A&P lecture Exam 3

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What is the S1 sound?

"lub" and AV valves closing

What is coagulation phase?

-Begins 30 seconds or more after injury -Depends on clotting factors (procoagulants) -result is conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin •Converted to active enzymes that direct reactions in clotting response

what are the functions of the gallbladder ?

-bile storage and concentration -released due to CCK stim releases bile into cystic duct

what happens in the systemic circuit?

-blood leaves left ventricle, flows through: -aortic valve -ascending aorta and aortic arch -descending aorta -numerous branches to capillary beds in the tissue -inferior and superior venae cavae, coronary sinus flows into right atrium

what are the functions of the stomach?

-food storage (can stretch to fit about 2 liters) -disinfects food -chemical digestion (pepsin: enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids) -production of intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption

How does fetal blood flow work?

-placenta -foramen ovale -ductus arteriosus

What is the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

-regulates what can enter the duodenum

what are the functions of blood?

-transport dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones' and waste -regulates interstitial fluid pH and ion composition -restricts fluid loss at injury sites -defends against toxins and pathogens -stabilizes body temp

what are the thee steps of hemostasis?

-vascular phase -platelet phase -coagulation phase

What are the salivary glands?

1) Parotid gland 2) Submandibular gland 3) Sublingual - Produce saliva and release to oral cavity through their ducts (like the parotid (Stensen's) duct) -buffer keeps pH near 7.0 and prevents buildup of acids produced by bacteria - Receive parasympathetic innervation from superior and inferior salivatory nuclei through CN VII and CN IX

what are the different regions of the stomach?

1) cardia 2) funds 3) body 4) pylorus (contains pyloric sphincter and that regulates flow of chyme into small intestine)

what are the 3 steps of hemoglobin recycling?

1. Globular proteins are broken into amino acids 2. Iron is extracted from heme molecules 3. Remaining heme is converted to green biliverdin (yellow color in urine)

what are the stages in RBC maturation?

1. Hemocytoblast 2. Myeloid stem cell 3. Erythroblasts 4. Reticulocyte 5. Mature RBC

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?

1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis Externa 4. Serosa

how many adult teeth are there?

32, 16 upper and 16 lower

what's the ideal temp of blood?

38 degrees Celsius

The average life span of a red blood cell is about?

4 months

____ other surface antigens involved in blood typing.

41

What is the pH of body fluid?

7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

A D E K

a person of blood type B+ produces?

A antibodies

What are myeloid stem cells?

A descendant of a hemocytoblast that produces all other formed elements. process regulated by colony stimulating factors

what are lymphoid stem cells?

A descendant of a hemocytoblast that produces lymphocytes. migrates from bone marrow into lymphatic tissues and regulated by thymosin and exposure to antigens

What is the esophagus?

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

what does each villus contain?

A network of capillaries to absorb glucose and amino acids and deliver to hepatic portal system and a lacteal to absorb fatty acids and glycerol packaged into chylomicrons

What is an ECG?

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart a short lag time between the depolarization or repolarization wave

What is jaundice?

A yellowing of the skin and eyes signs of excessive levels of bilirubin in blood results of blocked bile ducts due to: gallstones, liver failure and hemolytic anemia

what are the 3 major antigens?

A, B, Rh

what happens if SA node is damaged ?

AV node takes over

what are water soluble vitamins ?

B and c

antibodies are produced by?

B-lymphocytes

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means?

Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies

what regulates pancreatic secretion?

CCK (induces secretion of pancreatic juice by acini), secretin (causes secretion of bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice by duct cells)

what are pacesetter cells?

Cells that surround the lumen of the digestive tract and cause it to contract (ie primary and secondary waves)

What is the peridontal ligament?

Collagen fibers that connect bone to the cementum.

________ directly stimulates red blood cell production.

EPO

what is defecation?

Eliminating waste from the body

what is a gastric pit?

Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the gastric glands.

what do parietal cells secrete?

