A&P2 • Connect • Chapter17

c) negative feedback inhibition

after consuming a carbohydrate rich meal, insulin is released by the pancreas to lower serum glucose levels. when serum glucose levels have returned to normal the secretion of insulin is inhibited. this is an example of which feedback mechanism? a) positive feedback inhibition b) neutral feedback inhibition c) negative feedback inhibition d) parallel after discharge inhibition

c) androgens

after menopause , which hormones are converted to estrogen to make up for the non-functioning ovaries? a) glucocorticoids b) corticosteroids c) androgens d) mineralocorticoids

cholecalciferol

after synthesis in the skin, _________________ is converted in the liver and kidneys into the hormone calcitriol.

fasciculata

cells called spongiocytes are found within the zona _________________ of the adrenal cortex.

b) permissive

estrogen stimulates the up-regulation of progesterone receptors in the uterus to prime the uterus to respond to progesterone. what type of hormone interaction is this? a) antagonistic b) permissive c) complementary d) synergistic

c) somatomedins

growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors which are also called what? a) somatostatins b) growth hormone stimulating hormones c) somatomedins d) inhibiting hormones

paracrine

local hormone substances called ________________ messengers do not travel to their target cells by way of the blood, but diffuse from their source to nearby cells in the same tissue.

paracrine

local hormone substances called _________________ messengers do not travel to their target cells by way of the blood, but diffuse from their source to nearby cells in the same tissue.

b) hypothalamus

many of the functions of which organ are carried out by way of the pituitary gland, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically? a) thymus gland b) hypothalamus c) thyroid gland d) pineal gland

• somatotropes = growth hormone • lactotropes = prolactin • corticotropes = adrenocorticotropic hormone • gonandotropes = follicle stimulating hormone

match each pituitary cell type with the hormone that it produces. somatotropes - lactotropes - corticotropes - gonadotropes follicle stimulating hormone - growth hormone - prolactin - adrenocroticotropic hormone

b) hydrophobic

steroid hormones and thyroid hormone are which of the following? a) amphiphilic b) hydrophobic c) hydrophilic

cholesterol

steroid hormones are derived from _________________.

genes

steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the _______________, changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription.

b) up-regulation

target cells can become more sensitive to a hormone by increasing the number of receptors via which process? a) lateral-regulation b) up-regulation c) down-regulation

a) endocrine; nervous

the ________________ system has widespread effects while the _______________ innervates one organ at a time. a) endocrine; nervous b) nervous; endocrine

c) 3

the adrenal cortex is composed of how many layers of tissue which differ in their histology and hormone output? a) 4 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5

b) nervous

the adrenal medulla acts as an endocrine gland as well as being part of which organ system? a) cardiovascular b) nervous c) digestive d) reproductive

gonadotropin

the anterior pituitary hormones follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are classified as __________________ hormones because they target and stimulate the release of hormones from the gonads.

a) general adaptation syndrome

the body's reaction to stress is called what? a) general adaptation syndrome b) epinephrine-cortisol response c) destressing modulation

thymus

the gland that is a site of maturation for T lymphocytes is the __________________.

pineal

the gland that is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum, is the _________________ gland.

thymus

the gland that secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulate the development and activity of T cells is the __________________.

follicle

the hormone called _____________________ stimulating hormone stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of the ovarian follicles.

glucagon

the hormone secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose is ________________.

insulin

the hormone that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is __________________.

eryhropoietin

the hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver and which stimulates red blood cell production is __________________.

medulla

the inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal ________________.

renin

the kidney secretes the enzyme _______________ which acts to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

c) growth hormone

the most obvious effects of which hormone are on bone, cartilage and muscle growth? a) luteinizing hormone b) thyroid stimulating hormone c) growth hormone d) parathyroid hormone

thyroxine

the name of the thyroid hormone with four iodine atoms is ___________________.

a) faster

the nervous system is similar to the endocrine system in that both work through chemical messengers to affect physiological responses. however, the nervous system is __________________ in its response. a) faster b) slower

parathyroid

the ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the ____________________ glands.

true

true or false: adrenal sex steroids have various developmental and reproductive functions.

false

true or false: all hormones interact with their target cells by first binding to a membrane-bound receptor.

false

true or false: bound hormones can readily leave a blood capillary and get to a target cell.

false

true or false: organs can have only endocrine or exocrine functions, not both.

