A&P II Lecture Exam 5 (Reproductive System)
The corona radiata contains:
a layer of follicle cells
Both males and females have _________ reproductive organs.
accessory
What hormone is needed to make estrogen?
androgens
In what phase of meiosis is the primary oocyte arrested?
first meiotic prophase
The zona pellucida contains:
glycoproteins
What are the primary reproductive organs called?
gonads
Oogenesis- Female fetus: oogonia (diploid) divide by _________ to produce ___________ oocytes.
mitosis; primary
What are the primary reproductive organs in females?
ovaries
What is the term used when a mature follicle ruptures and expels its oocyte?
ovulation
The spermatic cord contains:
-Testicular artery (direct branch from abdominal aorta) -Pampiniform plexus(veins surrounding testicular artery) -Autonomic nerves
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
1. follicular phase 2. ovulation 3. luteal phase
What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?
1. menstrual phase 2. proliferative phase 3. secretory phase
How many primordial follicles are in each ovary at birth?
1.5 million
Define puberty.
external sex characteristics become more prominent
Where is the secondary oocyte arrested?
in the second meiotic metaphase
Luteal phase: __________ marks the end of the luteal phase and the beginning of the ___________ phase.
menses; follicular
Contraception methods: Abstinence.
refraining from sexual intercourse
Where is sperm produced/stored?
the scrotum
Contraception methods (chemical methods): Oral contraceptives.
28 day packets contain 21 days of low estrogen and progestins, last 7 days are sugar pills these low levels keep LH from 'spiking' and causing ovulation
What is the typical length of the menstrual cycle?
28 days (same as ovarian cycle)
At what age does menopause typically occur?
45-55 years of age
The proliferative phase is from days _____ to _____ of the cycle.
6 to 14
The scrotum contains two smooth muscles:
Dartos muscle ~ deep to the skin and superficial fascia Cremaster muscle ~ part of the spermatic cord, surrounds each testis
GnRH stimulates the release of:
FSH and LH
Oogenesis: Puberty: GnRH stimulates release of __________ starting ________.
FSH and LH starting the ovarian cycle
Ovulation: On day 14, _______ is at it's highest secretion rate causing an _________ in fluid within the __________.
LH; increase; antrum
Follicular phase: ______ causes an _________of fluid within the antrum causing a few of the primary follicles to mature into ____________ __________.
LH; increase; secondary
Contraception methods: Intrauterine devices (IUDs).
T-shaped, flexible structures inserted into the uterus to prevent fertilization from occurring
Primary follicle is surrounded by connective tissue cells called __________ cells which:
Thecal; secrete androgens (needed to make estrogen)
What changes occur during puberty in just females?
breast enlargement
Contraception methods (chemical methods): Morning-after pill.
can be taken within 72 hours after having unprotected intercourse inhibit ovulation by delaying it or irritating uterine lining to prevent implantation
Barrier methods: Spermicidal foams and gels.
chemical barrier methods that kills sperm before they travel to the uterine tubes
Corpus albicans turns into:
connective scar tissue (usually reabsorbed) after corpus lute breaks down
Other changes: cervix
contains mucin-secreting glands that help form a thick mucus plug at external os
What is another way the scrotum achieves ideal temperature for producing/storing sperm? (other than warm/cold)
cooling the arterial blood entering the testis
Luteal phase: 10 to 13 days after ovulation, the ____________ __________ regresses and becomes the ____________ _____________ causing a decrease in hormone secretion which triggers _____________.
corpus luteum; corpus albicans; menstruation
Define menstrual cycle:
cyclical changes in the endometrial lining due to estrogen and progesterone
On what day of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?
day 14
Polar body cells:
don't receive enough cytoplasm
Primary follicle secretes ________ as it matures.
estrogen
Define perimenopause.
estrogen levels begin to drop, period become irregular or very light
sex hormone in females:
estrogen/progesterone
Ovulation: __________ is secreted in such high amounts by the ________ follicle that it causes an increased release of ________.
estrogen; mature; LH
Ovulation: secondary oocyte is...
forced out of the mature follicle
What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
functional layer begins to develop again (due to increasing levels of estrogen)
What occurs during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?
functional layer of endometrium is shed (due to decrease in estrogen/progesterone levels)
What stops maturing during menopause?
gametes
Gonads produce _______ which create:
gametes which create new individuals when merged
What factors will affect the timing of puberty?
genetics environment overall health of the individual
lack of estrogen and progesterone causes:
hot flashes thinning scalp hair increased facial hair greater risk for osteoporosis and heart disease
What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
increased vascularization and development of uterine glands occurs within the functional layer (due to increasing levels of progesterone)
Within the primary follicles, ________ and ________ are released from follicular cells to:
inhibin; estrogen; to inhibit FSH production
Luteal phase: ________ is also released, which, when added to high amounts of progesterone/estrogen causes a ______________ feedback loop to the hypothalamus and ____________ __________.
