A&P The Cardiovascular System

What is angina pectoris, what are the symptoms and how is it treated?

Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain it occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough blood This happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked Symptoms: Angina usually causes: uncomfortable pressure in the center of the chest and discomfort in your neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm. Treatment of Angina Pectoris: Nitroglycerin relaxes the coronary arteries and other blood vessels, reducing the amount of blood and by relaxing the coronary arteries, it increases the heart's blood supply.

What is the anatomy of an artery?

Arteries have thick muscular walls, which enable them to resist the pressure of blood flow. The innermost wall (the tunica intima) is a single layer of cells and provides a smooth lining which allows the least possible frictional resistance to the flow of blood. The middle layer (the tunica media) is made up of elastic tissue which can stretch when the heart beats. The outer layer (the tunica adventitia) is in the form of a thin covering. The pressure within arteries is maintained by elastic stretch and recoil, the recoil keeping up a continuous pressure in the artery, which keeps the blood flowing evenly.

What does atherosclerosis do to blood pressure

Atherosclerosis usually has no symptoms until the narrowed coronary arteries severely restrict blood flow to the heart. At this point, you may feel chest pain because not enough blood is reaching your heart, especially while you are exerting yourself or are under stress.

What is the Anterior Vena Cava

Brings deoxygenated blood from the head & upper body (anterior/superior) and lower body (posterior/inferior) to the right atrium

What factors affect the stroke volume?

Preload: The filling pressure of the heart at the end of diastole. Contractility: The inherent vigor of contraction of the heart muscles during systole. Afterload: The pressure against which the heart must work to eject blood during systole

Explain the AV valves:

The atrioventricular valves are thin, leaf like structures located between the atria and the ventricles. The right atrioventricular opening is guarded by the tricuspid valve, so called because it consists of three irregularly shaped cusps or flaps. The left atrioventricular opening is guarded by the mitral, or bicuspid, valve. The mitral valve is attached in the same manner as the tricuspid, but it is stronger and thicker because the left ventricle is by nature a more powerful pump working under high pressure.

What is the Aorta

The largest artery in the body; it conducts freshly oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues.

What is the significance of the left ventricle?

The left lower chamber of the heart that receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it out under high pressure through the aorta to the body.

What is the pulmonary circuit and how does it flow?

The purpose is for blood to pick up O2 and drop off CO2 to the lungs Circulation of blood from Right side of the heart to lungs to receive O2 Returns to the Left side of the heart Right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle; Through the pulmonary semilunar valve; Into the pulmonary trunk; Into the pulmonary arteries; Into the lungs into pulmonary veins; Into the left atrium

2nd Diastole Period

The semilunar valves close and the atrioventricular valves open. Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins fills the left atrium. The SA node contracts triggering both atria to contract. Atrial contraction causes the left atrium to empty its contents into the left ventricle. The mitral valve, located between the left atrium and left ventricle, prevents oxygenated blood from flowing back into the left atrium.

What are the two septums?

The septum of the heart is the dividing wall between the right and left sides of the heart. That portion of the septum that separates the two upper chambers (the right and left atria) of the heart is termed the atrial (or interatrial) septum while the portion of the septum that lies between the two lower chambers (the right and left ventricles) of the heart is called the ventricular (or interventricular) septum.

What is the Bundle branches

branches resulting from splitting of the AV bundle, convey impulses down the interventricular septum.

What are some of the factors that affect BP?

cardiac output, peripheral resistance, hormonal changes coming from glands, blood volume & blood viscosity

What is the Pulmonary Artery

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

What are the Purkinje Fibers

fibers that run through the interventricular septum, that penetrate the heart apex, and convey impulses throughout the ventricles

What are heart murmurs?

sounds made by the blood circulating through the heart's chambers and valves or through blood vessels near the heart Cause: Anemia, High blood pressure, Overactive thyroid or Fever

What is the Coronary Arteries

the artery that branches from the aorta to supply blood to the heart

The aorta is:

the largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart into systemic circulation.

When atrioventricular valves close...

the pressure of blood in chamber drives cusps upward until edges meet and close valves contraction of papillary muscles tightens the chordae tendineae, preventing valve cusps from pushing up into atria chamber and backflow of blood

What does blood in the cusp cause?

the semilunar valves contact each other tightly and close the opening prevents backflow of blood from arteries

What are the major blood vessels?

the superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein, and the aorta.

When do semilunar valves close?

ventricle relaxes, and back flowing blood fills the valve cusps

When do atrioventricular valves close?

when ventricle contracts

What is the intrinsic conduction system?

- the heart can generate its action potentials - myocardial cells are autorhythmic - the cells of the sinoatrial (SA) node generate action potential faster than other cardiac muscle cells, - SA node is called the pacemaker

What is myocardial infarction (MI)? What are some of the treatments for MI?

A heart attack. open the artery quickly, saving as much heart muscle as possible. Treatment options include percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), a term that encompasses both angioplasty and stenting; clot-busting medication; and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)

How is blood pressure measured?

A sphygmomanometer, After the cuff is inflated, the doctor will slowly let air out. While doing this, he or she will listen to your pulse with a stethoscope and watch the gauge. The gauge uses a scale called "millimeters of mercury" (mmHg) to measure the pressure in your blood vessels.