HCl (kills microorganisms) and intrinsic factor (B12 absorption)

What is enamel?

Hardest substance in the body, covers the crown of the tooth.

what are heart murmurs ?

Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds produced by abnormal blood flow in the heart.

What's leukemia?

Increased WBC (not making RBC) Body busy making WBC

How does blood flow through the heart?

Inferior and superior vena cava (1) dump blood into the right atrium (2) Right ventricle (3) 2 pulmonary arteries (4) that lead to the lungs (5) where blood becomes oxygenated Pulmonary veins (6) bring blood from the lungs back to the left atrium (7) Left ventricle (8) is large and muscular to pump blood into the aorta (9) and to the rest of the body (10) Eventually blood will be pumped back to each vena cava (1) schematic diagram

what separates the two atria?

Interatrial septum

what is a root canal?

It is where the blood vessels and nerves enter the root of the tooth.

What is the falciform ligament?

It separates right and left lobe Suspends liver from diaphragm

What are eosinophils?

Lead the body's counterattack against parasitic worms, lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes have bilobed nucleus have granules that stain red

what is pericardial fluid?

Lubricating fluid that fills the space between the layers to prevent friction and damage to membrane during contraction

What is the myenteric nerve plexus?

Major nerve supply that controls GI tract motility (muscularis externa)

What is the submucosal plexus?

Neurons from the sensory, and autonomic nervous systems (Network of nerves)

how does pacemaker cells work?

Nodal cells that reach threshold and fire first SA node, or cardiac pacemaker both atria contract together first IF SA node fails, AV node takes over at 40-60 BPM

what are hematocrit?

Percentage of whole blood that is RBC

What is mechanical digestion?

Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

What do the semilunar valves do?

Prevent backflow from pulmonary trunk and aorta into ventricles do not require chordae tendineae

what does pulmonary semilunar valve do?

Prevents backflow from pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle

what does the structures of RBCs allow for?

RBCs to transport O2 and CO2 efficiently -unique biconcave shape provides advantages -large surface to volume ratio (increased rate of diffusion between cytoplasm and plasma) -Increased flexibility to squeeze through n arrow capillaries

What are nodal cells?

SA and AV nodes establish rate of contraction

the ___ is the primary pacemaker of the hear

SA node

What does Erythropoietin do?

Signals bone marrow to make more red blood cells. essential for pt recovering from blood loss can raise hematocrit too high if given to a health person

What are papillary muscles?

Small muscles that anchor the heart strings or cords. contraction tense chordae tendineae

what is the vermiform appendix?

Small, blind-ended tube that originates from posteromedial aspect of cecum contains lymphoid nodules for immune function

What is vascular spasm?

Smooth muscle contracts (vasoconstriction) to reduce blood loss

What is automaticity?

The ability of the heart to start and maintain rhythmic activity without the use of the nervous system

What is the buccal phase?

The bolus compresses against the hard palate and forces the bolus into the oropharynx

what is chemical digestion?

The chemicals in food being broken down by enzymes

What is the formen ovale?

The opening that persists between the free edge of the septum secundum and the foramen secundum is called the foramen ovale

what are universal recipients?

Type AB

What are lymphocytes?

Type of WBC that attack foreign matter and functions as the source of viral defense

What is cardiac output?

Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute: cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

What are basophils?

White blood cells that promote the inflammatory response releases heparin and histamine stains deep purple or blue

What's anemia?

a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood caused by: low hematocrit and reduced hemoglobin contents in RBCs symptoms include: muscle fatigue and weakness and general lack of energy

what is the mesenteries?

a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen. includes the greater and lesser omentum

what is the parietal peritoneum?

a serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

What is the ileocecal valve?

a sphincter that controls the flow of material from the ileum into the cecum

what is the atrial reflex?

a sympathetic reflex initiated by increased venous return increased venous return stimulates stretch receptors in atrial walls increases sympathetic activity causes Sa node cells to depolarize faster results in increased heart rate

