A&P II Lecture Exam 5 (Reproductive System)

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The corona radiata contains:

a layer of follicle cells

Both males and females have _________ reproductive organs.

accessory

What hormone is needed to make estrogen?

androgens

In what phase of meiosis is the primary oocyte arrested?

first meiotic prophase

The zona pellucida contains:

glycoproteins

What are the primary reproductive organs called?

gonads

Oogenesis- Female fetus: oogonia (diploid) divide by _________ to produce ___________ oocytes.

mitosis; primary

What are the primary reproductive organs in females?

ovaries

What is the term used when a mature follicle ruptures and expels its oocyte?

ovulation

The spermatic cord contains:

-Testicular artery (direct branch from abdominal aorta) -Pampiniform plexus(veins surrounding testicular artery) -Autonomic nerves

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

1. follicular phase 2. ovulation 3. luteal phase

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?

1. menstrual phase 2. proliferative phase 3. secretory phase

How many primordial follicles are in each ovary at birth?

1.5 million

Define puberty.

external sex characteristics become more prominent

Where is the secondary oocyte arrested?

in the second meiotic metaphase

Luteal phase: __________ marks the end of the luteal phase and the beginning of the ___________ phase.

menses; follicular

Contraception methods: Abstinence.

refraining from sexual intercourse

Where is sperm produced/stored?

the scrotum

Contraception methods (chemical methods): Oral contraceptives.

28 day packets contain 21 days of low estrogen and progestins, last 7 days are sugar pills these low levels keep LH from 'spiking' and causing ovulation

What is the typical length of the menstrual cycle?

28 days (same as ovarian cycle)

At what age does menopause typically occur?

45-55 years of age

The proliferative phase is from days _____ to _____ of the cycle.

6 to 14

The scrotum contains two smooth muscles:

Dartos muscle ~ deep to the skin and superficial fascia Cremaster muscle ~ part of the spermatic cord, surrounds each testis

GnRH stimulates the release of:

FSH and LH

Oogenesis: Puberty: GnRH stimulates release of __________ starting ________.

FSH and LH starting the ovarian cycle

Ovulation: On day 14, _______ is at it's highest secretion rate causing an _________ in fluid within the __________.

LH; increase; antrum

Follicular phase: ______ causes an _________of fluid within the antrum causing a few of the primary follicles to mature into ____________ __________.

LH; increase; secondary

Contraception methods: Intrauterine devices (IUDs).

T-shaped, flexible structures inserted into the uterus to prevent fertilization from occurring

Primary follicle is surrounded by connective tissue cells called __________ cells which:

Thecal; secrete androgens (needed to make estrogen)

What changes occur during puberty in just females?

breast enlargement

Contraception methods (chemical methods): Morning-after pill.

can be taken within 72 hours after having unprotected intercourse inhibit ovulation by delaying it or irritating uterine lining to prevent implantation

Barrier methods: Spermicidal foams and gels.

chemical barrier methods that kills sperm before they travel to the uterine tubes

Corpus albicans turns into:

connective scar tissue (usually reabsorbed) after corpus lute breaks down

Other changes: cervix

contains mucin-secreting glands that help form a thick mucus plug at external os

What is another way the scrotum achieves ideal temperature for producing/storing sperm? (other than warm/cold)

cooling the arterial blood entering the testis

Luteal phase: 10 to 13 days after ovulation, the ____________ __________ regresses and becomes the ____________ _____________ causing a decrease in hormone secretion which triggers _____________.

corpus luteum; corpus albicans; menstruation

Define menstrual cycle:

cyclical changes in the endometrial lining due to estrogen and progesterone

On what day of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?

day 14

Polar body cells:

don't receive enough cytoplasm

Primary follicle secretes ________ as it matures.

estrogen

Define perimenopause.

estrogen levels begin to drop, period become irregular or very light

sex hormone in females:

estrogen/progesterone

Ovulation: __________ is secreted in such high amounts by the ________ follicle that it causes an increased release of ________.

estrogen; mature; LH

Ovulation: secondary oocyte is...

forced out of the mature follicle

What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

functional layer begins to develop again (due to increasing levels of estrogen)

What occurs during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

functional layer of endometrium is shed (due to decrease in estrogen/progesterone levels)

What stops maturing during menopause?

gametes

Gonads produce _______ which create:

gametes which create new individuals when merged

What factors will affect the timing of puberty?

genetics environment overall health of the individual

lack of estrogen and progesterone causes:

hot flashes thinning scalp hair increased facial hair greater risk for osteoporosis and heart disease

What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

increased vascularization and development of uterine glands occurs within the functional layer (due to increasing levels of progesterone)