What are the three types of blood vessels?

Arteries Veins Capillaries

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the force exerted by your blood against your arteries.

What is the Coronary Veins

Blood vessels transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart to the right atrium.

How do you calculate cardiac output?

CO = SV x HR

What is the anatomy of the capillary?

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. The average diameter is eight micrometers with a very thin wall

Explain the right atrium?

Location: in the upper right corner of the heart superior to the right ventricle. Function: Deoxygenated blood is entering the heart through veins to the right atrium before being pumped into the right ventricle.; receiving chambers for blood entering the heart. Description;muscular walls of the right atrium are much thinner than those of the ventricles and feature a wrinkled flap called the auricle and is hollow and extends outward from the anterior surface to increase the internal volume of the right atrium.

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Left ventricle

Which forms the most of the hearts anterior surface and why?

Right ventricle because the right ventricle in the normal heart is the most anteriorly situated cardiac chamber since it is located immediately behind the sternum.

How does the variation in the SV affect the body?

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pushed out the aorta so either the body will get more blood or less blood depending on the force of the left ventricle.

what is the name of the artery that supplies blood to the heart?

The Coronary Artery

What is cardiac output?

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

1st Diastole Period

The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and the atrioventricular valves are open. Oxygen-low blood returning to the heart from the body passes through the superior and inferior vena cavae and flows to the right atrium. Impulses from the SA node travel to the AV node and the AV node send signals that trigger both atria to contract. As a result of the contraction, the right atrium empties into the right ventricle.

What is the Av bundle

The electrical connection between the atria to ventricles

What is the significance of the Right Ventricle?

The lower right chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it under low pressure into the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

What are the four heart valves?

The mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve and pulmonary valve

What is Heart rate?

The number of beats per minute in the heart

What is the Internodal pathway

The pathway that carries impulses from SA node to AV node

1st Systole Period

The right ventricle is filled with blood passed on from the right atrium. The ventricles receive impulses from Purkinje fibers, which carry electrical impulses to the ventricles causing them to contract. As this occurs, the pulmonary and aortic valves open. Ventricular contraction causes oxygen-low blood from the right ventricle to be pumped to the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-low blood to the lungs.

What is the anatomy of a vein?

Unlike the artery, the vein has a poorly developed middle layer, the tunica media. This is because the vein is not working under pressure and does not stretch in the same way as the artery. Unlike the artery the vein has a thick outer layer, the tunica adventitia. It needs this for strength, as it does not have muscle in its walls. The lumen (inside) of the vein is much larger than in an artery, reflecting the slower rate of blood flow.

What is the name of the vein that supplies blood to the heart?

great cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, and middle cardiac vein

Where is the mitral valve located?

located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Where is the aortic valve located?

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

When do semilunar valves open?

pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in arteries, as ventricles contract

What happens when atrioventricular valves are open?

rounded ends of cusps project into ventricle chamber papillary muscles in ventricle are relaxed, and chordae tendinae are slack

What is chordae tendineae?

As the heartstrings are cordlike tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve in the heart.

What is Atrial fibrillation

In atrial fibrillation (AFib), the heart's two small upper chambers (atria) don't beat the way they should. Instead of beating in a normal pattern, the atria beat irregularly and too fast, quivering like a bowl of gelatin. Symptoms: Irregular and rapid heartbeat; Heart palpitations or rapid thumping inside the chest; Dizziness, sweating and chest pain or pressure; Shortness of breath or anxiety; Tiring more easily when exercising; Fainting Treatment: Medicines to help return your heart rate to a normal rhythm; Blood thinners to keep blood clots from forming; Electrical cardioversion (an electric shock) to change the beat of your heart back to normal.

Explain semilunar valves:

The semilunar valves are pocket-like structures attached at the point at which the pulmonary artery and the aorta leave the ventricles. The pulmonary valve guards the hole between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The aortic valve protects the hole between the left ventricle and the aorta.

What are ASD and VSD?

A hole in the wall between the two upper collecting chambers (ASD) or between the two bottom pumping chambers (VSD) can cause problems. Atrial septal defect signs and symptoms may include: Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Swelling of legs, feet or abdomen Heart palpitations or skipped beats, Stroke, Heart murmur Ventricular septal defect (VSD) symptoms in a baby may include: Poor eating, failure to thrive, Fast breathing or breathlessness, Easy tiring

What happens when the HR increases to the SV and CO?

HR: Increases SV: decreases CO: decreases

How is Heart rate modified?

It is modified by the intrinsic system

2nd Systole Period

The atrioventricular valves close and the semilunar valves open. The ventricles receive impulses and contract. Oxygenated blood in the left ventricle is pumped to the aorta, and the aortic valve prevents the oxygenated blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

What is the cardiac cycle?

The events of the cardiac cycle described below trace the path of blood as it enters the heart is pumped to the lungs, travels back to the heart, and is pumped out to the rest of the body.

What is the significance of the Right atrium?

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated.

What is stroke volume (SV)?

The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.

The pulmonary artery:

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs for oxygenation.