What is ectopic pacemaker?

abnormal cells generate action potentials faster than nodes

what is thrombocytosis?

abnormally high platelet count

as it flows through sinusoids, hepatocytes ?

absorb nutrient molecules and secrete plasma proteins

intestinal epithelial cells constantly ?

absorb nutrients and ions

which process is not a main function of stomach?

absorption

What happens in the jejunum and ileum?

absorption of nutrients

what are globulins?

acts as a transport protein and antibodies or immunoglobulins globulins involved in lipid transport are called lipoproteins

Where does epinephrine come from?

adrenal medulla

hepatocytes synthesis plasma proteins ___?

albumins determine osmotic pressure of plasma nutrient transporters clotting factors complement proteins

what are the three major types of plasma proteins?

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

what does mucous epithelium secrete?

alkaline muscus that protects epithelium

what can liver disorders result in?

altered blood composition and function

What is a mucous membrane?

an epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and that lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages.

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.

anemia

Until membrane repolarizes it cannot respond to ?

another stimulus -this extends the refractory period -limits the # of contractions per min -makes tetanus impossible -no summation of muscle twitches

what's the difference between ABO and Rh formation?

anti-A and anti-B antibodies spontaneously develop during first 6 month of life Anti-Rh antibodies in Rh-negative person do not develop unless individual is exposed to Rh positive blood

what is agglutinins?

antibodies found in plasma will attack foreign antigens on RBCs of different blood types

What is blood type determined by?

antigens - antibody response

Neutrophils are?

are active in fighting bacterial infection

Agglutinins are?

are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type

What is the lamina propria?

areolar connective tissue

What is adventitia?

areolar tissue lining the tract in areas not enclosed by peritoneum

What is the intestinal phase?

as partially digested food enters the duodenum ensures efficient intestinal functions (secretion, digestion and absorption) enterogastric reflexes inhibits gastric production

What are the 4 segments of the colon?

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

What is the S3 & S4 heart sound?

associated with atrial contraction and blood flow into ventricles

What is a heartbeat?

atrial contraction followed by ventricle contraction two types of cardiac muscles cells involved -contractile cells and cells of the conduction system

What does the P wave represent?

atrial depolarization

What is the chordae tendineae?

attach the cusps of the tricuspid and mitral valves to the papillary muscles of the wall

where do arteries originate from?

base of aorta at aortic sinuses

What is the P-R interval?

beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation

What is the Q-T interval?

beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization

What is the gastric phase?

begins with the arrival of food in the stomach stretch reflexes increase myenteric stimulation of churning submucosal plexus stimulates parietal and cell cells and G cells to produce the hormones gastrin

what happens in carbohydrate absorption?

beings in the mouth pancreatic amylase continues process brush border enzymes on intestinal microvilli complete breakdown monosaccharides absorbed through facilitated diffusion or cotransport transported into capillaries by diffusion

Where do hepatocytes secrete bile?

bile canaliculi

The function of hemoglobin is to?

bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

antibodies are responsible for agglutination, which involves?

binding multiple cells, immobilizing them

what is the function of fibrinogen?

blood clotting, as insoluble strands of fibrin

What are platelets?

blood components that contribute to the blood-clotting process

blood volumes varies by?

body sizes

what is the esophageal phase?

bolus is pushed into esophagus and toward stomach pharyngeal and esophageal phase are involuntary

what does deficiency of vitamin K lead to?

breakdown of common pathways

what is involved in the clotting factors?

calcium, ions, vitamin K and 11 different other plasma proteins clotting happens in cascade

what is included in a balanced diet?

carbohydrates proteins lipids water electrolytes vitamins

what regulates cardiac reflexes?

cardiac center in medulla oblongata

where does coronary circulation supply blood to?

cardiac muscle tissue

what is the cardiac skeleton of heart?

cardiac muscles tissue and connective tissue

what's the first organ system to become fully operational during embryonic life?

