A&P Test 1
Anatomy areas of specialization
1-gross 2-microscopic 3-developmental
There can only be ___ electrons in the shell closest to the nucleus
2
How many important AA in eukaryotes?
20
Triglycerides contain:
3 FA chains + 1 glycerol
Approx. ___ % of your daily calories are spent on Na/K pumps
50
During glycolysis, a small amount of ____ is produced
ATP
Most well known nucleotide
ATP
____ hydrolyze 3rd phosphate bond, liberating energy
ATP-ases
______ consists of energy-storing synthesis reactions, such as the production of protein or fat.
Anabolism
Smallest units of matter that retain all of the properties of a substance
Atom
Number of protons
Atomic number
Determines set point and appropriate response to input from receptor
Control Center
100 million - 1 billion nucleotides long
DNA
Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?
E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P
Mechanism of response; acts to reduce (-) or enhance (+) the original stimulus
Effector
FA chain is folded around itself, carbons cross-bond to form rings
Eicosanoids
___ function primarily as chemical signals b/t cells (cellular communication)
Eicosanoids
Second most abundant carb monomer
Fructose
Textbooks on anatomy used throughout Europe for 1500 years
Galen: Roman Medical Author
Lipids most common feature
HYDROPHOBIC
"Father of Medicine"
Hippocrates
In this stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?
Hydrophobic portions
1-rediscovery of ancient writings 2- open attitude abt cadaver dissection 3-led to use of eponyms
Italian Renaissance
Most feedback-regulated mechanisms in the body are ____ feedback
Negative
A homeostatic regulation mechanism in which the response "negates" or reduces the original stimulus --self regulating
Negative Feedback
Equal sharing of electrons
Non-polar covalent bonds
Fatty acids and phosphate group
Phospholipids
The following are examples of : -labor and delivery -blood coagulation -nursing increases milk production
Positive Feedback
The response enhances or intensifies the original stimulus
Positive Feedback
Amino acids common base structure with variable side groups
R groups
70-10,000 nucleotides
RNA
Binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells
Receptor
Discovery of cells and microscopy
Robert Hooke
Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli
Sensor
Glucose in blood is a
Solution
Which of the following binds to active site
Substrate
Father of modern physiology & revolutionized our understanding of circulation
William Harvey
Fatty acids are SATURATED if
all C-C bonds are SINGLE covalent
Intramolecular bonding of polypeptide chains produces numerous _____ and beta sheets
alpha helices
Chicken albumin can be digested into ___ ____ that can be reassembled into human albumin
amino acids
Proteins monomer
amino acids
____ substances PARTIALLY dissolve in water
amphipathic
Study of location, composition, and relation to other parts
anatomy
Saturated TGs and solid at room temp
animals
Accepts proton and is negative
anion
Catabolic reactions
break down
Anabolic reactions
build up
Donates electron and is now positive
cation
Binds one cell to another
cell adhesion molecule
A glycoprotein that distinguishes body's own cells from foreign cells
cell-identity marker
Pinocytosis
cellular drinking
Phagocytosis
cellular eating
A protein that is constantly open and allows solutes to pass into and out of the cell
channel protein
Structural organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
4-ring parent steroid
cholesterol
Proteins in blood are
colloids
How much solute is in the solution is the
concentration
hormones (communication)
cortisol, testosterone, estrogen
The sharing of a pair of valence electrons is
covalent bonding
Cytoplasm is made of
cytosol and organelles
Polymerization is a type of synthesis reaction called _____ ____
dehydration synthesis
Polymers of two monosaccharides
disaccharides
Ions dissolved in water
electrolytes
mass= 1/1800th of an amu; -1 charge
electron
Oxidation reactions
electrons liberated
Reduction reactions
electrons required
Atoms with different numbers of protons
elements
Endergonic reactions
energy input
Exergonic reactions
energy release
Triglycerides are used primarily for
energy storage
Breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its effect
enzyme
Ionic bonds ____ electrons
exchange
Base molecules of lipids
fatty acids
Cholesterol affects ___ of the membrane
flexibility
Gate that opens and closes to allow solutes through only at certain times
gated channel
Glycocalyx is ___ determined and _____ from one person to another
genetically, unique
Most abundant carb monomer
glucose
Much of the energy for ATP synthesis comes from ____ oxidation.
