyroid hormone (PTH) A patient experiencing hypovolemia
A patient experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration
What chemical dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion (H+)? Salt Acid Base Water
Acid
Which of the following functions is not associated with water? Distributes body heat Transports and distributes solutes Cushions organs and tissues Acts as a nonpolar solvent
Acts as a nonpolar solvent
What would occur if the response to dehydration were regulated by a positive feedback loop rather than a negative feedback loop? Secretion of angiotensin-II will continue but ADH and aldosterone will decrease in secretion, leading to electrolyte and pH balance. The amount of water will be restored; however blood volume and blood pressure will not be restored due to low sodium ion secretion. The fluid balance would not be restored due to electrolytes being secreted continuously, leading to cellular death. After fluid balance was restored, the response would continue, leading to overhydration and other electrolyte and pH imbalances.
After fluid balance was restored, the response would continue, leading to overhydration and other electrolyte and pH imbalances. Under normal negative feedback conditions, when the imbalanced variables return to their normal ranges, the secretion of angiotensin-II, ADH, and aldosterone falls to the previous lower levels. As a positive feedback loop, the response would continue even after the fluid balance was restored, leading to overhydration and other electrolyte and pH imbalances.
Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys? Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Aldosterone Vitamin D3 (calcitonin) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Aldosterone
Which of the following hormones functions to regulate fluid balance in the body? Aldosterone Parathyroid hormone Calcitriol Cortisol
Aldosterone
Which of the following corresponds to water loss through the skin? A 300ml B 600 ml C 100 ml D 1500 ml
B About 600 milliliters of water are lost from the skin because of sweating and evaporation.
If the adrenal gland secreted excess aldosterone, what effect would that have on potassium ions in the blood? Excess aldosterone will lead to low blood potassium ion levels due to excessive secretion of potassium ions. Excess aldosterone will lead to high blood potassium levels due to decreased secretion of potassium ions. Excess aldosterone will lead to high blood potassium levels due to excessive absorption of potassium ions. Excess aldosterone will lead to low blood potassium ion levels due to excessive absorption of potassium ions.
Excess aldosterone will lead to low blood potassium ion levels due to excessive secretion of potassium ions. Excess potassium ions must be excreted, which is mostly handled by the kidneys via tubular secretion. Recall that potassium ions in the filtrate are reabsorbed, not secreted, in the proximal tubule and the nephron loop (see Chapter 24). This makes potassium ion secretion possible only in the distal tubule and collecting system. As you have learned, this is under the control of aldosterone, which triggers the secretion of potassium ions (and hydrogen ions) and reabsorption of sodium ions. One of the more important stimuli for aldosterone release is a rising extracellular concentration of potassium ions. Conversely, when the extracellular potassium ion concentration falls, the secretion of aldosterone also generally falls, and more potassium ions are conserved. Excess aldosterone would lead to reabsorption of large numbers of sodium and chloride ions, and water by osmosis. It will also lead to a low blood potassium ion level because of excessive secretion of potassium ions.
For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate? Fluid and electrolyte imbalance Acid-base imbalance Metabolic alkalosis pH imbalance
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Which of the following substances is the most acidic? Pancreatic juice with a pH of 8 Plasma with a pH of 7.4 Gastric juice with a pH of 2 Urine with a pH of 5
Gastric juice with a pH of 2
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ __________ H+ + CO2 H+ + HCO3− H2 + CO32− H2O2 + CO
H+ + HCO3− The most important chemical buffer system in the blood is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system, which consists of the weak acid carbonic acid and its weak conjugate base, the bicarbonate ion. When carbonic acid dissociates, it yields a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion.
If you double the total amount of Na ions, but you also double the amount of water they are dissolved in, __________. Na ion concentration will increase the concentrations of Na and water will double Na ion concentration will stay the same Na ion concentration will decrease
Na ion concentration will stay the same There is now more Na, but also more water, and since concentration is expressed as the amount of Na per volume of water, the concentration of Na will not change.
Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body? Loose connective tissue Extracellular fluid Osseous tissue Intracellular fluid
Osseous tissue
Under what condition might it be beneficial to administer hypertonic sodium chloride to a patient? Overhydration Hypervolemia Dehydration Edema
Overhydration
Which of the following ions is a component of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone matrix? PO43− Cl- Na+ HCO3−
PO43− Calcium ions and phosphate ions (PO43−) are found together in hydroxyapatite crystals.
Calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys is stimulated by the hormone __________. calcitonin ANP PTH ADH
PTH PTH raises blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys.
Which hormone has no role in potassium ion regulation? Insulin Epinephrine Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Aldosterone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3 (calcitriol)? Potassium ions Chloride ions Sodium ions Phosphate ions
Phosphate ions
What is most abundant intracellular cation? Magnesium Sodium Chloride Potassium
Potassium
What is the main difference in composition of plasma and interstitial fluid? Calcium ions Protein content Sodium ions Bicarbonate ions
Protein content
What is the most abundant extracellular cation? Sodium ion Magnesium ion Potassium ion Chlorine ion
Sodium ion
What determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution? The number of solute particles present in solution. The force that fluids exert. The number of proteins present in solution. The force that proteins exert.
The force that fluids exert.
In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following? The kidney will reabsorb both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. When it reabsorbs the hydrogen ion, it also generates more bicarbonate ions. The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions. The kidney would increase excretion of both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions. Yes, when the kidney secretes hydrogen ions it also generates a bicarbonate ion, which further aids in decreasing the acidity of the plasma.
What happens to the pH of a solution when hydrogen ions are added? The pH does not change. The pH increases. The pH does not measure hydrogen ion concentration. The pH decreases.
The pH decreases.
Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs as a result of inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following actions is not an effect of angiotensin-II? Stimulation of aldosterone secretion Increase sodium ion reabsorption Vasodilation Stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
Vasodilation
What is the main component of all body fluids? Cytosol Water Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid
Water
In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma? There is no net movement of water when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma. Water is pulled out of the cytosol and into the interstitial fluid and then plasma Water is pushed out of the cytosol into the interstitial fluid and then plasma. Water is pulled out of the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.
Water is pulled out of the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.
What would be the effect of a hypertonic extracellular fluid on a cell? Water movement into or out of the cell is equal and the cell stays the same. Water will move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks. Water is pulled into the cell quickly and the cell will burst. Water will be pulled into the cytosol and the cell swells.
Water will move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks.
Which of the following statements best describes the principle of mass balance? What is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body. Homeostatic mechanisms always monitor the intracellular fluid (ICF) and the extracellular fluid (ECF). The mass of water and electrolytes must be the same in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the intracellular fluid (ICF). If fluids are in balance, electrolytes will also be in balance.
What is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body.
Could dehydration lead to an imbalance in potassium ions? No, dehydration will lead to the ECF remaining isotonic to the cytosol, causing no imbalance of electrolytes. No, dehydration will cause an imbalance in sodium ions, by decreasing extracellular concentrations, not potassium ions. Yes, dehydration will allow the kidneys to secrete potassium ions in the proximal tubule and not reabsorb them, causing an imbalance. Yes, dehydration will trigger aldosterone secretion, which stimulates potassium ion secretion, leading to an imbalance.
Yes, dehydration will trigger aldosterone secretion, which stimulates potassium ion secretion, leading to an imbalance. Excess potassium ions must be excreted, which is mostly handled by the kidneys via tubular secretion. Recall that potassium ions in the filtrate are reabsorbed, not secreted, in the proximal tubule and the nephron loop (see Chapter 24). This makes potassium ion secretion possible only in the distal tubule and collecting system. As you have learned, this is under the control of aldosterone, which triggers the secretion of potassium ions (and hydrogen ions) and reabsorption of sodium ions. One of the more important stimuli for aldosterone release is a rising extracellular concentration of potassium ions. Conversely, when the extracellular potassium ion concentration falls, the secretion of aldosterone also generally falls, and more potassium ions are conserved. Excess aldosterone would lead to reabsorption of large numbers of sodium and chloride ions, and water by osmosis. It will also lead to a low blood potassium ion level because of excessive secretion of potassium ions.
Rank from the first to the last steps to describe the correct order of the physiological responses to dehydration.
You have worked through steps describing the physiological responses to dehydration. A homeostatic imbalance occurs due to dehydration. The volume of water in the body decreases and imbalances of electrolytes and extracellular fluid pH occur. This imbalance triggers the release of renin, which leads to the production of angiotensin-II. Angiotensin-II has many effects that overall increase the amount of water in the body and restore the electrolyte and fluid pH imbalances to normal. At this point fluid homeostasis is restored.