cardiovascular system

what the body's internal transport network?

cardiovascular system Including: heart blood blood vessels

what is the pulmonary circut?

carries blood to and from the lungs

what is the intrinsic defection?

cause internal sphincter to relax works entire within myenteric

where is bile salt reabsorbed ?

cecum

What is the blind pouch?

cecum function is to initiate compaction

Where do the sinusoids drain?

central vein

what do masticate do?

chew flood into smaller sieces

the mixture if food and digestive products in the stomach referred to as?

chyme

What helps increase the surface area of the small intestine?

circular folds (plicae circulares) villi microvilli

What are monocytes?

circulate in the blood until infection at which point they mature to become macrophages aggressive phagocytes

What is the S2 sound?

closure of semilunar valves

bile flows into common hepatic duct, then to?

common bile duct into the duodenum

what happens in protein absorption?

complex and rime consuming process pepsin pancreatic proteolytic enzymes peptidases on brush border amino acids absorbed through facilitated diffusion and cotransport transported into capillaries by diffusion

what is in the hemoglobin structure?

composed of two pairs of globular proteins subunits each subunit contains a heme with an iron atom -transport O2 and CO2 (O2 binds to heme and CO2 to globin subunits)

What are anastomoses and why are they important?

connection/opening between blood vessels that are normally diverging/branching is part of coronary blood circulation that helps with actual supply provides additional routes for blood delivery

What is the submucosa?

connective tissue -binds mucosa to muscle layer -contains blood vessels and lymphatics Outer margins contain: parasympathetic neurons and sensory neurons (submucosal plexus)

what does erythrocytes contain?

contain red pigment molecule, hemoglobin -transports oxygen and CO2 -responsible for deep red color of whole blood

what does ANS alternate?

contractility produced during a contraction -sympathetic = increase -parasympathetic = decrease

What is atrial systole?

contraction of the atria AV valves are open

what is ventricular systole?

contraction of ventricles semilunar valves is open

Production of acid and enzymes by the gastric?

controlled by CNS regulated by reflexes involving stomach wall regulated by hormones of digestive tract involves overlapping phases -cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase

what does the cardioinhibitory center do?

controls the parasympathetic neurons that slow the heart rate

What is the visceral peritoneum?

covers most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

What is the cement of the tooth?

covers roots

what happens in the pulmonary circuit?

deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart, gas exchange occurs between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries, oxygenated blood is returned to the left side of the heart

what is the aortic sinuses?

depressions at each cusp of aortic valve, prevent cusps from sticking to aortic wall

What is intestinal juice?

digestive enzymes that include peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase and intestinal lipase composed mostly of water from mucosa secretes at gastric phase

what are conducting cells?

distribute stimuli to myocardium AV bundle Right and left bundles branches purkinje fibers

RBCs cannot?

divide or repair themselves they are exposed to stresses of friction and wear and tear lifespan is 120 days

what happens as you age?

division rate of epithelial stem cells declines smooth muscles tine decreases cumulative damage becomes apparent

What is the mesentery?

double layer of peritoneum suspend portion of digestive tract pathways for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve helps organize and stabilize attached organs

what are great and middle cardiac veins?

drain blood from coronary capillaries and drain into the coronary sinus

What are neutrophils?

drawn to site of infection and also phagocytose lots of bacteria short lifespan of 10 hours

what is the muscular layer of the digestive system used for?

drives mixing of contents and propels materials through the canal

which segment of the small intestines' receives chyme from the stomach?

duodenum

what are the thee segments of the small intestine?

duodenum jejunum ileum

Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions?

during anemia

what is the cephalic phase?

earliest phase of digestion when the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food parasympathetic signals stimulate gastric cells triggered by sight, smell, taste and thought of food

During their formation, RBCs?

eject their nucleus

what is secretion in the digestive system?

enzymes, hormones, and other substances necessary for digestion are secreted into the digestive tract

what are the three layers of the heart?