inhibin; negative; anterior pituitary
Define oogenesis
maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte
Gonads produce large amounts of sex hormone which effect:
maturation, development and changes in the activity of reproductive system organs
Corpus lutes forms when:
mature follicle ruptures and expels its oocyte
Luteal phase: remaining follicular cells in ruptured _________ follicle become __________ _________.
mature; corpus luteum
Secondary oocyte has complete
meiosis I
Oogenesis- Female fetus: primary oocytes start __________ but arrested in _____________.
meiosis; prophase I
What is a female's first menstrual cycle called? At what age does this typically occur?
menarche; 11-12
One full year of no menstrual cycle =
menopause
How does the scrotum achieve ideal temperature for producing/storing sperm when warm? when cold?
move testes further away from body when warm closer to body when cold
Gametes in females are:
oocytes
Other changes: mucus plug thins considerably around the time of...
ovulation to allow sperm easier access to the uterus
In a secondary follicle, fluid accumulates as ____________ nears, pushing ___________ to side of follicle where it is surrounded by __________ __________.
ovulation; oocyte; cumulus oophorus
Other changes: mucus plug believed to be...
physical barrier that prevents pathogens from invading uterus
Contraception methods (chemical methods): Estrogen/Progestin patches.
placed on body, delivers regular amount of estrogen/progestin through skin, patch replaced weekly
Barrier methods: Condoms.
prevent sperm from entering female body and protect against STI's
Contraception methods (chemical methods): Injection/implanted progestins.
prevents ovulation and thickens mucus around cervix injection given every 3 months, implants last 3 years ovulation may take many months to return after stopping these
Primordial follicle contains:
primary oocyte surrounded by flattened follicle cells
Primary follicle contains:
primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of granulosa cells (cuboidal shaped)
Secondary follicle contains:
primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, and fluid-filled space called an antrum
Oogenesis- Childhood: Atresia:
primordial follicles regress (1.5 mil to 400,000)
Contraception methods: Lactation.
production of milk for nursing a baby can prevent ovulation and menstruation for many months after childbirth (must nurse child more than 5 times a day)
Luteal phase:corpus luteum secretes ________________ and ____________ needed for:
progesterone and estrogen; needed for the build up of the uterine lining
What changes occur during puberty in both sexes?
pubic hair growth fully functional reproductive organs gametes mature gonads start secreting sex hormones
Secondary oocytes:
receives enough cytoplasm and continues meiosis II until it reaches metaphase II where it is arrested again
What occurs during menopause that causes atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts?
recused hormone production
Contraception methods: Rhythm method.
requires avoiding sexual intercourse during the time when a woman is ovulation (a few days prior and after due to sperms ability to live for several days within the female body)
Why is hormone replacement therapy no longer offered for women going through menopause?
risks of breast cancer and lack of protection against heart disease outweigh the benefits
Mature follicle contains:
secondary oocyte, numerous layers of granulosa cells, and a large, fluid-filled antrum
Follicular phase: a single ___________ follicle with mature into a __________ follicle due to increasing levels of estrogen, its primary oocyte finishes ___________ and forms two cells: _____________ and ___________.
secondary; mature; meiosis I; polar body and secondary oocyte
GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH, which then stimulate:
sex hormones to be released from the gonads
Gametes in males are:
sperm
Barrier methods: Diaphragms.
structures made of rubber or silicone that are inserted in the vagina and placed over the cervix prior to sexual intercourse
What are the primary reproductive organs in males?
testis
sex hormon in males:
testosterone
Cumulus oophorus contains:
the primary oocyte surrounded by the zona pellucida and corona radiata
Contraception methods: Surgical methods.
tubal ligation and vasectomy
Contraception methods (chemical methods): Mifepristone.
used during first 7 weeks of pregnancy block progesterone receptors so cannot maintain pregnancy induces miscarriage
In the follicular phase, FSH and LH stimulate _____ primordial follicles to mature into ______ follicles.
20;primary
Length of the menstrual cycle can vary from ____ to ___ days.
21-35
The ovarian cycle is a ______ day cycle.
28
The follicular phase occurs from days ____ to ____.
1 to 13
The menstrual phase is from days _____ to _____ of the cycle.
1 to 5
When do African American girls reach puberty in comparison to Caucasian girls?
1 year earlier
The secretory phase is from days _____ to _____ of the cycle.
15 to 28
The luteal phase occurs from day ______ to _____.
15-28
When do girls reach puberty in comparison to boys?
2 years before boys
What is the ideal temperature for producing/storing sperm?
2-3 degrees C lower than body temp
