A&P lecture Exam 3
What is the S1 sound?
"lub" and AV valves closing
What is coagulation phase?
-Begins 30 seconds or more after injury -Depends on clotting factors (procoagulants) -result is conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin •Converted to active enzymes that direct reactions in clotting response
what are the functions of the gallbladder ?
-bile storage and concentration -released due to CCK stim releases bile into cystic duct
what happens in the systemic circuit?
-blood leaves left ventricle, flows through: -aortic valve -ascending aorta and aortic arch -descending aorta -numerous branches to capillary beds in the tissue -inferior and superior venae cavae, coronary sinus flows into right atrium
what are the functions of the stomach?
-food storage (can stretch to fit about 2 liters) -disinfects food -chemical digestion (pepsin: enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids) -production of intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption
How does fetal blood flow work?
-placenta -foramen ovale -ductus arteriosus
What is the hepatopancreatic sphincter?
-regulates what can enter the duodenum
what are the functions of blood?
-transport dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones' and waste -regulates interstitial fluid pH and ion composition -restricts fluid loss at injury sites -defends against toxins and pathogens -stabilizes body temp
what are the thee steps of hemostasis?
-vascular phase -platelet phase -coagulation phase
What are the salivary glands?
1) Parotid gland 2) Submandibular gland 3) Sublingual - Produce saliva and release to oral cavity through their ducts (like the parotid (Stensen's) duct) -buffer keeps pH near 7.0 and prevents buildup of acids produced by bacteria - Receive parasympathetic innervation from superior and inferior salivatory nuclei through CN VII and CN IX
what are the different regions of the stomach?
1) cardia 2) funds 3) body 4) pylorus (contains pyloric sphincter and that regulates flow of chyme into small intestine)
what are the 3 steps of hemoglobin recycling?
1. Globular proteins are broken into amino acids 2. Iron is extracted from heme molecules 3. Remaining heme is converted to green biliverdin (yellow color in urine)
what are the stages in RBC maturation?
1. Hemocytoblast 2. Myeloid stem cell 3. Erythroblasts 4. Reticulocyte 5. Mature RBC
What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis Externa 4. Serosa
how many adult teeth are there?
32, 16 upper and 16 lower
what's the ideal temp of blood?
38 degrees Celsius
The average life span of a red blood cell is about?
4 months
____ other surface antigens involved in blood typing.
41
What is the pH of body fluid?
7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
A D E K
a person of blood type B+ produces?
A antibodies
What are myeloid stem cells?
A descendant of a hemocytoblast that produces all other formed elements. process regulated by colony stimulating factors
what are lymphoid stem cells?
A descendant of a hemocytoblast that produces lymphocytes. migrates from bone marrow into lymphatic tissues and regulated by thymosin and exposure to antigens
What is the esophagus?
A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
what does each villus contain?
A network of capillaries to absorb glucose and amino acids and deliver to hepatic portal system and a lacteal to absorb fatty acids and glycerol packaged into chylomicrons
What is an ECG?
A recording of the electrical activity of the heart a short lag time between the depolarization or repolarization wave
What is jaundice?
A yellowing of the skin and eyes signs of excessive levels of bilirubin in blood results of blocked bile ducts due to: gallstones, liver failure and hemolytic anemia
what are the 3 major antigens?
A, B, Rh
what happens if SA node is damaged ?
AV node takes over
what are water soluble vitamins ?
B and c
antibodies are produced by?
B-lymphocytes
Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means?
Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies
what regulates pancreatic secretion?
CCK (induces secretion of pancreatic juice by acini), secretin (causes secretion of bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice by duct cells)
what are pacesetter cells?
Cells that surround the lumen of the digestive tract and cause it to contract (ie primary and secondary waves)
What is the peridontal ligament?
Collagen fibers that connect bone to the cementum.
________ directly stimulates red blood cell production.
EPO
what is defecation?
Eliminating waste from the body
what is a gastric pit?
Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the gastric glands.
what do parietal cells secrete?
HCl (kills microorganisms) and intrinsic factor (B12 absorption)
What is enamel?
Hardest substance in the body, covers the crown of the tooth.
what are heart murmurs ?
Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds produced by abnormal blood flow in the heart.
What's leukemia?
Increased WBC (not making RBC) Body busy making WBC
How does blood flow through the heart?
Inferior and superior vena cava (1) dump blood into the right atrium (2) Right ventricle (3) 2 pulmonary arteries (4) that lead to the lungs (5) where blood becomes oxygenated Pulmonary veins (6) bring blood from the lungs back to the left atrium (7) Left ventricle (8) is large and muscular to pump blood into the aorta (9) and to the rest of the body (10) Eventually blood will be pumped back to each vena cava (1) schematic diagram
what separates the two atria?
Interatrial septum
what is a root canal?
It is where the blood vessels and nerves enter the root of the tooth.
What is the falciform ligament?
It separates right and left lobe Suspends liver from diaphragm
What are eosinophils?
Lead the body's counterattack against parasitic worms, lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes have bilobed nucleus have granules that stain red
what is pericardial fluid?
Lubricating fluid that fills the space between the layers to prevent friction and damage to membrane during contraction
What is the myenteric nerve plexus?
Major nerve supply that controls GI tract motility (muscularis externa)
What is the submucosal plexus?
Neurons from the sensory, and autonomic nervous systems (Network of nerves)
how does pacemaker cells work?
Nodal cells that reach threshold and fire first SA node, or cardiac pacemaker both atria contract together first IF SA node fails, AV node takes over at 40-60 BPM
what are hematocrit?
Percentage of whole blood that is RBC
What is mechanical digestion?
Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces
What do the semilunar valves do?
Prevent backflow from pulmonary trunk and aorta into ventricles do not require chordae tendineae
what does pulmonary semilunar valve do?
Prevents backflow from pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle
what does the structures of RBCs allow for?
RBCs to transport O2 and CO2 efficiently -unique biconcave shape provides advantages -large surface to volume ratio (increased rate of diffusion between cytoplasm and plasma) -Increased flexibility to squeeze through n arrow capillaries
What are nodal cells?
SA and AV nodes establish rate of contraction
the ___ is the primary pacemaker of the hear
SA node
What does Erythropoietin do?
Signals bone marrow to make more red blood cells. essential for pt recovering from blood loss can raise hematocrit too high if given to a health person
What are papillary muscles?
Small muscles that anchor the heart strings or cords. contraction tense chordae tendineae
what is the vermiform appendix?
Small, blind-ended tube that originates from posteromedial aspect of cecum contains lymphoid nodules for immune function
What is vascular spasm?
Smooth muscle contracts (vasoconstriction) to reduce blood loss
What is automaticity?
The ability of the heart to start and maintain rhythmic activity without the use of the nervous system
What is the buccal phase?
The bolus compresses against the hard palate and forces the bolus into the oropharynx
what is chemical digestion?
The chemicals in food being broken down by enzymes
What is the formen ovale?
The opening that persists between the free edge of the septum secundum and the foramen secundum is called the foramen ovale
what are universal recipients?
Type AB
What are lymphocytes?
Type of WBC that attack foreign matter and functions as the source of viral defense
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute: cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
What are basophils?
White blood cells that promote the inflammatory response releases heparin and histamine stains deep purple or blue
What's anemia?
a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood caused by: low hematocrit and reduced hemoglobin contents in RBCs symptoms include: muscle fatigue and weakness and general lack of energy
what is the mesenteries?
a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen. includes the greater and lesser omentum
what is the parietal peritoneum?
a serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
What is the ileocecal valve?
a sphincter that controls the flow of material from the ileum into the cecum
what is the atrial reflex?
a sympathetic reflex initiated by increased venous return increased venous return stimulates stretch receptors in atrial walls increases sympathetic activity causes Sa node cells to depolarize faster results in increased heart rate
What is ectopic pacemaker?