epicardium (visceral pericardium) myocardium (muscular wall of heart) endocardium (covers inside chamber and heart valve

what are formed elements in blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets -makes up about 45% of blood volume

What are gastric glands?

exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach located in the fundus, body and pylorus

what is auricle?

expandable extension of an atrium, externally seen grooves on surface -contains fat and blood vessels coronary sulcus and anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus

hepatocytes will process blood in the liver by?

extracting nutrients and toxins from blood and monitor and ejects circulating levels of organic nutrients

clots form as a result of?

extrinsic intrinsic common pathways

clotting factors released by blood vessels and surround tissues are?

extrinsic factors

What is the extrinsic pathway?

factors released by damaged tissues begin cascade this combination forms an enzyme that can activate factor X

bacteria action breaks down peptides into?

feces generate ammonia, nitrogenous compounds, hydrogen sulfide

What is clot retraction and how does it occur?

fibrin network traps platelets and RBCs platelets contract, pulling torn edges of vessel closer together during repair of tissue, clot dissolves through fibrinolysis

the outermost layer of the pericardial sac is the?

fibrous pericardium

what are the common peripheral capillaries?

fingertip or earlobes (used to make blood smear to show different types of formed elements

what are serum in proteins?

fluid that remains when blood clots and solids are removed identical to plasma except for absence of fibrinogen

What is the rugae of the stomach?

folds of mucosa that allow the stomach to expand

What are antigens?

foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies

what is the function of the buccal cavity?

functions: -senses food before swallowing -mechanically processes food -lubricates food with saliva and mucus -begins enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates and lipids AKA oral cavity lateral walls formed by cheeks and anteriorly mucosa is continues with the labia roof formed by hard palate and soft palate dividing oral cavity from nasopharynx is the uvula

what are the intestinal hormones?

gastrin = promotes stomach motility secretin = increases secretion of bile and buffers by lover and pancreas cholecystokinin = in pancreas increases enzyme production and in gallbladder causes the ejection of bile gastric inhibitory peptide = inhibits gastric activity and causes release of insulin

What is dentin?

hard yellowish tissue that makes up most of the tooth

what are the external features if the colon?

haustra = pouches that allow colon to expand and elongate teniae coli = 3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscles

Where does the superior vena cava carry blood from?

head, neck, upper limbs and chest

What is an myocardial infarction?

heart attack

where does blood come from in the the liver?

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

what is included in the portal triad?

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct

blood flows from sinusoids into central vein forming ?

hepatic veins

what regulates erythropoiesis?

hypoxia which triggers release of erythropoietin or EPO

what are the 4 types of teeth?

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

what give bacterial nutrients in the colon?

indigestible carbohydrates

what is the 6 functions of the digestive system?

ingestion mechanical and chemical digestion secretion absorption defecation

what are gastroenteric reflex?

initiated by distention of stomach empties duodenum

what separates the two ventricles?

interventricular septum

what fills out much of the peritoneal cavity?

intraperitoneal organ

what happens in lipids absorption?

involves lingual lipase from and pancreatic lipase triglycerides enter duodenum in large fat droplets bile salts emulsify droplets; pancreatic lipases breaks apart triglycerides triglycerides broken into fatty acids and monoglycerides

what are some other solutes in plasma?

ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances

the ___ in hemoglobin binds to the O2 molecules

iron

what's high plasma O2?

it causes hemoglobin to gain O2 until statured and occurs as blood circulates through lung capillaries

what's low plasma O2 and high CO2?

it causes hemoglobin to release O2 and occurs as blood circulates through systemic capillaries

what does the cardiac Skelton do?

its made of fibrous skeleton of tough, elastic connective tissue -encircles bases of large vessels carrying blood away from heart -encircles each heart valve -stabilizes position of valves -isolates atrial muscle from ventricular muscle

Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of amoeboid movement are?

leukocytes

what is plasma?

