A&P II Exam 4
T/F As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect).
false
T/F Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
false
T/F Most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of hydrochloric acid
false
T/F The only essential function of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins
false
T/F The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.
false
Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation? a lemon fear the thought of food nausea
fear
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. length of the vocal folds force with which air rushes across the vocal folds thickness of vestibular folds strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is less than the pressure in the atmosphere. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. hydrochloric acid mucin rennin pepsinogen
hydrochloric acid
Enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule
hydrolysis
Hypocapnia causes ______. the level of bicarbonate ions in the blood to rise hypoxia an increase in VRG activity hyperventilation
hypoxia
the __________ is the last segment of the small intestine. colon jejunum duodenum ileum
ileum
Which statement is correct? Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells.
in the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in RBCs
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. in the walls of the tract organs in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen in the pons and medulla in the oral cavity
in the walls of the tract organs
Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth? absorption mechanical digestion segmentation ingestion
ingestion
An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______. increases the activity of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis increases the activity of the parasympathetic division of the ANS inhibits muscle tone in the anal sphincters inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus
inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins is the first site where absorption takes place is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place is the only place where fats are completely digested
initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid warming the air before it enters protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations humidifying the air before it enters
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum. intestinal cephalic gastric phase reflux
intestinal
During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated? intestinal phase cephalic phase gastric phase
intestinal phase
In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______. intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? intrapleural pressure atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural presure
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? intrinsic factor gastric lipase pepsinogen HCl
intrinsic factor
Hemoglobin is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. has five subunits. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. is found in blood plasma. is the site of cellular respiration.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. does not contain villi exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli has pocket-like sacs called haustra is longer than the small intestine
is longer than the small intestine
After blood becomes oxygenated, it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells
Bile is produced by the __________. gallbladder stomach liver pancreas
liver
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? lipids proteins carbohydrates starches
liver
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. pancreas spleen stomach liver
liver
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? lungs will inflate lungs will collapse lung volume will stay the same
lungs will collapse
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling? matching the amount of oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli to the exchange at the tissue level matching the amount of blood flow through the body to the amount of oxygen in the air sacs matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to pO2 and pCO2 values in the blood
matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body? Hering-Breuer stretch reflexes medullary respiratory centers pontine respiratory centers oxygen levels in the blood
medullary respiratory centers
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. serosal lining lamina propria mesenteries mucosal lining
mesenteries
The innermost tissue layer of the alimentary canal is the __________. mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa
mucosa
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa
mucosa, submucosa, muscularies externa, and serosa
What is a major function of pancreatic juice? acidifying the contents of the stomach emulsifying fats by breaking them into smaller pieces acidifying the contents of the small intestine neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? partial pressure of oxygen partial pressure of carbon dioxide number of red blood cells temperature
number of red blood cells
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? serous cells mucous neck cells parietal cells chief cells
parietal cells
The __________ is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal body wall. omenta parietal peritoneum mesentery visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? the temperature partial pressure gradient solubility in water molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
partial pressure gradient
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin? partial pressure of carbon dioxide blood pH temperature partial pressure of oxygen
partial pressure of oxygen
Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation? alveolar surface tension lung compliance airway resistance partial pressure of oxygen in the air
partial pressure of oxygen in the air
The major means of propelling food through the digestive tract is __________. swallowing segmentation churning peristalsis
peristalsis
Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube
peristalsis
Which of the following respiratory structures is more commonly known as the "throat"? trachea pharynx esophagus larynx
pharynx
Which of the following is not possible? Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli. Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure negative pressure in the intrapleural space pressure within the pleural cavity pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Hepatocytes do not ________. produce digestive enzymes process nutrients detoxify toxic chemicals store fat-soluble vitamins
produce digestive enzymes
The function of the goblet cells is to ________. absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food
produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
What is the major digestive function of the pancreas? production of digestive enzymes production of bicarbonate ions production of insulin production of glucagon
production of digestive enzymes
What role of the stomach is essential to life? production of VIP production of chyme production of intrinsic factor production of hydrochloric acid
production of intrinsic factor
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells production of intrinsic factor thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells
production of intrinsic factor
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. starches and complex carbohydrates protein and peptide fragments fatty acids simple carbohydrates and alcohols
protein and peptide fragments
Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system? pulmonary ventilation and external respiration pulmonary ventilation and internal respiration pulmonary ventilation and transport of respiratory gases external and internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
Which of the following represents all of the processes involved in respiration in the correct order? external respiration; internal respiration; transport of respiratory gases pulmonary ventilation; external ventilation; internal ventilation; transport of respiratory gases pulmonary respiration; external ventilation; transport of respiratory gases; internal ventilation; pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration;
pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration;
How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood? Respiratory rate will decrease. Respiratory depth will decrease and respiratory rate will increase. Respiratory depth and respiratory rate will decrease. Respiratory rate will increase. Respiratory depth will decrease.
