A&P Test 1

Anatomy areas of specialization

1-gross 2-microscopic 3-developmental

There can only be ___ electrons in the shell closest to the nucleus

2

How many important AA in eukaryotes?

20

Triglycerides contain:

3 FA chains + 1 glycerol

Approx. ___ % of your daily calories are spent on Na/K pumps

50

During glycolysis, a small amount of ____ is produced

ATP

Most well known nucleotide

ATP

____ hydrolyze 3rd phosphate bond, liberating energy

ATP-ases

______ consists of energy-storing synthesis reactions, such as the production of protein or fat.

Anabolism

Smallest units of matter that retain all of the properties of a substance

Atom

Number of protons

Atomic number

Determines set point and appropriate response to input from receptor

Control Center

100 million - 1 billion nucleotides long

DNA

Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?

E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P

Mechanism of response; acts to reduce (-) or enhance (+) the original stimulus

Effector

FA chain is folded around itself, carbons cross-bond to form rings

Eicosanoids

___ function primarily as chemical signals b/t cells (cellular communication)

Eicosanoids

Second most abundant carb monomer

Fructose

Textbooks on anatomy used throughout Europe for 1500 years

Galen: Roman Medical Author

Lipids most common feature

HYDROPHOBIC

"Father of Medicine"

Hippocrates

In this stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?

Hydrophobic portions

1-rediscovery of ancient writings 2- open attitude abt cadaver dissection 3-led to use of eponyms

Italian Renaissance

Most feedback-regulated mechanisms in the body are ____ feedback

Negative

A homeostatic regulation mechanism in which the response "negates" or reduces the original stimulus --self regulating

Negative Feedback

Equal sharing of electrons

Non-polar covalent bonds

Fatty acids and phosphate group

Phospholipids

The following are examples of : -labor and delivery -blood coagulation -nursing increases milk production

Positive Feedback

The response enhances or intensifies the original stimulus

Positive Feedback

Amino acids common base structure with variable side groups

R groups

70-10,000 nucleotides

RNA

Binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells

Receptor

Discovery of cells and microscopy

Robert Hooke

Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli

Sensor

Glucose in blood is a

Solution

Which of the following binds to active site

Substrate

Father of modern physiology & revolutionized our understanding of circulation

William Harvey

Fatty acids are SATURATED if

all C-C bonds are SINGLE covalent

Intramolecular bonding of polypeptide chains produces numerous _____ and beta sheets

alpha helices

Chicken albumin can be digested into ___ ____ that can be reassembled into human albumin

amino acids

Proteins monomer

amino acids

____ substances PARTIALLY dissolve in water

amphipathic

Study of location, composition, and relation to other parts

anatomy

Saturated TGs and solid at room temp

animals

Accepts proton and is negative

anion

Catabolic reactions

break down

Anabolic reactions

build up

Donates electron and is now positive

cation

Binds one cell to another

cell adhesion molecule

A glycoprotein that distinguishes body's own cells from foreign cells

cell-identity marker

Pinocytosis

cellular drinking

Phagocytosis

cellular eating

A protein that is constantly open and allows solutes to pass into and out of the cell

channel protein

Structural organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

4-ring parent steroid

cholesterol

Proteins in blood are

colloids

How much solute is in the solution is the

concentration

hormones (communication)

cortisol, testosterone, estrogen

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons is

covalent bonding

Cytoplasm is made of

cytosol and organelles

Polymerization is a type of synthesis reaction called _____ ____

dehydration synthesis

Polymers of two monosaccharides

disaccharides

Ions dissolved in water

electrolytes

mass= 1/1800th of an amu; -1 charge

electron

Oxidation reactions

electrons liberated

Reduction reactions

electrons required

Atoms with different numbers of protons

elements

Endergonic reactions

energy input

Exergonic reactions

energy release

Triglycerides are used primarily for

energy storage

Breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its effect

enzyme

Ionic bonds ____ electrons

exchange

Base molecules of lipids

fatty acids

Cholesterol affects ___ of the membrane

flexibility

Gate that opens and closes to allow solutes through only at certain times

gated channel

Glycocalyx is ___ determined and _____ from one person to another

genetically, unique

Most abundant carb monomer

glucose

Much of the energy for ATP synthesis comes from ____ oxidation.