liquid matrix of blood -along with interstitial fluid, accounts for majority of extracellular fluid -makes up about 55% of blood volume Contains: -water -plasma proteins -other solutes

what is the largest visceral organ?

liver

where is plasma protein synthesized?

liver

where is the largest blood reservoir in the body?

liver

What are hepatocytes?

liver cells cover in microvilli

What is segmentation?

local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices

What is leukopenia?

low WBC count

What is thrombocytopenia?

low platelet count

what is the lingual tonsils?

lymphatic tissue masses on root of tongue help prevent infection

What are agranulocytes?

lymphocytes and monocytes (specific defense)

what does albumins do?

maintain osmotic balance with interstitial fluid (most abundant)

What's erythropoiesis?

making of RBCs -regulated by erythropoietin -Ery produced by kidney in the presence of hypoxia

what does the tongue do?

maneuvers food for chewing, shapes mass, forces food back for swallowing

_____ describes the mechanical breakdown of food by the teeth and other components of the mouth

mastication

Platelets are produced by

megakaryocytes

what are the three general roles of the livers?

metabolic regulation hematological regulation bile production

What is chyme?

mix of food and gastric secretion highly acidic and partially digested

The white blood cells that are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas, are?

monocytes

What is the intrinsic pathway?

more complex, being slower to activate; activators are in direct contact and contained IN blood

what's hemoglobin recycling?

most components of RBCs are recycled -macrophages in liver, spleen and red bone marrow engulf RBC and remove hemoglobin for recycling

During RBC formation what is lost?

most organelles -cannot divide or produce proteins -lack mitochondria (use anaerobic metabolism)

what do weak peristaltic contraction do?

move chyme toward jejunum

What does the lamina propria contain?

mucous glands and tonsils

What does the pharynx do?

muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus serves as a common passageway for food, liquid and air food passes through oropharynx and laryngopharynx to esophagus mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium

What are trabeculae carneae?

muscular ridges that prevent ventricular walls from sticking together during ejection

What are granulocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils nonspecific defense (kills everything)

Type O blood has what antigens?

none

What is sinus rhythm?

normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node

what is not absorbed in the stomach?

nutrients (bc digestion is incomplete and nutrients are still complex)

What does blood transport?

nutrients, oxygen, waste productions and chemical messengers

what are the voluntary aspect of defecation?

occurs if eternal anal sphincter and puborectalis voluntary reflex

what's cross reactions in transfusions?

occurs when antibodies in recipient react with a surface antigen on donor RBCs -causes agglutination or clumping of RBCs (blood clot)

how does tooth decay happen?

often the result of bacterial activity -bacteria produce matrix, trapping food particles -depots = dental plaque that can = to tartar or dental calculus

What are phagocytic cells remove?

old or damaged RBCs. debris and pathogens

what are the two reflexes that respond to changes in blood volume returning to the heart?

one adjusts heart rate and the other adjusts stroke volume

What is the esophageal hiatus?

opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus

what are the three phases of swallowing?

oral phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase

where do most enzymes and buffers come from?

pancreas and liver

What are the pancreatic enzymes?

pancreatic amylase, lipase, nucleases and pancreatic proteases

what are the dual innervation of the heart?

parasympathetic (releases ACh) and sympathetic (releases NE)

What are pancreatic islets?

parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions such as secreting insulin and glucagon

what are universal donors?

people with type O blood (especially type O-)

What do chief cells secrete?

pepsinogen and gastric lipase infants also secrete rennin and gastric lipase

food and waste is moved through the digestive tract via?

peristalsis

what are hepatic stellate macrophages (Kupffer cells)?

phagocytic cells in lining of sinusoids engulf pathogens, debris and damaged blood cells

what muscles are used for swallowing?

pharyngeal and esophageal muscles

the fluid matrix component of blood referred to as?

plasma

What is blood composed of?

plasma and formed elements

Thrombocytopenia is defined as a deficiency of?

platelets

What's Platelet plug formation?

platelets attach to sticky endothelium and exposed collagen fibers

what does the digestive tract lining do?

plays a defensive role for the body protects surrounding tissues from: -corrosive effects of acids and enzymes -physical abrasion -bacteria that are ingested or live in digestive tract

carbohydrates absorbed from food are transported from the digestive system in?

portal veins

A person's blood type is determined by the

presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.