a) growth hormone (GH)

unlike the other pituitary hormones, which hormone has widespread effects on the body? a) growth hormone (GH) b) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) c) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

b) ketonuria + d) glycosuria

which would you expect to see in a urinalysis of an untreated diabetic? select all that apply. a) hematuria b) ketonuria c) oliguria d) glycosuria

b) hormones are released into the interstitial fluids while neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

while both the endocrine and nervous systems are involved with communication, they differ in their mechanisms. what is one difference between hormones of the endocrine system and neurotransmitters of the nervous system? a) hormones are released into the synaptic cleft and neurotransmitters are released into the interstitial fluids b) hormones are released into the interstitial fluids while neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

a) they are hydrophobic

why is it difficult for steroids and thyroid hormone to travel through the blood? a) they are hydrophobic b) they are hydrophilic c) they are amphiphilic

cortisol

immunity is depressed by long-term exposure to the stress hormone ___________________.

d) oxytocin

in childbirth, which hormone stimulates labor contractions? a) luteinizing hormone b) follicle stimulating hormone c) prolactin d) oxytocin

c) they are antagonists

insulin and glucagon exert opposing effects and thus have what type of relationship? a) they are synergists b) they are permissive c) they are antagonists d) they are agonists

c) amino acids

peptide hormones are comprised of chains of what? a) fatty acids b) nucleic acids c) amino acids d) carbohydrates

b) amino acids

peptide hormones are comprised of chains of what? a) nucleic acids b) amino acids c) fatty acids d) carbohydrates

d) on the cell surface

peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. they therefore bind to receptors where? a) on the DNA b) on the cytoskeleton c) in the nucleus d) on the cell surface

1) alarm reaction 2) stage of resistance 3) stage of exhaustion

place the stages of the general adaptation syndrome in order. • stage of exhaustion • alarm reaction • stage of resistance

1) hormone receptor binding activates G-protein 2) G protein activates adenylate cyclase 3) adenlyate cyclase produces cAMP 4) cAMP activates protein kinases

place the steps of a second-messenger system in the order in which they occur. • cAMP activates protein kinases • G protein activates adenylate cyclase • hormone receptor binding activates G-protein • adenylate cyclase produces cAMP

d) thyroid gland

what is the largest endocrine gland in an adult? a) adrenal gland b) ovary c) thymus d) thyroid gland

b) diabetes mellitus

what is the most prevalent metabolic disease in the world? a) goiter b) diabetes insipidus c) diabetes mellitus d) Addison's disease

a) endocrinology

what is the study of the glands, tissues and cells that secretes hormones called? a) endocrinology b) chemistry c) cytology d) hormonology

b) zona glomerulosa

what is the thin layer of the adrenal cortex just beneath the capsule that produces mineralocorticoids? a) zona reticularis b) zona glomerulosa c) zona fasciculata

a) hyposecretion

what term means inadequate hormone release? a) hyposecretion b) hypersecretion

beta

when blood nutrients increase, insulin is secreted from the _______________ cells of the pancreas to help the transport of nutrients into cells. a) acinar b) delta c) beta d) alpha

d) through second messenger systems

when peptides and catecholamines bind to the target cell, how do they stimulate its physiology? a) through lysosomal enzymes b) through DNA transcription c) through gene activation d) through second messenger systems

a) exocrine

when they secrete eggs and sperm, the gonads are considered what type of glands? a) exocrine b) sudoriferous c) holocrine d) endocrine

a) endocrine

when they secrete hormones, the ovaries and testes are considered what type of glands? a) endocrine b) exocrine c) apocrine d) sebaceous

a) hypothalamus

where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone synthesized? a) hypothalamus b) anterior pituitary gland c) thalamus d) infundibulum

a) retroperitoneal in the pelvic cavity

where are the ovaries located? a) retroperitoneal in the pelvic cavity b) retroperitoneal and posterior to the stomach c) superior to the kidney d) embedded in the abdominal wall

c) liver and kidneys

which two organs take up and degrade hormones? a) liver and pancreas b) pancreas and kidneys c) liver and kidneys

calcium

PTH is secreted in response to low levels of the mineral __________________.

cortisol

_________________ is a potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis and the release of fatty acids into the blood.

congenital

_____________________ hypothyroidism is due to thyroid hyposecretion from birth.

diabetes mellitus

a condition defined as a disruption of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from hyposecretion or inaction of insulin is __________________ _________________.

c) sodium; potassium

aldosterone stimulates the kidney to retain _______________ and excrete _______________. a) potassium; calcium b) potassium; sodium c) sodium; potassium d) sodium; chloride

vasopressin

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also called arginine ________________ because it can cause vasoconstriction at very high levels.

