A&P II Exam 2
The following is a list of some of the structures of the respiratory tree: 1 - secondary bronchi 2 - tertiary bronchi 3 - bronchioles 4 - primary bronchi The order in which air passes through these structures beginning at the trachea is A) 4-1-2-3. B) 3-2-1-4. C) 2-3-1-4. D) 4-1-3-2. E) 1-2-3-4.
A) 4-1-2-3
Atmospheric pressure at sea level can be summarized as follows: N2 + O2 +H2O +CO2 = A) 760 mm Hg. B) 14 mm Hg. C) 569 mm Hg. D) 380 mm Hg. E) 100 mm Hg.
A) 760 mm Hg.
What does fever accomplish? A) Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process. B) Fever promotes cell lysis by direct cell attack. C) Fever enables macrophages to attack microorganisms. D) Fever prevents the spread of pathogens to adjacent tissues. E) Fever prevents the formation of complement fixation.
A) Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process
T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________. A) clones B) complement C) self-tolerant D) immunocompetent
D) immunocompetent
The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ________. A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation
D) neutralization
The amount of oxygen bound (or released) by hemoglobin depends primarily on which of the following? A) of its surroundings B) of its surroundings C) the carbonic anhydrase available D) of its surroundings E) the effect of the chloride shift
D) of its surroundings.
Normal interstitial fluid has a of 40 mm Hg and of 45 mm Hg. As a result, A) both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the capillaries. B) both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the capillaries. C) no diffusion occurs. D) oxygen diffuses out of the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in. E) oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
D) oxygen diffuses out of the capillaries are carbon dioxide diffuses in.
Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________. A) cellular or cell-mediated immunity B) active immunity C) natural immunity D) passive immunity
D) passive immunity
How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity? A) Plasma cells reproduce rapidly to crowd pathogens out of the blood. B) Plasma cells bind to viruses and bacteria to immobilize them. C) Plasma cells produce interferons. D) Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies. E) Plasma cells secrete pyrogens
D) plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies
Surfactant A) is produced by pneumocytes type I. B) phagocytizes dust or debris. C) replaces mucus in the alveoli. D) plays a key role in keeping alveoli open. E) is not found in healthy lung tissue.
D) plays a key role in keeping alveoli open.
The ________ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax. A) brachiocephalic B) subclavian C) thoracic D) right lymphatic
D) right lymphatic
Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have? A) multiple sclerosis B) Graves' disease C) myasthenia gravis D) type I diabetes mellitus E) systemic lupus erythematosis
D) type I diabetes mellitus
Carbon dioxide transport occurs because of which of the following? A)CO2 can be dissolved in the blood plasma. B)CO2 can combine with hemoglobin and form carbaminohemoglobin. C)CO2 can be transported as part of a bicarbonate ion. D)CO2 can be transported due to the chloride shift in the blood E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Regarding the typical structure of blood vessel walls, those that have only a tunica intima are the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) venules. E) capillaries.
E) capillaries
IgE ________. A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva B) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma D) can fix complement E) is involved in allergies
E) is involved in allergies
The external carotid artery would be classified as an example of a(n) ________ artery. A) anastomotic B) elastic C) conducting D) large E) muscular
E) muscular
When a skeletal muscle works hard, A) and pH increase. B) pH increases and declines. C) pH declines and increases. D) pH and increase. E) pH and decline.
E) pH and decline.
The adaptive (specific) defense system ________. A) is an innate defense B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances C) includes the skin and mucous membranes D) is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens E) provides mechanical barriers to the body
B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances
Centers in which of the following adjust the respiratory rate and depth of respiration in response to sensory stimuli, emotional states, or speech patterns? A) midbrain B) cerebellum C) cerebrum D) spinal cord E) pons
E) pons
From superior to inferior, the three regions of the pharynx are the ________. A) oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx B) nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx C) laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx D) nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
B) nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is the A) capillary pressure. B) pulse pressure. C) arterial pressure. D) venous pressure. E) hydrostatic pressure.