abnormal cells generate action potentials faster than nodes
what is thrombocytosis?
abnormally high platelet count
as it flows through sinusoids, hepatocytes ?
absorb nutrient molecules and secrete plasma proteins
intestinal epithelial cells constantly ?
absorb nutrients and ions
which process is not a main function of stomach?
absorption
What happens in the jejunum and ileum?
absorption of nutrients
what are globulins?
acts as a transport protein and antibodies or immunoglobulins globulins involved in lipid transport are called lipoproteins
Where does epinephrine come from?
adrenal medulla
hepatocytes synthesis plasma proteins ___?
albumins determine osmotic pressure of plasma nutrient transporters clotting factors complement proteins
what are the three major types of plasma proteins?
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
what does mucous epithelium secrete?
alkaline muscus that protects epithelium
what can liver disorders result in?
altered blood composition and function
What is a mucous membrane?
an epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and that lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages.
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.
anemia
Until membrane repolarizes it cannot respond to ?
another stimulus -this extends the refractory period -limits the # of contractions per min -makes tetanus impossible -no summation of muscle twitches
what's the difference between ABO and Rh formation?
anti-A and anti-B antibodies spontaneously develop during first 6 month of life Anti-Rh antibodies in Rh-negative person do not develop unless individual is exposed to Rh positive blood
what is agglutinins?
antibodies found in plasma will attack foreign antigens on RBCs of different blood types
What is blood type determined by?
antigens - antibody response
Neutrophils are?
are active in fighting bacterial infection
Agglutinins are?
are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type
What is the lamina propria?
areolar connective tissue
What is adventitia?
areolar tissue lining the tract in areas not enclosed by peritoneum
What is the intestinal phase?
as partially digested food enters the duodenum ensures efficient intestinal functions (secretion, digestion and absorption) enterogastric reflexes inhibits gastric production
What are the 4 segments of the colon?
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
What is the S3 & S4 heart sound?
associated with atrial contraction and blood flow into ventricles
What is a heartbeat?
atrial contraction followed by ventricle contraction two types of cardiac muscles cells involved -contractile cells and cells of the conduction system
What does the P wave represent?
atrial depolarization
What is the chordae tendineae?
attach the cusps of the tricuspid and mitral valves to the papillary muscles of the wall
where do arteries originate from?
base of aorta at aortic sinuses
What is the P-R interval?
beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
What is the Q-T interval?
beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
What is the gastric phase?
begins with the arrival of food in the stomach stretch reflexes increase myenteric stimulation of churning submucosal plexus stimulates parietal and cell cells and G cells to produce the hormones gastrin
what happens in carbohydrate absorption?
beings in the mouth pancreatic amylase continues process brush border enzymes on intestinal microvilli complete breakdown monosaccharides absorbed through facilitated diffusion or cotransport transported into capillaries by diffusion
Where do hepatocytes secrete bile?
bile canaliculi
The function of hemoglobin is to?
bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
antibodies are responsible for agglutination, which involves?
binding multiple cells, immobilizing them
what is the function of fibrinogen?
blood clotting, as insoluble strands of fibrin
What are platelets?
blood components that contribute to the blood-clotting process
blood volumes varies by?
body sizes
what is the esophageal phase?
bolus is pushed into esophagus and toward stomach pharyngeal and esophageal phase are involuntary
what does deficiency of vitamin K lead to?
breakdown of common pathways
what is involved in the clotting factors?
calcium, ions, vitamin K and 11 different other plasma proteins clotting happens in cascade
what is included in a balanced diet?
carbohydrates proteins lipids water electrolytes vitamins
what regulates cardiac reflexes?
cardiac center in medulla oblongata
where does coronary circulation supply blood to?
cardiac muscle tissue
what is the cardiac skeleton of heart?
cardiac muscles tissue and connective tissue
what's the first organ system to become fully operational during embryonic life?