Within the primary follicles, ________ and ________ are released from follicular cells to:

inhibin; estrogen; to inhibit FSH production

Luteal phase: ________ is also released, which, when added to high amounts of progesterone/estrogen causes a ______________ feedback loop to the hypothalamus and ____________ __________.

inhibin; negative; anterior pituitary

Define oogenesis

maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte

Gonads produce large amounts of sex hormone which effect:

maturation, development and changes in the activity of reproductive system organs

Corpus lutes forms when:

mature follicle ruptures and expels its oocyte

Luteal phase: remaining follicular cells in ruptured _________ follicle become __________ _________.

mature; corpus luteum

Secondary oocyte has complete

meiosis I

Oogenesis- Female fetus: primary oocytes start __________ but arrested in _____________.

meiosis; prophase I

What is a female's first menstrual cycle called? At what age does this typically occur?

menarche; 11-12

One full year of no menstrual cycle =

menopause

How does the scrotum achieve ideal temperature for producing/storing sperm when warm? when cold?

move testes further away from body when warm closer to body when cold

Gametes in females are:

oocytes

Other changes: mucus plug thins considerably around the time of...

ovulation to allow sperm easier access to the uterus

In a secondary follicle, fluid accumulates as ____________ nears, pushing ___________ to side of follicle where it is surrounded by __________ __________.

ovulation; oocyte; cumulus oophorus

Other changes: mucus plug believed to be...

physical barrier that prevents pathogens from invading uterus

Contraception methods (chemical methods): Estrogen/Progestin patches.

placed on body, delivers regular amount of estrogen/progestin through skin, patch replaced weekly

Barrier methods: Condoms.

prevent sperm from entering female body and protect against STI's

Contraception methods (chemical methods): Injection/implanted progestins.

prevents ovulation and thickens mucus around cervix injection given every 3 months, implants last 3 years ovulation may take many months to return after stopping these

Primordial follicle contains:

primary oocyte surrounded by flattened follicle cells

Primary follicle contains:

primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of granulosa cells (cuboidal shaped)

Secondary follicle contains:

primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, and fluid-filled space called an antrum

Oogenesis- Childhood: Atresia:

primordial follicles regress (1.5 mil to 400,000)

Contraception methods: Lactation.

production of milk for nursing a baby can prevent ovulation and menstruation for many months after childbirth (must nurse child more than 5 times a day)

Luteal phase:corpus luteum secretes ________________ and ____________ needed for:

progesterone and estrogen; needed for the build up of the uterine lining

What changes occur during puberty in both sexes?

pubic hair growth fully functional reproductive organs gametes mature gonads start secreting sex hormones

Secondary oocytes:

receives enough cytoplasm and continues meiosis II until it reaches metaphase II where it is arrested again

What occurs during menopause that causes atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts?

recused hormone production

Contraception methods: Rhythm method.

requires avoiding sexual intercourse during the time when a woman is ovulation (a few days prior and after due to sperms ability to live for several days within the female body)

Why is hormone replacement therapy no longer offered for women going through menopause?

risks of breast cancer and lack of protection against heart disease outweigh the benefits

Mature follicle contains:

secondary oocyte, numerous layers of granulosa cells, and a large, fluid-filled antrum

Follicular phase: a single ___________ follicle with mature into a __________ follicle due to increasing levels of estrogen, its primary oocyte finishes ___________ and forms two cells: _____________ and ___________.

secondary; mature; meiosis I; polar body and secondary oocyte

GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH, which then stimulate:

sex hormones to be released from the gonads

Gametes in males are:

sperm

Barrier methods: Diaphragms.

structures made of rubber or silicone that are inserted in the vagina and placed over the cervix prior to sexual intercourse

What are the primary reproductive organs in males?

testis

sex hormon in males:

testosterone

Cumulus oophorus contains:

the primary oocyte surrounded by the zona pellucida and corona radiata

Contraception methods: Surgical methods.

tubal ligation and vasectomy

Contraception methods (chemical methods): Mifepristone.

used during first 7 weeks of pregnancy block progesterone receptors so cannot maintain pregnancy induces miscarriage

In the follicular phase, FSH and LH stimulate _____ primordial follicles to mature into ______ follicles.

20;primary

Length of the menstrual cycle can vary from ____ to ___ days.

21-35

The ovarian cycle is a ______ day cycle.

28

The follicular phase occurs from days ____ to ____.

1 to 13

The menstrual phase is from days _____ to _____ of the cycle.

1 to 5

When do African American girls reach puberty in comparison to Caucasian girls?

1 year earlier

The secretory phase is from days _____ to _____ of the cycle.

15 to 28

The luteal phase occurs from day ______ to _____.

15-28

When do girls reach puberty in comparison to boys?

2 years before boys

What is the ideal temperature for producing/storing sperm?

2-3 degrees C lower than body temp


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