B) pulse pressure
What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir? A) thymus B) spleen C) appendix D) tonsils E) Peyer's patches
B) spleen
Chemotaxis is best described as ________. A) the movement of neutrophils through capillary walls B) the movement of cells along a chemical gradient C) the dilation of blood vessels D) the release of a lytic chemical by perforins E) the accumulation of excess fluids in tissue space
B) the movement of cells along a chemical gradient
During exhalation, A) pressure inside the lungs is less than the outside pressure. B) pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases. C) inside and outside pressures are equal. D) the volume of the thoracic cavity increases. E) the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
E) the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________. A) stroke B) shock C) edema D) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)
C) edema
Thick-walled vessels, which are large and extremely resilient, are called ________ arteries. A) coronary B) pulmonary C) elastic D) muscular E) arteriolar
C) elastic
The most important chemical stimulus leading to increased rate and depth of breathing is ________. A) decreased oxygen level in the blood B) increased blood pH C) increased carbon dioxide in the blood D) increased hydrogen ion in the blood E) decreased carbon dioxide in the blood
C) increased carbon dioxide in the blood
In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive processes. E) only the diaphragm is active during inhalation.
C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
Small proteins known as ________ are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected. A) haptens B) pyrogens C) interferons D) antigens
C) interferons
What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells? A) membrane-attack complexes (MAC) B) keratin C) interferons D) pyrogens E) complement
C) interferons
Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level B) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure C) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist D) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons
C) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
Antigen-presenting cells behave as ________. A) interferons B) pyrogens C) macrophages D) natural killer cells E) complement
C) macrophages
Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called ________. A) macrophages B) antibodies C) pathogens D) allergens
C) pathogens
Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response? A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self-antigens D) fungi E) virus particles
C) self-antigens
Blood flowing out of a capillary bed first enters structures called ________. A) arterial anastomoses B) venous valves C) arteriovenous anastomoses D) precapillary sphincters E) venules
E) venules
The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) dilate blood vessels B) attract phagocytes to the area C) stimulate release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors
C) stimulate release of lysozyme
Lymphocytes are trained to be self-tolerant of ________. A) fungi B) foreign blood cells C) the body's own cells D) viruses E) bacteria
C) the body's own cells
The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat. A) thymus B) spleen C) tonsils D) lymph node
C) tonsils
The outermost layer of the arterial wall is the A) endothelium. B) tunica intima. C) tunica externa. D) tunica media. E) serosa.
C) tunica externa
The muscular layer of blood vessels is the A) tunica intima. B) tunica externa. C) tunica media. D) tunica interna. E) tunica adventitia.
C) tunica media
Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood (approximately 70%) is A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) ultimately transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E) carried by white blood cells.
C) ultimately transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. A) activity of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes in the thorax C) venous valves D) urinary output
C) venous valves
What is the chief way the body responds to antigens? A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation
C)complement fixation
The force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration is supplied by A) the pterygoids. B) the abdominal muscles. C) internal intercostal muscles. D) atmospheric pressure. E) the digastric muscles.
D) atmospheric pressure.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response? A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) chills E) pain
D) chills
The respiratory conducting passageways perform all of the following functions EXCEPT ________. A) allow air to reach the lungs B) purify air C) humidify air D) exchange gases E) warm incoming air
D) exchange gases
AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________. A) antigen-presenting cells B) plasma cells C) memory cells D) helper T cells
D) helper T cells
Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________. A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cells D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies
A) T cells
Which statement below explains why carbon monoxide is toxic? A)The toxic effect of carbon monoxide occurs because it combines with the hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen. B)The toxic effect of carbon monoxide occurs because it combines with the hydrogen ions in the blood changing blood pH. C)The toxic effect of carbon monoxide occurs because it binds to muscle cells altering blood temperature. D)The toxic effect of carbon monoxide occurs because it does dissociate readily from hemoglobin, thereby leaving more hemoglobin available for oxygen transport.
A) The toxic effect of carbon monoxide occurs because it combines with the hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen.
The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are termed A) capillaries. B) arterioles. C) arteries. D) venules. E) veins.