cardiovascular system
what the body's internal transport network?
cardiovascular system Including: heart blood blood vessels
what is the pulmonary circut?
carries blood to and from the lungs
what is the intrinsic defection?
cause internal sphincter to relax works entire within myenteric
where is bile salt reabsorbed ?
cecum
What is the blind pouch?
cecum function is to initiate compaction
Where do the sinusoids drain?
central vein
what do masticate do?
chew flood into smaller sieces
the mixture if food and digestive products in the stomach referred to as?
chyme
What helps increase the surface area of the small intestine?
circular folds (plicae circulares) villi microvilli
What are monocytes?
circulate in the blood until infection at which point they mature to become macrophages aggressive phagocytes
What is the S2 sound?
closure of semilunar valves
bile flows into common hepatic duct, then to?
common bile duct into the duodenum
what happens in protein absorption?
complex and rime consuming process pepsin pancreatic proteolytic enzymes peptidases on brush border amino acids absorbed through facilitated diffusion and cotransport transported into capillaries by diffusion
what is in the hemoglobin structure?
composed of two pairs of globular proteins subunits each subunit contains a heme with an iron atom -transport O2 and CO2 (O2 binds to heme and CO2 to globin subunits)
What are anastomoses and why are they important?
connection/opening between blood vessels that are normally diverging/branching is part of coronary blood circulation that helps with actual supply provides additional routes for blood delivery
What is the submucosa?
connective tissue -binds mucosa to muscle layer -contains blood vessels and lymphatics Outer margins contain: parasympathetic neurons and sensory neurons (submucosal plexus)
what does erythrocytes contain?
contain red pigment molecule, hemoglobin -transports oxygen and CO2 -responsible for deep red color of whole blood
what does ANS alternate?
contractility produced during a contraction -sympathetic = increase -parasympathetic = decrease
What is atrial systole?
contraction of the atria AV valves are open
what is ventricular systole?
contraction of ventricles semilunar valves is open
Production of acid and enzymes by the gastric?
controlled by CNS regulated by reflexes involving stomach wall regulated by hormones of digestive tract involves overlapping phases -cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
what does the cardioinhibitory center do?
controls the parasympathetic neurons that slow the heart rate
What is the visceral peritoneum?
covers most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
What is the cement of the tooth?
covers roots
what happens in the pulmonary circuit?
deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart, gas exchange occurs between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries, oxygenated blood is returned to the left side of the heart
what is the aortic sinuses?
depressions at each cusp of aortic valve, prevent cusps from sticking to aortic wall
What is intestinal juice?
digestive enzymes that include peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase and intestinal lipase composed mostly of water from mucosa secretes at gastric phase
what are conducting cells?
distribute stimuli to myocardium AV bundle Right and left bundles branches purkinje fibers
RBCs cannot?
divide or repair themselves they are exposed to stresses of friction and wear and tear lifespan is 120 days
what happens as you age?
division rate of epithelial stem cells declines smooth muscles tine decreases cumulative damage becomes apparent
What is the mesentery?
double layer of peritoneum suspend portion of digestive tract pathways for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve helps organize and stabilize attached organs
what are great and middle cardiac veins?
drain blood from coronary capillaries and drain into the coronary sinus
What are neutrophils?
drawn to site of infection and also phagocytose lots of bacteria short lifespan of 10 hours
what is the muscular layer of the digestive system used for?
drives mixing of contents and propels materials through the canal
which segment of the small intestines' receives chyme from the stomach?
duodenum
what are the thee segments of the small intestine?
duodenum jejunum ileum
Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions?
during anemia
what is the cephalic phase?
earliest phase of digestion when the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food parasympathetic signals stimulate gastric cells triggered by sight, smell, taste and thought of food
During their formation, RBCs?
eject their nucleus
what is secretion in the digestive system?
enzymes, hormones, and other substances necessary for digestion are secreted into the digestive tract
what are the three layers of the heart?