respiratory rate will increase
Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant? rising CO2 levels arterial pH low CO2 level low oxygen level
rising CO2 levels
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? acidosis resulting from CO2 retention rising blood pressure arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg rising carbon dioxide levels
rising blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae? routing air and food into proper channels filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air
routing air and food into proper channels
Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine to increase surface area? rugae villi circular folds microvilli
rugae
Paneth cells ________. secrete enzymes that kill bacteria secrete hormones secrete bicarbonate ions secrete digestive enzymes
secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. secrete surfactant protect the lungs from bacterial invasion replace mucus in the alveoli trap dust and other debris
secrete surfactant
An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) arriving in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl? CCK (cholecystokinin) GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) gastrin secretin
secretin
Which of the following GI hormones promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions? secretin gastrin GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) motilin
secretin
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? parietal cells and glial cells goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells serous cells and mucous cells cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells
serous cells and mucous cells
Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx? serving as part of the respiratory zone providing a patent airway voice production routing air and food into the proper channels
serving as part of the respiratory zone
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? stratified squamous epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium simple squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the __________. small intestine liver stomach large intestine
small intestine
Which organ of the digestive tract is the body's major digestive organ? liver large intestine small intestine stomach
small intestine
The __________ circulation includes all of the major abdominal arteries that serve the digestive organs. peritoneal hepatic portal splanchnic visceral
splanchnic
Hyposalivation can be treated with a drug that ______. binds to adrenergic receptors in salivary gland serous cells is sympathomimetic stimulates muscarinic receptors in salivary gland serous cells mimics the action of epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medullae
stimulates muscarinic receptors in salivary gland serous cellls
Chyme is created in the ________. mouth small intestine stomach esophagus
stomach
The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________. the smooth muscles of the lung the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by which fibers? interneurons of the enteric nervous system parasympathetic postganglionic fibers sympathetic postganglionic fibers both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
sympathetic postganglion fibers
Alveolar duct
terminates in alveoli
During inhalation, air moves up the trachea. the diaphragm relaxes. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract
Patients with rhinitis often have "watery eyes" because ______. the infection has stimulated increased lacrimal fluid secretion by the lacrimal glands the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts the paranasal sinuses are blocked with excess mucus All of the listed responses are correct
the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.
the pressure of gas in your lungs in inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach? The stomach has three layers of muscle in the muscularis tunic. The stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydrates. The stomach produces a double-layered coat of alkaline mucus. The stomach mucosa is folded into rugae.
the stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydates
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge. The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.
there are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge
The appendix contains masses of lymphoid tissue and therefore has leukocytes capable of attacking bacteria present in the appendix. But during appendicitis, bacteria trapped in the lumen of the appendix are not effectively attacked because ______. these bacteria are resistant to attack these bacteria are not resistant but they are immune to attack by the leukocytes there is an inadequate blood supply to the appendix wall feces provide protection to the bacteria
there is an inadequate blood supply to the appendix wall
Impacted wisdom teeth is a problem that is never observed in children because ______. their teeth are generally too small to become impacted the childhood lengthening of their jaw bones provides all of the deciduous teeth with lots of room to erupt through the gums they lack third molar teeth their wisdom teeth fall out before there is any opportunity for them to become impacted
they lack third molar teeth
T/F All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels.