antagonist

any agent, such as a hormone or drug, that opposes another is acting as an ___________________.

a) prostaglandins + c) thromboxanes + e) prostacyclin

arachidonic acid is converted by cyclooxygenase to which three eicosanoids? a) prostaglandins b) histamine c) thromboxanes d) nitric acid e) prostacyclin

d) gonadotropins

as a group, the pituitary hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes are known as what? a) oxytocins b) releasing hormones c) estrogens d) gonadotropins

a) both use chemical messengers for communication

how are the endocrine and the nervous systems alike? a) both use chemical messengers for communication b) both release chemical messengers in response to increased calcium levels c) both rely on voltage gated channels to initiate communication

a) they differ in the functional groups attached to their backbone structure

how do most steroids differ from one another? a) they differ in the functional groups attached to their backbone structure b) all the steroids are linear; however, some have ring-structured functional groups c) they differ in their basic backbone structure d) they differ in their solubility

a) dwarfism; gigantism

hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood results in _________________. hypersecretion of growth hormone before adolescence results in _________________. a) dwarfism; gigantism b) gigantism; acromegaly c) gigantism; dwarfism d) acromegaly; gigantism

pituitary

hypothalamic inhibiting hormones inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior ________________ gland.

b) pituitary gland

hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate which gland to release hormones? a) thyroid gland b) pituitary gland c) adrenal gland d) endocrine gland

glucagon

pancreatic alpha cells secret the hormone _________________ when serum glucose levels drop.

insulin

pancreatic beta cells secrete ________________ during and immediately following a meal.

c) endocrine

secretions from which glands alter the metabolism of their target cells? a) holocrine b) sebaceous c) endocrine d) exocrine

b) receptors

similar to neurotransmitters, hormones exert their action only on cells that have specific _______________ that the hormones bind to. a) gated channels b) receptors c) metabolic pathways

b) posterior to the stomach

the pancreas is located retroperitoneally and _________________________. a) superior to the diaphragm b) posterior to the stomach c) inferior to the urinary bladder d) posterior to the cecum

a) melatonin

the pineal gland synthesizes which hormone? a) melatonin b) serotonin c) dopamine d) pineal hormone

adenohypophysis

the pituitary gland is composed of two structures: the posterior lobe called the neurohypophysis and the anterior lobe called the _________________.

thyroid

the pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is _______________ stimulating hormone.

thyrotropin

the pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is _______________ stimulating hormone.

luteinizing

the pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone is __________________ hormone.

b) negative

the pituitary stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete its hormone. then, this second hormone signals the pituitary to inhibit further secretion of the initial pituitary hormone. this is an example of what type of inhibition? a) neutral b) negative c) positive

a) dehydration + b) ketoacidosis + c) electrolyte imbalances

the rapid metabolism of fats that occurs in diabetes mellitus promotes an osmotic diuresis that, in turn, can result in which of the following? select all that apply. a) dehydration b) ketoacidosis c) electrolyte imbalances d) weight gain e) sympathetic stimulation

c) both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system

the stress response is mediated by what system(s)? a) both the endocrine system and the parasympathetic nervous system b) the endocrine system only c) both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system d) the sympathetic nervous system only

adrenal cortex

the target for ACTH is the __________________ __________________.

follicles

the thyroid gland is composed of sacs called _______________ which are filled with a protein-rich colloid.

reticularis; fasciculata

the two layers of the adrenal gland that secrete glucocorticoids and androgens are the zona _________________ and the zona __________________.

a) neurotransmitters + b) paracrines + c) hormones + e) gap junctions

through which of the following can cell-to-cell communication can be accomplished? select all that apply. a) neurotransmitters b) paracrines c) hormones d) desmosomes e) gap junctions f) enzymes

d) signal amplification

through which process can one hormone molecule trigger the synthesis a large number of enzyme molecules? a) signal binding b) signal stimulation c) signal replication d) signal amplification

testosterone

weak adrenal cortical androgens which possess little biological activity are converted to the much more potent androgen called _________________.