epicardium (visceral pericardium) myocardium (muscular wall of heart) endocardium (covers inside chamber and heart valve
what are formed elements in blood?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets -makes up about 45% of blood volume
What are gastric glands?
exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach located in the fundus, body and pylorus
what is auricle?
expandable extension of an atrium, externally seen grooves on surface -contains fat and blood vessels coronary sulcus and anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus
hepatocytes will process blood in the liver by?
extracting nutrients and toxins from blood and monitor and ejects circulating levels of organic nutrients
clots form as a result of?
extrinsic intrinsic common pathways
clotting factors released by blood vessels and surround tissues are?
extrinsic factors
What is the extrinsic pathway?
factors released by damaged tissues begin cascade this combination forms an enzyme that can activate factor X
bacteria action breaks down peptides into?
feces generate ammonia, nitrogenous compounds, hydrogen sulfide
What is clot retraction and how does it occur?
fibrin network traps platelets and RBCs platelets contract, pulling torn edges of vessel closer together during repair of tissue, clot dissolves through fibrinolysis
the outermost layer of the pericardial sac is the?
fibrous pericardium
what are the common peripheral capillaries?
fingertip or earlobes (used to make blood smear to show different types of formed elements
what are serum in proteins?
fluid that remains when blood clots and solids are removed identical to plasma except for absence of fibrinogen
What is the rugae of the stomach?
folds of mucosa that allow the stomach to expand
What are antigens?
foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
what is the function of the buccal cavity?
functions: -senses food before swallowing -mechanically processes food -lubricates food with saliva and mucus -begins enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates and lipids AKA oral cavity lateral walls formed by cheeks and anteriorly mucosa is continues with the labia roof formed by hard palate and soft palate dividing oral cavity from nasopharynx is the uvula
what are the intestinal hormones?
gastrin = promotes stomach motility secretin = increases secretion of bile and buffers by lover and pancreas cholecystokinin = in pancreas increases enzyme production and in gallbladder causes the ejection of bile gastric inhibitory peptide = inhibits gastric activity and causes release of insulin
What is dentin?
hard yellowish tissue that makes up most of the tooth
what are the external features if the colon?
haustra = pouches that allow colon to expand and elongate teniae coli = 3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscles
Where does the superior vena cava carry blood from?
head, neck, upper limbs and chest
What is an myocardial infarction?
heart attack
where does blood come from in the the liver?
hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
what is included in the portal triad?
hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct
blood flows from sinusoids into central vein forming ?
hepatic veins
what regulates erythropoiesis?
hypoxia which triggers release of erythropoietin or EPO
what are the 4 types of teeth?
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
what give bacterial nutrients in the colon?
indigestible carbohydrates
what is the 6 functions of the digestive system?
ingestion mechanical and chemical digestion secretion absorption defecation
what are gastroenteric reflex?
initiated by distention of stomach empties duodenum
what separates the two ventricles?
interventricular septum
what fills out much of the peritoneal cavity?
intraperitoneal organ
what happens in lipids absorption?
involves lingual lipase from and pancreatic lipase triglycerides enter duodenum in large fat droplets bile salts emulsify droplets; pancreatic lipases breaks apart triglycerides triglycerides broken into fatty acids and monoglycerides
what are some other solutes in plasma?
ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances
the ___ in hemoglobin binds to the O2 molecules
iron
what's high plasma O2?
it causes hemoglobin to gain O2 until statured and occurs as blood circulates through lung capillaries
what's low plasma O2 and high CO2?
it causes hemoglobin to release O2 and occurs as blood circulates through systemic capillaries
what does the cardiac Skelton do?
its made of fibrous skeleton of tough, elastic connective tissue -encircles bases of large vessels carrying blood away from heart -encircles each heart valve -stabilizes position of valves -isolates atrial muscle from ventricular muscle
Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of amoeboid movement are?
leukocytes
what is plasma?