true
T/F Another term for swallowing is deglutition.
true
T/F Bacteria that reside in the large intestine make vitamin K.
true
T/F Blood draining from the stomach is more alkaline (basic) than blood that serves the stomach
true
T/F Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
true
T/F Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach
true
T/F Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
true
T/F Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.
true
T/F Labored breathing is termed dyspnea
true
T/F Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
true
T/F The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
true
T/F The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.
true
T/F The liver is able to regenerate even after 50% of its original mass is lost.
true
T/F The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).
true
T/F The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
true
hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles, such as pollen and dust, from inspired air
vibrissiae
What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called? vital capacity tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume
vital capacity
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. at least 3 micrometers thick between 5 and 6 micrometers thick 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.
0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
The primary dentition consists of __________ teeth. 20 10 16 32
20
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems. M D A E
A
Which vitamins are made by the bacteria in the large intestine? vitamins A and E vitamins C and D B complex and D vitamins B complex and K vitamins
B complex and K vitamins
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? B12 K C A
B12
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. Boyle's law Charles' law Dalton's law Henry's law
Boyle's law
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? surface tension of water surfactant production pseudostratified ciliated epithelium C-shaped cartilage rings
C-shaped cartilage rings
Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder? gastrin GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) CCK (cholecystokinin) motilin
CCK cholecystokinin
Type II cells
Composed of cuboidal cells.; secrete a fluid containing surfactant
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. Henry's law Boyle's law Charles' law Dalton's law
Dalton's law
Functional residual capacity
ERV + RV
Gastrin
Increases HCl secretion and stimulates contraction of intestinal muscle
Cholecystokinin
Increases output of enzymatic-rich pancreatic juice
Secretin
Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions
Segmental bronchi
No exchange of gases occurs here.
A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His PO2 was 55 and PCO2 was 65. A new resident orders 54% oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed, the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Why did the patient stop breathing? The increase in oxygen in his body caused hypoventilation to the extent that breathing was no longer visible to the nurse. The sudden increase in oxygen in his body caused oxygen toxicity, generating huge amounts of free radicals, resulting in profound CNS disturbances, coma, and death. Oxygen dilates pulmonary arterioles, increasing perfusion and worsening an already poor ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In addition, oxygen drives more CO2 off of hemoglobin, dumping it into alveoli from which it cannot be removed. His arterial PCO2 chemoreceptors had become unresponsive. Declining PO2 levels now act as the stimulus. Increased PO2 levels will prevent this stimulus, and breathing will cease. The high level of oxygen in his body caused hypocapnia, which resulted in an unbalancing of his body's pH, causing his muscular and nervous systems to fail.
Oxygen dilates pulmonary arterioles, increasing perfusion and worsening an already poor ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In addition, oxygen drives more CO2 off of hemoglobin, dumping it into alveoli from which it cannot be removed.
Which center is located in the pons? expiratory center inspiratory center pacemaker neuron center pontine respirator group (PRG)
PRG
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
Stimulates insulin release and mildly inhibits HCl production
Inspiratory capacity
TV + IRV
Vital capacity
TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity
TV + IRV + ERV + RV
__________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing. Atmospheric pressure Transpulmonary pressure Transthoracic pressure Intraalveolar pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which of the following neurotransmitters? substance P norepinephrine VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) ACh (acetylcholine)
VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide
Respiratory bronchioles
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.