b) to develop the male physique + c) to fuel the sex drive + d) to develop the male reproductive system

what are the functions of testosterone? select all that apply. a) to prepare the mammary glands for lactation b) to develop the male physique c) to fuel the sex drive d) to develop the male reproductive system e) to produce white blood cells

a) to regulate the menstrual cycle + b) to contribute to the development of the reproductive system + e) to promote adolescent bone growth

what are the roles of estrogen and progesterone? select all that apply. a) to regulate the menstrual cycle b) to contribute to the development of the reproductive system c) to maintain blood glucose levels d) to maintain blood sodium levels e) to promote adolescent bone growth

b) liver + c) skeletal muscle + e) adipose

what are the target cells of insulin? select all that apply. a) brain b) liver c) skeletal muscle d) red blood cells e) adipose

a) synergistic + b) permissive + d) antagonistic

what are the three types of interactive effects hormones can have? a) synergistic b) permissive c) antigenic d) antagonistic e) linear

b) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) + e) oxytocin (OT)

what are the two hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland? a) growth hormone (GH) b) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c) cortisol d) prolactin (PRL) e) oxytocin (OT)

d) sedentary lifestyle + e) obesity

what are the two main risk factors for type2 diabetes mellitus? a) strength training b) excessive dieting c) smoking d) sedentary lifestyle e) obesity

a) feedback from target organs + c) hypothalamus control + e) control by brain centers other than hypothalamus

what are three mechanisms used to regulate the timing and amount of pituitary secretion? a) feedback from target organs b) parasympathetic nervous system control c) hypothalamus control d) sympathetic nervous system control e) control by brain centers other than hypothalamus

d) thyroxine

what do thyroid follicular calls secrete? a) calcitonin b) parathyroid hormone c) thymosin d) thyroxine

b) it increases it

what effect does thyroid hormone have on the body's metabolic rate? a) it has no effect b) it increases it c) it decreases it

a) to increase alertness and prepare the body for physical activity

what is a function of catecholamines? a) to increase alertness and prepare the body for physical activity b) to decrease alertness and induce sleep c) to slow the heart rate, decrease blood pressure and raise metabolic rate

a) enlargement of the thyroid gland

what is a goiter? a) enlargement of the thyroid gland b) enlargement of the thymus c) hypersecretion by the parathyroid glands d) necrosis of the parathyroid glands

b) a specific protein or glycoprotein embedded in the plasma membrane

what is a hormone receptor? a) a specific lipid embedded in the plasma membrane b) a specific protein or glycoprotein embedded in the plasma membrane c) a cytosolic lipid associated with the Golgi body d) a protein associated with a nuclear pore

b) a hormone that lowers blood glucose

what is a hypoglycemic hormone? a) a hormone released when blood glucose is low b) a hormone that lowers blood glucose

c) the nervous system is more targeted in its response

what is one difference between the endocrine and the nervous system? a) the nervous system is slower to respond b) the nervous system has longer lasting effects c) the nervous system is more targeted in its response d) the nervous system has more widespread effects

b) to increase blood glucose levels

what is the function of a hyperglycemic hormone? a) to lower blood glucose levels b) to increase blood glucose levels

d) to stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

what is the function of adrenocorticortropic hormone? a) to promote the development of the ovarian follicles b) to stimulate the uptake of calcium in the kidney tubules c) to stumlate testosterone production d) to stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

d) it increases water retention by the kidneys

what is the function of antidiuretic hormone? (ADH) a) it decreases release of oxytocin b) it decreases water retention by the kidneys c) it increases hear rate d) it increases water retention by the kidneys

c) to stimulate mitosis and cell differentiation

what is the function of growth hormone? a) to stimulate heart rate b) to lead to the senescence of the corpus luteum c) to stimulate mitosis and cell differentiation d) to stimulate the production of testosterone

b) to stimulate contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus

what is the function of oxytocin? a) to stimulate the release of thyroxin b) to stimulate contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus c) to trigger the breakdown of glycogen d) to stimulate the development of ovarian follicles

c) embedded in the thyroid gland

where are the parathyroid glands located? a) in the mediastinum b) retroperitoneal and inferior to the kidney c) embedded in the thyroid gland d) in the walls of the third ventricle

a) in the nucleus

where do steroid hormones bind with a cell's receptor? a) in the nucleus b) on the Golgi complex c) on the cytoskeleton d) on the endoplasmic reticulum

d) in the mediastinum

where is the thymus located? a) partially wrapped around the larynx b) in the mesenteries of the abdominal cavity c) at the base of the brain d) in the mediastinum

a) androgens

which adrenal cortical hormones are responsible for the growth of pubic and axillary hair during puberty? a) androgens b) mineralocorticoids c) glucocorticoids d) corticosteroids

b) to protect hormones from filtering by kidneys + c) to protect hormones from enzyme breakdown