Rank from the first to the last steps to describe the correct order of events to maintain the homeostasis of sodium ions.
You have worked through the steps to maintain sodium ion homeostasis. The extracellular concentration of sodium ions is regulated by a negative feedback loop. First, a low concentration of extracellular sodium ions occurs and is detected by receptors in the macula densa, activating the RAAS. This leads to the release of renin and eventually to the activation of angiotensin-II and then of aldosterone. Angiotensin-II and aldosterone cause sodium ion reabsorption in nephron tubules. This increases water reabsorption, bringing the sodium ion level back to normal and slowing angiotensin-II and aldosterone secretion.
The hormone PTH causes __________. a decrease in the absorption of calcium ions a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions a decrease in the reabsorption of calcium ions a decrease in the activity of osteoclasts
a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions When phosphate ions are present in large numbers, they bind calcium ions and so reduce the number of free calcium ions. Therefore, the body must excrete more phosphate ions and retain more calcium ions; PTH is responsible for this regulation.
The primary role of the phosphate buffer system is to __________. buffer stomach acid buffer extracellular fluid (ECF) buffer hydrogen ions inside erythrocytes buffer intracellular fluid (ICF)
buffer intracellular fluid (ICF) The phosphate buffer system consists of the weak acid dihydrogen phosphate and its conjugate base, hydrogen phosphate. It is an important buffer in the cytosol and in the filtrate within the kidney tubules.
Substances that function to resist large swings in pH are called __________. buffers electrolytes acids bases
buffers
Overhydration will cause __________. increase in ADH cells to gain water the kidneys to conserve water cells to lose water
cells to gain water The ECF becomes hypotonic. The ICF now has a higher osmotic pressure than the ECF. This causes the cell to gain water until the pressures are equalized.
A patient present with severe metabolic alkalosis. The appropriate respiratory compensation would be __________. increased respiratory rate secretion of bicarbonate ions decreased respiratory rate secretion of hydrogen ions
decreased respiratory rate Decreasing the respiratory rate increases Pco2 and therefore decreases pH.
Which of the following will result in the fluid movement depicted above? Diagram of a cell next to a capillary. Arrows indicate that water leaves the cell and enters the capillary. Associated text reads: the cytosol now has a lower osmotic pressure than the ECF. This causes the cell to lose water until the pressures are equalized. dehydration edema overhydration blood loss
dehydration
An excess accumulation of interstitial fluid is called ______________. hypocalcemia dehydration edema hypovolemia
edema
Which of the following happens during compensation for alkalosis? excretion of H+ excretion of HCO3− decreased pH of the urine increased respiratory rate
excretion of HCO3− Renal compensation for alkalosis includes secretion of bicarbonate ions and reabsorption of hydrogen ions.
Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration of H+? gastric juice with pH 2 urine with pH 5.5 pancreatic juice with pH 7.8 blood with pH 7.4
gastric juice with pH 2 The lower the pH, the higher the concentration of H+. Gastric juice with the lowest pH on the list has the highest concentration of H+.
Which of the following is not an electrolyte? potassium ion sodium ion chloride ion glucose
glucose
Which of the following is ICF? Diagram of a graduated cylinder filled with different body fluids. The cytosol comprises 26 liters or 60% of the total and is labeled C; interstitial fluid comprises 13 liters or 32% of the total and is labeled B; plasma comprises 3 liters or 8% of the total and is labeled A. Which of the following is ICF? A B C A and B
he cytosol is found inside cells and is therefore intracellular fluid (ICF). Interstitial fluid, the fluid in spaces between cells, is an extracellular fluid (ECF).
Which of the following is an effect of dehydration or total body water decrease? metabolic alkalosis decreased osmolarity of the ECF hypernatremia hypertension
hypernatremia Loss of total body water will result in increased extracellular electrolyte concentrations, particularly that of sodium ions, causing hypernatremia.
The proper respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis is ______________. hyperventilation hypoventilation secretion of H+ reabsorption of H+
hyperventilation Hyperventilation will result in loss of CO2, which will then lower pCO2 and therefore lower H+. The result is an increase in pH towards normal.