Process by which simpler chemical units pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph
absorption
In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions? islet of Langerhans cells acinar cells duct cells
acinar cells
Saliva does NOT __________. clean the mouth contain carbohydrate-dissolving enzymes aid in the chemical digestion of proteins dissolve food chemicals so that they can be tasted
aid in the chemical digestion of proteins
Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura? helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction helps limit the spread of local infections
aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. acidosis dysphagia alkalosis ketosis
alkalosis
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes atria and alveolar sacs respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
alveolar and capillary wells and their fused basement membranes
Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone? alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces type II alveolar cells secrete a substance called surfactant the pleurae produce pleural fluid type I alveolar cells produce antimicrobial proteins
alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces
Which of the following determines lung compliance? airway opening flexibility of the thoracic cage alveolar surface tension muscles of inspiration
alveolar surface tension
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? Bronchioles Nose Bronchi Alveoli Trachea
alveoli
Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange? trachea primary bronchi alveoli terminal bronchioles
alveoli
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? amylase trypsin cholecystokinin gastrin
amylase
Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________. an active process; also an active process an active process; a passive process a passive process; an active process a passive process; also a passive process
an active process; a passive process
Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin? ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia anemic hypoxia hypoxemic hypoxia histotoxic hypoxia
anemic hypoxia
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person? arterial blood carbon dioxide level arterial blood oxygen level arterial blood pH oxygen needs of cells
arterial blood carbon dioxide level
Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords? epiglottis cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage arytenoid cartilages
arytenoid cartilages
What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood? as a bicarbonate ion in plasma dissolved in plasma chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbonic acid in plasma
as a bicarbonate ion in plasma
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
as alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required
The nose serves all the following functions except ________. warming and humidifying the air as a passageway for air movement cleansing the air as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
as the direct initiate of the cough reflex
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients
before food enters the stomach and its triggerd by aroma, sight or thought
The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following? digestive enzymes such as CCK and secretin bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus intrinsic factor bile
bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus
Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue? pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins bronchial arteries bronchial veins
bronchial arteries
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? canine tooth molar tooth premolar tooth incisor tooth
canine tooth
The __________ guards the entry of food into the stomach. diaphragm ileocecal valve cardiac sphincter pyloric sphincter
cardiac sphincter
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. mastication fermentation anabolism catabolism
catabolism
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. chemical digestion mechanical digestion absorption secretion
chemical digestion
HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen? chief parietal G cells paracrine (also known as enteroendocrine cells)
chief
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. parietal cells of the duodenum Brunner's glands goblet cells of the small intestine chief cells of the stomach
chief cells of the stomach
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? cholecystokinin gastric inhibitor peptide gastrin secretin
cholecystokinin
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. action of the epiglottis ciliated mucous lining in the nose abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa porous structure of turbinate bones
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage distribute hormones throughout the body carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
Type I cells
composed of simple squamous epithelium; The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and these cells
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes temperature is lower at higher altitudes basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
__________ can result if food passes too slowly through the large intestine. Colitis Diarrhea Constipation Irritable bowel syndrome
constipation
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
Which of the following processes occurs only in the large intestine? absorption defecation deglutition mechanical digestion
defecation
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? diaphragm and internal intercostals diaphragm and external intercostals internal intercostals and external oblique
diaphragm and external intercostals
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. active transport diffusion osmosis filtration
diffusion
Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into simpler units
digestion
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. absorption digestion secretion ingestion
digestion
In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______. in the conducting zone structures of the lungs due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production
due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells
Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment? Due to the psychological side effects of the antibiotic used, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better. Due to the time length of treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better. Due to the physiological side effects of the antibiotic used, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better. TB infection causes damage to the nervous system, resulting in changes in personality and judgment.
due to the time length of treatment, the patient may stop taking medication when they start to feel better
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? tuberculosis emphysema coryza pneumonia
emphysema
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? crown pulp enamel cementum
enamel
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? zymogenic cells parietal cells mucous neck cells enteroendocrine cells
enteroendocrine cells
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? intestinal enterogastric cephalic gastric
enterogastric
Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin? amylase chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase enteropeptidase
enteropeptidase
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? histamine epinephrine acetylcholine (ACh) an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system
epinephrine