A) capillaries
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes what to occur in RBCs? A) carbon dioxide to be converted to carbonic acid B) carbon dioxide to be converted to water C) water to be converted to oxygen and carbon dioxide D) water to react with hydrogen ions E) carbonic acid to be converted to hemoglobin
A) carbon dioxide to be converted to carbonic acid
As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries, A) cardiovascular pressure decreases. B) vascular resistance decreases. C) vascular flow increases. D) viscosity decreases. E) both cardiovascular pressure and vascular flow increase
A) cardiovascular pressure decreases
Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called ________. A) cytotoxic T cells B) regulatory T cells C) antigen-presenting cells D) helper T cells
A) cytotoxic T cells
Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies C) pyrogens D) interferons
A) haptens
What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens? A) helper T cells B) cytotoxic T cells C) regulatory T cells D) killer T cells E) suppressor T cells
A) helper T cells
In general, for a vessel of a given size, a typical artery ________ compared to a typical vein. A) is more elastic B) has less smooth muscle in its tunica media C) has no endothelium D) has thinner walls E) has a larger lumen
A) is more elastic
Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________. A) lymph nodes B) tonsils C) the spleen D) thymus
A) lymph nodes
The third line of defense involves the adaptive response mediated by ________. A) lymphocytes B) antigens C) mucous membranes D) pathogens
A) lymphocytes
Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection , Jennifer has now developed ________. A) naturally acquired active immunity B) artificially acquired active immunity C) naturally acquired passive immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) passively acquired natural immunity
A) naturally acquired active immunity
Which of the following is described as an inflammation of the pulmonary lobules that typically results from infection? A) pneumonia B) pneumothorax C) cystic fibrosis D) pleurisy E) emphysema
A) pneumonia
Pulmonary ventilation refers to A) the movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) the movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) the movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) the utilization of oxygen.
A) the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors? A) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid B) the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall C) the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant D) combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli
A) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid.
Which statement regarding respiration is true? A) The sternocleidomastoid muscle works to elevate the rib cage. B) Internal intercostal muscles elevate the rib cage. C) The rectus abdominis muscle elevates the rib cage. D) The external intercostal muscles lower the rib cage. E) Elevation of the rib cage decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
A) the sternocleidomastoid muscle works to elevate the rib cage.
Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive ________. A) vaccines B) serum C) antivenom D) antitoxin
A) vaccines
Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes? A) IgA B) IgB C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE
B) IgB
What is the advantage of the small diameter of capillaries? A) It dampens the rise in pressure during ventricular systole. B) It slows blood flow, allowing sufficient time for exchange of materials across capillary walls to occur. C) It absorbs the pressure changes that occur during the cardiac cycle. D) It allows the vessels to overcome the force of gravity. E) It prevents the backflow of blood, improving venous return
B) It slows blood flow, allowing sufficient time for exchange of materials across capillary walls to occur
Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________. A) lymph nodes B) MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue C) germinal centers D) lymphatics
B) MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. B) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. C) They distribute blood to various parts of the body. D) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue
B) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter
Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped? A) opsonization B) agglutination C) neutralization D) precipitation E) phagocytosis
B) agglutination
During the secondary response to antigens following a previous initial exposure, A) IgM molecules first appear in the bloodstream, followed by a slow rise in IgG. B) an immediate rise in IgG concentrations occurs. C) the antigen must first activate the appropriate B cells. D) the antibody levels do not peak until one to two weeks after antigen exposure. E) memory B cells do not differentiate into plasma cells.