glucose

Glycoproteins and glycolipids contribute to the extracellular "forest" known as the

glycocalyx

Glucose oxidation is also known as _____ and is the process of splitting the sugar

glycolysis

Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external conditions

homeostasis

Groups of water molecules form ___ ___ around single ions

hydration spheres

An attraction b/t whole separate molecules, usually b/t a hydrogen on one molecule and an oxygen (or nitrogen) on another

hydrogen bonding

_____ breaks polymers into reusable monomers

hydrolysis

Phosphate head

hydrophilic

____ substances dissolve in water

hydrophilic

FA chains (tails) are

hydrophobic

_____ substances DO NOT dissolve in water

hydrophobic

If a solution is "stronger" than another it is

hypertonic

Water leaves cell

hypertonic

If a solution is "weaker" than another it is

hypotonic

Water enters cell

hypotonic

Prostaglandins

inflammation, pain, blood clotting

Channel-mediated

ion moves through channel

Attraction b/t cation and anion

ionic bond

When atoms exchange electrons, neither of the atoms is neutral any more

ions

If two solutions have the same concentration they are

isotonic

Diff atoms of same element with different number of neutrons

isotopes

___ can reform bond

kinases

Glucose + galactose

lactose

Glucose + Glucose

maltose

All internal chemical reactions

metabolism

Covalent bonding results in

molecules

Identical or similar molecules that can be repeatedly bonded into larger molecules

monomers

Carbs monomer

monosaccharides

The resulting ATP can be used as an energy source to drive certain functions like _____ contractions or active transport.

muscle

Neutral and don't affect charge, but add mass

neutron

mass= 1 amu; no charge

neutron

Simple diffusion

no transport protein required

Polymer of nucleotides

nucleic acids

Protons and neutrons cluster together in an arrangement to form _____

nucleus

<15 AAs

oligopeptide

Fatty acids are UNSATURATED if

one or more are DOUBLE bonds

Covalent bond b/t adjacent amino acids

peptide bond

Primarily by neutrophils and macropages

phagocytosis

3 components of a nucleotide

phosphate group, pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and nitrogenous base

The plasma membrane is primarily composed of

phospholipids in bilayer & cholesterol

Unsaturated TGs and liquid at room temp

plants

Unequal sharing of electrons

polar covalent bonds

Single, repeating units assembled into larger molecules

polymerization

<50 AAs

polypeptide

Amino acids link together end-to-end forming the _____ structure of proteins

primary

ATP directly hydrolyzed by membrane protein

primary active transport

Na/K pump is an example of

primary active transport

Amino acid sequence and genetically determined

primary structure

The resulting compounds of glycolysis can undergo other ______ to produce more ATP in the cell

processes

>50 AAs

protein

Carrier-mediated transport requires ____ embedded in cells membrane

proteins

Enzymes are

proteins

mass= 1 amu; +1 charge

proton

More than one globular or fibrous protein subunit now interact to produce _____ structure, which results from ionic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic interactions.

quaternary

Interaction of 2 or more separate protein chains

quaternary structure

Excess neutrons around middle can make an atom a little unstable

radioisotope

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

receptor required

Anatomy approaches

regional & systemic

Chemical properties of amino acid groups within a sequence interact with one another in _____ protein structure resulting in hydrogen bonding and chain folding

secondary

The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds is its ____ structure.

secondary

Membrane protein does not directly hydrolyze ATP

secondary active transport

Sodium-glucose transporter is an example of

secondary active transport

Alpha helix and beta sheets resulting from hydrogen bonding

secondary structure

covalent bonds ____ electrons

share

Carrier-mediated

small polar molecule moved by carrier protein

Solute(s) + solvent

solution

Properties of water critical to life

solvency, surface tension, thermal stability, reactant in metabolism

Important structural component of cellular membranes

steroids

Glucose + fructose

sucrose

Important dietary disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Blood cells are

suspensions

RNA plays a role in which of the following?

synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA

____ and ____ are too of the most critical factors in maintaining protein shape

temperature and pH

Globular and fibrous shapes are created with _______ structure of proteins caused by further folding due to disulfide bridges, hydrophobicity and Van der Waals forces

tertiary

Overall 3D shape consisting of repeating secondary structures

tertiary structure

facilitated diffusion

transport protein required

Antiport

two substances moved in OPPOSITE directions

Symport

two substances moved in same direction

Formation of bubbles called vesicles

vesicular transport