What does the aortic semilunar valve do?

prevents backflow from ascending aorta into left ventricle

what are contractile cells?

produce contractions that propel blood -rapid depolarization due to Na ion influx when threshold occurs -plateau due to Ca influx and small K+ efflux -repolarization due to K+ efflux

what is the esophageal sphincters?

protects against backflow

whta does factor X activate?

prothrombin is the activator which converts that into thrombin and then fibrinogen into fibrin positive feedback loop accelerates clot formation NEEDS calcium ions and vitamin K

what controls the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum?

pylorus sphincter

what are the functions of the large intestine?

reabsorbing water compacting chyme into feces absorbing vitamin freed by bacterial action storing feces prior to defecation

What does the duodenum do?

receives secretions from pancreas, liver, and gall bladder mostly retroperitoneal or behind peritoneum

Where does the coronary sinus receives blood from?

receives unoxygenated blood via cardiac vein

what's hemoglobinuria?

red or brown urine caused by large numbers of RBCs breaking down in bloodstream

What is visocity

refers to thickness, stickiness, and resistance to flow -Blood is 5x more viscous than water -more viscous due to plasma proteins and formed elements

what are gastroiled reflex?

relaxed ileocecal valve triggered by gastrin

what is the parasympathetic defecation reflex?

relaxing the internal anal sphincter involves the spinal cord

what's arterial puncture needed for?

require to revaluate efficacy of gas exchange of the lung

Where does the inferior vena cava carry blood from?

rest of trunk, viscera and lower limbs

During red blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate cell?

reticulocyte

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

right atrium (receives blood from systemic circuit) right ventricle (pumps to pulmonary circuit) , left atrium (receives from pulmonary circuit), left ventricle (pumps blood into systemic circuit)

the ___ of the heart contains deoxygenated blood

right side

what are the four lobes of the liver?

right, left, caudate, quadrate

what is the difference between right and left ventricle?

right: -thinner myocardium and wall, half-moon shape in cross section -lower pressure -only needs to propel blood the short distance to the lungs Left: -very thick myocardium and wall, wound in cross section -produces 4-6x as much pressure as right ventricle -propels blood to entire systemic circuit

the inner surface if the empty stomach forms folds called?

rugae

What are digestive enzymes?

salivary amylase (starch) and lingual lipase

the large intestine absorbs mainly?

salt and water

what does the cardioacceleratory center do?

sends signals through sympathetic trunk to increase both rate and force Stimulates SA and AV nodes, heart muscle, and coronary arteries

what are the two positive feedback loop in the defecation reflex?

shorter loop = move feces towards anus longer loop = increased distention in rectum

what is the path of an impulse?

signals from Sa node causes all atrial cells to contract together signal is delayed at AV node Action potential travels then to: -atrioventricular bundle -left and right bundle branches -subendocardial branches the 2 ventricles contract simultaneously

the epithelium of the small intestine is primarily ?

simple columnar

Where is most water absorbed?

small intestine

what is the primary site of digestion and absorption?

small intestine

SA node does not have a ?

stable resting membrane potential

duodenal secretion of CCK and secretin ____?

stimulates secretion from the live, gallbladder and pancreas

what is the function of the rectum?

stores feces

What is a mucous epithelium?

stratified squamous epithelium and simple columnar epithelium

what is muscularis externa?

strengthens stomach wall, assists in mixing and churning

What are cardiac muscles?

striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart myofibrils organized into sarcomeres depend upon aerobic respiration only cells joining at intercalated disc

where does the left coronary artery supply blood to?

supplies blood to left atrium, left ventricle, and interventricular septum branches into circumflex and anterior interventricular arteries

where does the right coronary artery supply blood to?

supplies blood to right atrium and parts of both ventricle branches into marginal and posterior interventricular arteries

What is sytole and diastole?

systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)

What is ingestion?

taking food into the mouth

What are the accessory organs?