liquid matrix of blood -along with interstitial fluid, accounts for majority of extracellular fluid -makes up about 55% of blood volume Contains: -water -plasma proteins -other solutes
what is the largest visceral organ?
liver
where is plasma protein synthesized?
liver
where is the largest blood reservoir in the body?
liver
What are hepatocytes?
liver cells cover in microvilli
What is segmentation?
local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices
What is leukopenia?
low WBC count
What is thrombocytopenia?
low platelet count
what is the lingual tonsils?
lymphatic tissue masses on root of tongue help prevent infection
What are agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes (specific defense)
what does albumins do?
maintain osmotic balance with interstitial fluid (most abundant)
What's erythropoiesis?
making of RBCs -regulated by erythropoietin -Ery produced by kidney in the presence of hypoxia
what does the tongue do?
maneuvers food for chewing, shapes mass, forces food back for swallowing
_____ describes the mechanical breakdown of food by the teeth and other components of the mouth
mastication
Platelets are produced by
megakaryocytes
what are the three general roles of the livers?
metabolic regulation hematological regulation bile production
What is chyme?
mix of food and gastric secretion highly acidic and partially digested
The white blood cells that are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas, are?
monocytes
What is the intrinsic pathway?
more complex, being slower to activate; activators are in direct contact and contained IN blood
what's hemoglobin recycling?
most components of RBCs are recycled -macrophages in liver, spleen and red bone marrow engulf RBC and remove hemoglobin for recycling
During RBC formation what is lost?
most organelles -cannot divide or produce proteins -lack mitochondria (use anaerobic metabolism)
what do weak peristaltic contraction do?
move chyme toward jejunum
What does the lamina propria contain?
mucous glands and tonsils
What does the pharynx do?
muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus serves as a common passageway for food, liquid and air food passes through oropharynx and laryngopharynx to esophagus mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium
What are trabeculae carneae?
muscular ridges that prevent ventricular walls from sticking together during ejection
What are granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils nonspecific defense (kills everything)
Type O blood has what antigens?
none
What is sinus rhythm?
normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node
what is not absorbed in the stomach?
nutrients (bc digestion is incomplete and nutrients are still complex)
What does blood transport?
nutrients, oxygen, waste productions and chemical messengers
what are the voluntary aspect of defecation?
occurs if eternal anal sphincter and puborectalis voluntary reflex
what's cross reactions in transfusions?
occurs when antibodies in recipient react with a surface antigen on donor RBCs -causes agglutination or clumping of RBCs (blood clot)
how does tooth decay happen?
often the result of bacterial activity -bacteria produce matrix, trapping food particles -depots = dental plaque that can = to tartar or dental calculus
What are phagocytic cells remove?
old or damaged RBCs. debris and pathogens
what are the two reflexes that respond to changes in blood volume returning to the heart?
one adjusts heart rate and the other adjusts stroke volume
What is the esophageal hiatus?
opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus
what are the three phases of swallowing?
oral phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase
where do most enzymes and buffers come from?
pancreas and liver
What are the pancreatic enzymes?
pancreatic amylase, lipase, nucleases and pancreatic proteases
what are the dual innervation of the heart?
parasympathetic (releases ACh) and sympathetic (releases NE)
What are pancreatic islets?
parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions such as secreting insulin and glucagon
what are universal donors?
people with type O blood (especially type O-)
What do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen and gastric lipase infants also secrete rennin and gastric lipase
food and waste is moved through the digestive tract via?
peristalsis
what are hepatic stellate macrophages (Kupffer cells)?
phagocytic cells in lining of sinusoids engulf pathogens, debris and damaged blood cells
what muscles are used for swallowing?
pharyngeal and esophageal muscles
the fluid matrix component of blood referred to as?
plasma
What is blood composed of?
plasma and formed elements
Thrombocytopenia is defined as a deficiency of?
platelets
What's Platelet plug formation?
platelets attach to sticky endothelium and exposed collagen fibers
what does the digestive tract lining do?
plays a defensive role for the body protects surrounding tissues from: -corrosive effects of acids and enzymes -physical abrasion -bacteria that are ingested or live in digestive tract
carbohydrates absorbed from food are transported from the digestive system in?
portal veins
A person's blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.