What is the Pulmonary Vein

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

The pulmonary veins:

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium where it is returned to systemic circulation.

What vein(s) connect to the right atrium?

the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus.

Six areas in the intrinsic system:

1. SA node 2. internodal pathway 3. AV node 4. AV bundle 5. Bundle branches 6. Purkinje fibers

What is the SA node?

Sets pace for the entries heart (pacemaker)

What is the Posterior Vena Cava

The large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart. The large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart.

What is the systemic circuit and how does it flow

The purpose is for blood to deliver O2 to tissues and pick up CO2 Circulation of blood from the left side of heart tissue capillaries returns to the right side of the heart; Left atrium through the bicuspid valve; Into the left ventricle; Through the aortic semilunar valve ; Into the aorta; To the systemic arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins; To the superior and inferior vena cava; Into the right atrium of the heart

how can ECG detect Fibrillation?

An absence of P waves: The atria typically contract due to a signal, which appears as the "P" wave that an EKG measures. When a person has A-fib, the atria don't usually contract from this signal. Irregular rhythm: Have a rhythm that is described as "irregularly irregular." Fibrillatory waves: These waves are a sign of the atria pulsing out of time.

What is hypertension, why is it called as the "silent killer"?

High blood pressure often has no signs or symptoms. Many people with high blood pressure don't even know they have it. High blood pressure cannot be cured. However, it can be managed very effectively through lifestyle changes and, when needed, medication.

Explain the Left Ventricle:

The left ventricle is the lower left-hand chamber of the heart. It forces blood out of the heart into the Aorta. The left ventricle has a much thicker wall than the right ventricle. It must force blood to all other parts of the body against a great flow of resistance, so the walls are stronger than that the right ventricle.

What are the differences between the arteries and veins?

Veins: carry blood from the tissues of the body back to the heart are usually positioned closer beneath the surface of the skin are less muscular than arteries, but contain valves to help keep blood flowing in the right direction, usually toward the heart would collapse if blood flow stops. Arteries: carry blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body are usually positioned deeper within the body are more muscular than veins, which helps in transporting blood that is full of oxygen efficiently to the tissues would generally remain open if blood flow stopped, due to their thick muscular layer.

What is congestive heart failure, what type of is edema seen?

When your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Causes: narrowed arteries in your heart or high blood pressure Symptoms: Shortness of breath (dyspnea) when you exert yourself or when you lie down Fatigue and weakness Swelling (edema) in your legs, ankles and feet Rapid or irregular heartbeat

Why is heart the double pump?

Your heart is a single organ, but it acts as a double pump. The first pump carries oxygen poor blood to your lungs, where it unloads carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. It then delivers oxygen rich blood back to your heart. The second pump delivers oxygen rich blood to every part of your body.

The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava:

are veins that return deoxygenated blood from circulation in the body and empty it into the right atrium.

What is the AV node

Here each impulse is delayed briefly, allowing atria to contract before ventricles.

What are the three tunics and what makes each one?

An outer layer (tunica adventitia) of connective tissue with collagen fibers. A middle layer (tunica media) of circularly arranged smooth muscle and elastic fibers. An inner layer (tunica intima), consisting of a specialized simple squamous epithelium, often called the endothelium, that lines all blood vessels and the endocardium of the heart. The basement membrane, a subendothelial layer composed of connective tissue, supports the endothelium.

What is atherosclerosis?

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries -- silently and slowly blocks arteries, putting blood flow at risk.

Explain the Right ventricle:

It is a hollow, muscular chamber on the inferior end of the heart. The right ventricle performs the vital role in the pulmonary circulation of pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Anatomy The right ventricle is located on the right inferior end of the heart. It extends superiorly from the apex of the heart to the right atrium. Its left side meets the left ventricle at the interventricular septum. Valves of right Ventricle: The tricuspid valve connects the right atrium to the right ventricle and controls the flow of blood into the right ventricle. The pulmonary valve connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk and controls the flow of blood exiting the right ventricle. Physiology Blood enters the right ventricle from the right atrium during ventricular diastole (relaxation) and atrial systole (contraction). Once the ventricle fills with blood, Purkinje fibers stimulate the cardiac muscle cells in the myocardium to contract, pushing the blood out of the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood through the open pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk, where it will continue to the lungs

Explain the left atrium:

It plays the vital role of receiving blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumping it into the left ventricle. Anatomy: It is separated from the right atrium by the interatrial septum and from the left ventricle by the bicuspid (mitral) valve. The left atrium is much thinner and weaker than that of the left ventricle. It is made of three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Veins: Blood flow to the tissues of the left atrium is provided by the left coronary artery. Physiology: Blood is pumped by the right side of the heart to the lungs, newly oxygenated blood collects in the pulmonary veins and travels to the left atrium of the heart. Where it is pumped to the left ventricle.

What are the two heart sounds and how are they made?

Lub-DUB; The" lub" is the sound of the tricuspid and mitral valves closing. The" DUB" is the sound of the aortic and pulmonary valves closing.

What is the significance of the left atrium?

Oxygen Rich blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. The blood is then pumped into the left ventricle chamber of the heart through the mitral valve.