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

What is pacemaker potential?

the ability to reach threshold without stimulation starts at -60 mV and gradually depolarize die to slow NA influx when it reaches threshold of -40 mV, voltage gated channels open

The common pathway of coagulation ends with?

the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

What is stroke volume?

the amount of blood ejected by the heart in any one contraction

Chylomicrons are?

the class of lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestinal cells to the rest of the body

What is the pharyngeal phase?

the epiglottis closes over the glottis and swallowing begins

What is venous return?

the flow of blood back to the heart

What is peristalsis?

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

What is the pericardium?

the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane. parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

the more the heart fills with blood during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole

what is absorption in the digestive system?

the passage of nutrients through plasma membranes into the blood or lymph and then to the body

what is atrial diastole?

the period between atrial contractions when the atria are repolarizing

What's hemolysis?

the rupture or destruction of red blood cells. (only 10%)

what are pancreatic acinar cells?

they produce pancreatic juice

what is muscularis mucosae?

thin layer of smooth muscle

Veins bring blood ______ to the heart

to

why is CO highly regulated?

to ensure adequate blood supply to tissue

What is the systemic circuit?

transports blood to and from the rest of the body

What are the atriventricular valves

tricuspid and bicuspid

what is mass movement in the large intestine?

triggered by detention of stomach and duodenum forces feces into rectum, producing urge to defecate

What is the digestive tract?

tube extending from mouth to anus

what are organic nutrients in plasma for?

used for growth, ATP synthesis, cell maintenance lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids and vitamin

what are electrolytes in plasma for?

used for vital cell activities includes ions of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, hydrogen phosphate, bicarbonate, sulfate

which of the following will decrease heart rate?

vagal nerve signals

The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of hemostasis and clot removal:1. coagulation phase2. fibrinolysis3. vascular phase4. retraction5. platelet phase. The correct sequence of these steps is

vascular phase platelet phase coagulation phase retraction fibrinolysis

What does the QRS complex represent?

ventricular depolarization

what is ventricular diastole?

ventricular relaxation

What does the T wave represent?

ventricular repolarization

Where is red bone marrow found in adults?

vertebrae, sternum, ribs, scapulae, pelvis, proximal limb bones

What is the ductus arteriosus?

vessel a growing fetus has that connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta, instead of going to the lungs the blood goes to the body -degrades after birth forming ligamentum arteriosum

Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process.

vitamin K

what are the 3 vitamins that bacteria make in the colon?

vitamin k (clotting) biotin (glucose metabolism) vitamin B5 (required to synthesis of neurotransmitters and steroids hormones)

what are organic wastes in plasma for?

waste are transported to sites of breakdown or excretion includes urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonium ions

what does bile contain?

water ions bilirubin cholesterol and bile salts

when do salivary amylase and lipase stop functioning? What else happens in the stomach?

when pH falls below 4.5 pH inside of stomach drops to 2 as more gastric juice is secreted partially digested nutrients leave the stomach

what is the common pathway ?

where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge begins when enzymes from either pathway activate factor X

What are leukocytes?

white blood cells that help defend the body -remove toxins, waste and abnormal or damaged cells -all are capable of amoeboid movement -can migrate outside of bloodstream (diapedesis or emigration) -attracted to specific chemical stimuli

The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together

whole blood

What's "venipuncture"?

whole blood is usually collected from veins veins are more superficial have thinner walls and lower blood pressure than arteries

Who is more susceptible to anemia?

women

where is blood formed in the first 8 weeks of development?

yolk sac

what are the two sets of teeth?

Deciduous (baby teeth) 20 teeth Permanent (Adult set ) 32 teeth


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