What does the aortic semilunar valve do?
prevents backflow from ascending aorta into left ventricle
what are contractile cells?
produce contractions that propel blood -rapid depolarization due to Na ion influx when threshold occurs -plateau due to Ca influx and small K+ efflux -repolarization due to K+ efflux
what is the esophageal sphincters?
protects against backflow
whta does factor X activate?
prothrombin is the activator which converts that into thrombin and then fibrinogen into fibrin positive feedback loop accelerates clot formation NEEDS calcium ions and vitamin K
what controls the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum?
pylorus sphincter
what are the functions of the large intestine?
reabsorbing water compacting chyme into feces absorbing vitamin freed by bacterial action storing feces prior to defecation
What does the duodenum do?
receives secretions from pancreas, liver, and gall bladder mostly retroperitoneal or behind peritoneum
Where does the coronary sinus receives blood from?
receives unoxygenated blood via cardiac vein
what's hemoglobinuria?
red or brown urine caused by large numbers of RBCs breaking down in bloodstream
What is visocity
refers to thickness, stickiness, and resistance to flow -Blood is 5x more viscous than water -more viscous due to plasma proteins and formed elements
what are gastroiled reflex?
relaxed ileocecal valve triggered by gastrin
what is the parasympathetic defecation reflex?
relaxing the internal anal sphincter involves the spinal cord
what's arterial puncture needed for?
require to revaluate efficacy of gas exchange of the lung
Where does the inferior vena cava carry blood from?
rest of trunk, viscera and lower limbs
During red blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate cell?
reticulocyte
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
right atrium (receives blood from systemic circuit) right ventricle (pumps to pulmonary circuit) , left atrium (receives from pulmonary circuit), left ventricle (pumps blood into systemic circuit)
the ___ of the heart contains deoxygenated blood
right side
what are the four lobes of the liver?
right, left, caudate, quadrate
what is the difference between right and left ventricle?
right: -thinner myocardium and wall, half-moon shape in cross section -lower pressure -only needs to propel blood the short distance to the lungs Left: -very thick myocardium and wall, wound in cross section -produces 4-6x as much pressure as right ventricle -propels blood to entire systemic circuit
the inner surface if the empty stomach forms folds called?
rugae
What are digestive enzymes?
salivary amylase (starch) and lingual lipase
the large intestine absorbs mainly?
salt and water
what does the cardioacceleratory center do?
sends signals through sympathetic trunk to increase both rate and force Stimulates SA and AV nodes, heart muscle, and coronary arteries
what are the two positive feedback loop in the defecation reflex?
shorter loop = move feces towards anus longer loop = increased distention in rectum
what is the path of an impulse?
signals from Sa node causes all atrial cells to contract together signal is delayed at AV node Action potential travels then to: -atrioventricular bundle -left and right bundle branches -subendocardial branches the 2 ventricles contract simultaneously
the epithelium of the small intestine is primarily ?
simple columnar
Where is most water absorbed?
small intestine
what is the primary site of digestion and absorption?
small intestine
SA node does not have a ?
stable resting membrane potential
duodenal secretion of CCK and secretin ____?
stimulates secretion from the live, gallbladder and pancreas
what is the function of the rectum?
stores feces
What is a mucous epithelium?
stratified squamous epithelium and simple columnar epithelium
what is muscularis externa?
strengthens stomach wall, assists in mixing and churning
What are cardiac muscles?
striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart myofibrils organized into sarcomeres depend upon aerobic respiration only cells joining at intercalated disc
where does the left coronary artery supply blood to?
supplies blood to left atrium, left ventricle, and interventricular septum branches into circumflex and anterior interventricular arteries
where does the right coronary artery supply blood to?
supplies blood to right atrium and parts of both ventricle branches into marginal and posterior interventricular arteries
What is sytole and diastole?
systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)
What is ingestion?
taking food into the mouth
What are the accessory organs?