B) an immediate rise in IgG concentrations occurs
Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses? A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the inflammatory response D) fever E) natural killer cells
B) antibody production
The major role of ________ cells is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells that will deal with those fragments. A) helper T B) antigen-presenting C) cytotoxic T D) killer
B) antigen-presenting
Which of the following is often used to treat allergies? A) corticosteroids B) antihistamines C) blood transfusions D) bone marrow transplants E) immunosuppressor drugs
B) antihistamines
Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the ________. A) intracellular fluid B) blood vascular system C) endocrine system D) respiratory system
B) blood vascular system
B cells develop immunocompetence in the ________. A) thymus gland B) bone marrow C) spleen D) thyroid gland E) lymph nodes
B) bone marrow
Levels of which of the following are responsible for regulating respiratory activities under normal conditions? A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) bicarbonate ion D) sodium ion E) hemoglobin
B) carbon dioxide
The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ________. A) cellular immunity (cellular-mediated immunity) B) complement fixation C) positive chemotaxis D) diapedesis
B) complement fixation
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. A) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond B) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond C) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond D) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
The inspiratory muscles that contract so we can inspire air are the ________ and ________. A) rectus abdominis; external obliques B) diaphragm; external intercostals C) trapezius; latissimus dorsi D) diaphragm; external obliques
B) diaphragm; external intercostals
The condition of low tissue oxygen levels is known as ________. A) cystic fibrosis B) hypoxia C) hyperventilation D) pneumothorax E) anoxia
B) hypoxia
The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________. A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time
B) individual genetic makeup
Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be ________. A) clonal B) incompetent C) immune D) immunocompetent E) complemented
D) immunocompetent
In a process called autoregulation, ________ in response to a decline in dissolved oxygen levels within a tissue. A) blood flow to the area decreases B) the precapillary sphincters relax C) vasomotion is not a factor D) the diameter of the supplying capillaries' entrance narrows E) the volume of blood arriving at the venules decreases
B) the precapillary sphincters relax
Which of the following forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx, and often contains an "Adam's apple"? A) arytenoid cartilage B) thyroid cartilage C) cuneiform cartilage D) corniculate cartilage E) cricoid cartilage
B) thyroid cartilage
decrease in peripheral vein diameter is called A) vasoconstriction. B) venoconstriction. C) vasodilation. D) viscosity. E) peripheral resistance
B) venoconstriction
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A) 120/80 in a 30-year-old man B) 140/90 in a 70-year-old woman C) 170/96 in a 50-year-old man D) 110/60 in a 20-year-old woman
C) 170/96 in a 50-year-old man
The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called ________. A) tonsils B) appendix C) Peyer's patches D) thymus tissues E) intestinal nodes
C) Peyer's Patches
Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called ________. A) myasthenia gravis B) rheumatic fever C) anaphylactic shock D) delayed hypersensitivity
C) anaphylactic shock
A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response. A) interferon B) antibody C) antigen D) pyrogen
C) antigen
Which vessel type typically has an internal diameter of about 30 μm and has a tunica media comprised of 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells? A) capillaries B) muscular arteries C) arterioles D) venules E) elastic arteries
C) arterioles
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? A) the Bohr effect B) the Haldane effect C) chloride shifting D) release of hydrogen ion
C) chloride shifting
Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class? A) variable region B) heavy chain C) constant region D) disulfide bonds E) light chain
C) constant region
The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________. A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) coagulation E) antibody production
C) diapedesis
Which statement regarding Compliance is incorrect? A)High compliance leads to difficulty in breathing B)Low compliance dramatically increases energy needed for breathing C)A decrease in surfactant decreases compliance D)A loss of supporting tissues due to alveolar damage, as in Emphysema, increases compliance E)Compliance is the ease with which lungs can be expanded as a result of pressure changes occurring during breathing.
D) A loss of supporting tissues due to alveolar damage, as in Emphysema, increases compliance
Why do veins have relatively thin walls? A) It allows a typical vein to change the diameter of its lumen. B) It allows a typical vein to be stretched as its diameter increases during ventricular systole. C) A typical vein's wall allows exchange to occur quickly by diffusion across endothelial cells or through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells. D) A typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure. E) There are sphincters associated with the walls of veins, which allow vasomotion to occur.
D) A typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure
Which statement regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood is true? A) The chloride shift occurs when Cl- moves out of RBCs in exchange for HCO3-. B) HCO3- dissociates into CO2 and O2. C) 25% is converted to H2CO3 by carbonic anhydrase. D) H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-. E) 93% remains dissolved in plasma as CO2.
D) H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-.
Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies? A) The constant regions are the same or nearly the same on all antibodies. B) The constant regions form the "stem" of an antibody. C) The constant regions determine the specific type of antibody class formed. D) The constant regions form an antigen-binding site. E) The constant regions determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role.
D) The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.
) Which of the following is true about veins? A) Venous valves are formed from the tunica media. B) Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time. C) Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall. D) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.
D) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________. A) fever B) dehydration C) edema D) acute inflammation
D) acute inflammation
Humoral immunity is provided by ________. A) pyrogens B) skin and mucous membranes C) interferon D) antibodies E) complement fixation
D) antibodies