glucose
Glycoproteins and glycolipids contribute to the extracellular "forest" known as the
glycocalyx
Glucose oxidation is also known as _____ and is the process of splitting the sugar
glycolysis
Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external conditions
homeostasis
Groups of water molecules form ___ ___ around single ions
hydration spheres
An attraction b/t whole separate molecules, usually b/t a hydrogen on one molecule and an oxygen (or nitrogen) on another
hydrogen bonding
_____ breaks polymers into reusable monomers
hydrolysis
Phosphate head
hydrophilic
____ substances dissolve in water
hydrophilic
FA chains (tails) are
hydrophobic
_____ substances DO NOT dissolve in water
hydrophobic
If a solution is "stronger" than another it is
hypertonic
Water leaves cell
hypertonic
If a solution is "weaker" than another it is
hypotonic
Water enters cell
hypotonic
Prostaglandins
inflammation, pain, blood clotting
Channel-mediated
ion moves through channel
Attraction b/t cation and anion
ionic bond
When atoms exchange electrons, neither of the atoms is neutral any more
ions
If two solutions have the same concentration they are
isotonic
Diff atoms of same element with different number of neutrons
isotopes
___ can reform bond
kinases
Glucose + galactose
lactose
Glucose + Glucose
maltose
All internal chemical reactions
metabolism
Covalent bonding results in
molecules
Identical or similar molecules that can be repeatedly bonded into larger molecules
monomers
Carbs monomer
monosaccharides
The resulting ATP can be used as an energy source to drive certain functions like _____ contractions or active transport.
muscle
Neutral and don't affect charge, but add mass
neutron
mass= 1 amu; no charge
neutron
Simple diffusion
no transport protein required
Polymer of nucleotides
nucleic acids
Protons and neutrons cluster together in an arrangement to form _____
nucleus
<15 AAs
oligopeptide
Fatty acids are UNSATURATED if
one or more are DOUBLE bonds
Covalent bond b/t adjacent amino acids
peptide bond
Primarily by neutrophils and macropages
phagocytosis
3 components of a nucleotide
phosphate group, pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and nitrogenous base
The plasma membrane is primarily composed of
phospholipids in bilayer & cholesterol
Unsaturated TGs and liquid at room temp
plants
Unequal sharing of electrons
polar covalent bonds
Single, repeating units assembled into larger molecules
polymerization
<50 AAs
polypeptide
Amino acids link together end-to-end forming the _____ structure of proteins
primary
ATP directly hydrolyzed by membrane protein
primary active transport
Na/K pump is an example of
primary active transport
Amino acid sequence and genetically determined
primary structure
The resulting compounds of glycolysis can undergo other ______ to produce more ATP in the cell
processes
>50 AAs
protein
Carrier-mediated transport requires ____ embedded in cells membrane
proteins
Enzymes are
proteins
mass= 1 amu; +1 charge
proton
More than one globular or fibrous protein subunit now interact to produce _____ structure, which results from ionic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic interactions.
quaternary
Interaction of 2 or more separate protein chains
quaternary structure
Excess neutrons around middle can make an atom a little unstable
radioisotope
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
receptor required
Anatomy approaches
regional & systemic
Chemical properties of amino acid groups within a sequence interact with one another in _____ protein structure resulting in hydrogen bonding and chain folding
secondary
The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds is its ____ structure.
secondary
Membrane protein does not directly hydrolyze ATP
secondary active transport
Sodium-glucose transporter is an example of
secondary active transport
Alpha helix and beta sheets resulting from hydrogen bonding
secondary structure
covalent bonds ____ electrons
share
Carrier-mediated
small polar molecule moved by carrier protein
Solute(s) + solvent
solution
Properties of water critical to life
solvency, surface tension, thermal stability, reactant in metabolism
Important structural component of cellular membranes
steroids
Glucose + fructose
sucrose
Important dietary disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
Blood cells are
suspensions
RNA plays a role in which of the following?
synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA
____ and ____ are too of the most critical factors in maintaining protein shape
temperature and pH
Globular and fibrous shapes are created with _______ structure of proteins caused by further folding due to disulfide bridges, hydrophobicity and Van der Waals forces
tertiary
Overall 3D shape consisting of repeating secondary structures
tertiary structure
facilitated diffusion
transport protein required
Antiport
two substances moved in OPPOSITE directions
Symport
two substances moved in same direction
Formation of bubbles called vesicles
vesicular transport