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What is pacemaker potential?
the ability to reach threshold without stimulation starts at -60 mV and gradually depolarize die to slow NA influx when it reaches threshold of -40 mV, voltage gated channels open
The common pathway of coagulation ends with?
the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
What is stroke volume?
the amount of blood ejected by the heart in any one contraction
Chylomicrons are?
the class of lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestinal cells to the rest of the body
What is the pharyngeal phase?
the epiglottis closes over the glottis and swallowing begins
What is venous return?
the flow of blood back to the heart
What is peristalsis?
the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
What is the pericardium?
the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane. parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?
the more the heart fills with blood during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole
what is absorption in the digestive system?
the passage of nutrients through plasma membranes into the blood or lymph and then to the body
what is atrial diastole?
the period between atrial contractions when the atria are repolarizing
What's hemolysis?
the rupture or destruction of red blood cells. (only 10%)
what are pancreatic acinar cells?
they produce pancreatic juice
what is muscularis mucosae?
thin layer of smooth muscle
Veins bring blood ______ to the heart
to
why is CO highly regulated?
to ensure adequate blood supply to tissue
What is the systemic circuit?
transports blood to and from the rest of the body
What are the atriventricular valves
tricuspid and bicuspid
what is mass movement in the large intestine?
triggered by detention of stomach and duodenum forces feces into rectum, producing urge to defecate
What is the digestive tract?
tube extending from mouth to anus
what are organic nutrients in plasma for?
used for growth, ATP synthesis, cell maintenance lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids and vitamin
what are electrolytes in plasma for?
used for vital cell activities includes ions of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, hydrogen phosphate, bicarbonate, sulfate
which of the following will decrease heart rate?
vagal nerve signals
The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of hemostasis and clot removal:1. coagulation phase2. fibrinolysis3. vascular phase4. retraction5. platelet phase. The correct sequence of these steps is
vascular phase platelet phase coagulation phase retraction fibrinolysis
What does the QRS complex represent?
ventricular depolarization
what is ventricular diastole?
ventricular relaxation
What does the T wave represent?
ventricular repolarization
Where is red bone marrow found in adults?
vertebrae, sternum, ribs, scapulae, pelvis, proximal limb bones
What is the ductus arteriosus?
vessel a growing fetus has that connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta, instead of going to the lungs the blood goes to the body -degrades after birth forming ligamentum arteriosum
Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process.
vitamin K
what are the 3 vitamins that bacteria make in the colon?
vitamin k (clotting) biotin (glucose metabolism) vitamin B5 (required to synthesis of neurotransmitters and steroids hormones)
what are organic wastes in plasma for?
waste are transported to sites of breakdown or excretion includes urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonium ions
what does bile contain?
water ions bilirubin cholesterol and bile salts
when do salivary amylase and lipase stop functioning? What else happens in the stomach?
when pH falls below 4.5 pH inside of stomach drops to 2 as more gastric juice is secreted partially digested nutrients leave the stomach
what is the common pathway ?
where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge begins when enzymes from either pathway activate factor X
What are leukocytes?
white blood cells that help defend the body -remove toxins, waste and abnormal or damaged cells -all are capable of amoeboid movement -can migrate outside of bloodstream (diapedesis or emigration) -attracted to specific chemical stimuli
The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together
whole blood
What's "venipuncture"?
whole blood is usually collected from veins veins are more superficial have thinner walls and lower blood pressure than arteries
Who is more susceptible to anemia?
women
where is blood formed in the first 8 weeks of development?
yolk sac
what are the two sets of teeth?
Deciduous (baby teeth) 20 teeth Permanent (Adult set ) 32 teeth