which are functions of transport proteins? select all that apply. a) to reduce the hormone half-life b) to protect hormones from filtering by kidneys c) to protect hormones from enzyme breakdown

b) epinephrine + c) glucagon + e) cortisol

which are hyperglycemic hormones? select all that apply. a) insulin b) epinephrine c) glucagon d) thryoxine e) cortisol

a) norepinephrine + c) dopamine

which are monoamines? select all that apply. a) norepinephrine b) insulin c) dopamine d) glucagon

a) follicle stimulating hormone + c) insulin + e) oxytocin

which are peptide hormones? select all that apply. a) follicle stimulating hormone b) calcitriol c) insulin d) aldosterone e) oxytocin

b) hypothalamus

which area of the brain monitors conditions within and outside of the body? a) pituitary gland b) hypothalamus c) pineal gland

a) norepinephrine + b) epinephrine + c) dopamine

which catecholamines are secreted by the adrenal medulla? select all that apply. a) dopamine b) melatonin c) serotonin d) norepinephrine e) epinephrine

b) parafollicular

which cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin? a) follicular b) parafollicular c) chromaffin d) globular

b) type2 diabetes mellitus

which condition do the majority of individuals diagnosed with diabetes have? a) diabetes insipidus b) type2 diabetes mellitus c) type1 diabetes mellitus

a) type1 diabetes mellitus

which condition requires insulin injections or insulin infusions to maintain blood glucose? a) type1 diabetes mellitus b) diabetes insipidus c) type2 diabetes mellitus

c) pancreas

which endocrine gland also acts as an exocrine gland? a) pineal b) adrenal gland c) pancreas d) thymus

c) pituitary gland

which endocrine gland is housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone? a) pineal gland b) adrenal gland c) pituitary gland d) thalamus

d) thymus

which endocrine gland secretes several hormones that stimulate lymphatic organs and T cell activity? a) pancreas b) parathyroid gland c) pineal gland d) thymus

c) testis

which endocrine organ is located in the scrotum? a) pituitary b) epididymis c) testis d) thymus

c) thymus

which gland is unique in that it is large in the fetus and infant, but is a small remnant in the elderly? a) adrenal gland b) pancreas c) thymus d) thyroid gland

a) exocrine

which glands secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface? a) exocrine b) endocrine c) paracrine

b) endocrine

which glands secrete their product into interstitial fluid or blood? a) exocrine b) endocrine c) holocrine d) sudoriferous

b) testosterone

which hormone directly stimulates development of the male reproductive system, secondary sexual characteristics, and sustains sperm production and the sex drive throughout adult life? a) progesterone b) testosterone c) estradiol d) gonadotropin releasing hormone

c) calcitonin

which hormone stimulates the deposition of calcium in bones? a) parathyroid hormone b) T3 c) calcitonin d) oxytocin

b) testosterone + e) cortisol

which hormones are classified as steroid hormones? select all that apply. a) oxytocin b) testosterone c) epinephrine d) thyroid hormone e) cortisol

a) erythropoietin + c) hepcidin + d) insulin-like growth factor

which hormones are produced by the liver? select all that apply. a) erythropoietin b) ghrelin c) hepcidin d) insulin-like growth factor e) atrial natriuretic peptide

a) inhibin + d) progesterone + e) estradiol

which hormones are secreted by the ovary? select all that apply. a) inhibin b) growth hormone c) follicle stimulating hormone d) progesterone e) estradiol

a) thymopoietin b) thymulin

which hormones are secreted by the thymus gland? select all that apply. a) thymopoietin b) thymulin c) insulin d) melatonin

c) insulin

which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone? a) glucagon b) epinephrine c) insulin d) cortisol

a) insulin

which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone? a) insulin b) glucagon c) epinephrine d) cortisol

c) luteinizing hormone (LH)

which pituitary hormone stimulates ovulation? a) estrogen b) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) c) luteinizing hormone (LH) d) gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

a) adrenal cortex + b) ovary + c) testes

which secrete steroid hormones? select all that apply. a) adrenal cortex b) ovary c) testes d) adrenal medulla e) liver

a) glucagon + c) somatostatin + d) insulin

which substances are secreted by pancreatic islet cells? select all that apply. a) glucagon b) trypsin c) somatostatin d) insulin e) amylase

b) testosterone and FSH

which two hormones are synergists? a) aldosterone and ANP b) testosterone and FSH c) calcitonin and PTH d) insulin and glucagon