This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by diuretics. hypernatremia hyponatremia hypercalcemia hypokalemia hyperkalemia
hypokalemia
This electrolyte imbalance is caused by an abnormal decrease in the plasma sodium ion concentration. hypokalemia hyperkalemia hypernatremia hyponatremia hypercalcemia
hyponatremia
Which of the following is a response mechanism for overhydration? increased levels of ADH increased levels of ANP increased thirst increased levels of aldosterone
increased levels of ANP The hormone ANP will cause decrease in ADH and water loss by the kidneys and therefore work to restore fluid homeostasis.
The appropriate response to hyponatremia is __________. decreased consumption of salty foods decreased aldosterone increased ANP increased reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys
increased reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys The two main hormones that increase sodium ion retention are angiotensin-II and aldosterone.
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance? metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation metabolic acidosis with no compensation
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation Yes, the low bicarbonate indicates this is a metabolic acidosis. Since CO2 is below the normal range, this indicates there is a respiratory compensation.
Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be. metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation Yes, this is known as a ketosis (due to the breakdown of fat for metabolism), and the respiratory system would increase respiration to compensate for the excess hydrogen ions.
Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation? respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation Yes, with the loss of bicarbonate ions, this is a metabolic acidosis. If compensated, it would be a respiratory compensation.
Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances? respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis
metabolic alkalosis Yes, ingestion of an antacid would increase the bicarbonate, causing a metabolic alkalosis.
Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance? respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis
metabolic alkalosis Yes, loss of HCL acid from the stomach would cause a metabolic alkalosis.
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance? respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation metabolic alkalosis with no compensation metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
metabolic alkalosis with no compensation Yes, since HCO3¯ is 30 (above the normal range of 22 to 26 mEq/L), this is definitely a metabolic alkalosis. There is no respiratory compensation since CO2 is within the normal range.
A patient is given excessive IV fluids and is experiencing overhydration. Which of the following would you expect? fluid will shift out of the cytosol plasma volume will decrease plasma osmotic pressure will increase plasma hydrostatic pressure will increase
plasma hydrostatic pressure will increase Overhydration will result in an increase in blood pressure and in plasma hydrostatic pressure. This will result in a larger hydrostatic pressure gradient driving water out of plasma into interstitial fluid.
Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest? respiratory system chemical buffer system renal system
renal system Yes, although slow, the renal system is the strongest buffering system in the body. By altering the reabsorption and excretion of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions, the kidneys control the pH of body fluids.
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance? metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation Yes, this is a respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation. Since pCO2 is above the normal range, it is the cause of the acidosis. HCO3 is increased to compensate, which is a metabolic compensation.
Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation? metabolic acidosis; hypoventilation by the lungs respiratory acidosis; hyperventilation respiratory alkalosis; kidneys will retain more H+ and excrete HCO3 respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+
respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+ Yes, a patient with emphysema would retain CO2, leading to a respiratory acidosis. The kidneys would compensate by retaining HCO3 and excreting H+.
Hyperventilation causes __________, and hypoventilation causes __________. renal alkalosis; renal acidosis respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis respiratory acidosis; respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis; metabolic alkalosis
respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis Hyperventilation can be caused by anxiety, whereas hypoventilation can be caused by COPD.
An electrolyte is a __________. substance that prevents large fluctuations in pH charged atom chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water
substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water
Beaker A and Beaker B contain solutions with __________. Diagram showing two beaker labeled Beaker A and Beaker B. Beaker A contains 10 ml of water and 10 purple dots labeled as sodium ions. Beaker B contains 5 ml of water and 10 purple dots labeled as sodium ions. different concentrations and different total amounts of Na+ the same total amount of Na+ but different concentration the same concentration and the same total amount of Na+ the same concentration of Na+ but different total amounts
the same total amount of Na+ but different concentration Both beakers contain the same total amount of Na+ (10 ions). The solution in Beaker B is two times more concentrated than the solution in Beaker A. The total number of ions doesn't change, but the amount of water changes. Therefore, the concentration of Na+ changes.
Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to ________. nonelectrolyte balance acid-base balance pH balance water balance
water balance
The principle of mass balance states that __________. as long as fluids are in balance, electrolytes will also be in balance what is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body the mass of water and electrolytes has to be the same in the ECF and the ICF homeostatic mechanisms always monitor only the ICF
what is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body
