A&P2 • Connect • Chapter17
c) negative feedback inhibition
after consuming a carbohydrate rich meal, insulin is released by the pancreas to lower serum glucose levels. when serum glucose levels have returned to normal the secretion of insulin is inhibited. this is an example of which feedback mechanism? a) positive feedback inhibition b) neutral feedback inhibition c) negative feedback inhibition d) parallel after discharge inhibition
c) androgens
after menopause , which hormones are converted to estrogen to make up for the non-functioning ovaries? a) glucocorticoids b) corticosteroids c) androgens d) mineralocorticoids
cholecalciferol
after synthesis in the skin, _________________ is converted in the liver and kidneys into the hormone calcitriol.
fasciculata
cells called spongiocytes are found within the zona _________________ of the adrenal cortex.
b) permissive
estrogen stimulates the up-regulation of progesterone receptors in the uterus to prime the uterus to respond to progesterone. what type of hormone interaction is this? a) antagonistic b) permissive c) complementary d) synergistic
c) somatomedins
growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors which are also called what? a) somatostatins b) growth hormone stimulating hormones c) somatomedins d) inhibiting hormones
paracrine
local hormone substances called ________________ messengers do not travel to their target cells by way of the blood, but diffuse from their source to nearby cells in the same tissue.
paracrine
local hormone substances called _________________ messengers do not travel to their target cells by way of the blood, but diffuse from their source to nearby cells in the same tissue.
b) hypothalamus
many of the functions of which organ are carried out by way of the pituitary gland, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically? a) thymus gland b) hypothalamus c) thyroid gland d) pineal gland
• somatotropes = growth hormone • lactotropes = prolactin • corticotropes = adrenocorticotropic hormone • gonandotropes = follicle stimulating hormone
match each pituitary cell type with the hormone that it produces. somatotropes - lactotropes - corticotropes - gonadotropes follicle stimulating hormone - growth hormone - prolactin - adrenocroticotropic hormone
b) hydrophobic
steroid hormones and thyroid hormone are which of the following? a) amphiphilic b) hydrophobic c) hydrophilic
cholesterol
steroid hormones are derived from _________________.
genes
steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the _______________, changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription.
b) up-regulation
target cells can become more sensitive to a hormone by increasing the number of receptors via which process? a) lateral-regulation b) up-regulation c) down-regulation
a) endocrine; nervous
the ________________ system has widespread effects while the _______________ innervates one organ at a time. a) endocrine; nervous b) nervous; endocrine
c) 3
the adrenal cortex is composed of how many layers of tissue which differ in their histology and hormone output? a) 4 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5
b) nervous
the adrenal medulla acts as an endocrine gland as well as being part of which organ system? a) cardiovascular b) nervous c) digestive d) reproductive
gonadotropin
the anterior pituitary hormones follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are classified as __________________ hormones because they target and stimulate the release of hormones from the gonads.
a) general adaptation syndrome
the body's reaction to stress is called what? a) general adaptation syndrome b) epinephrine-cortisol response c) destressing modulation
thymus
the gland that is a site of maturation for T lymphocytes is the __________________.
pineal
the gland that is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum, is the _________________ gland.
thymus
the gland that secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulate the development and activity of T cells is the __________________.
follicle
the hormone called _____________________ stimulating hormone stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of the ovarian follicles.
glucagon
the hormone secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose is ________________.
insulin
the hormone that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is __________________.
eryhropoietin
the hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver and which stimulates red blood cell production is __________________.
medulla
the inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal ________________.
renin
the kidney secretes the enzyme _______________ which acts to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
c) growth hormone
the most obvious effects of which hormone are on bone, cartilage and muscle growth? a) luteinizing hormone b) thyroid stimulating hormone c) growth hormone d) parathyroid hormone
thyroxine
the name of the thyroid hormone with four iodine atoms is ___________________.
a) faster
the nervous system is similar to the endocrine system in that both work through chemical messengers to affect physiological responses. however, the nervous system is __________________ in its response. a) faster b) slower
parathyroid
the ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the ____________________ glands.
true
true or false: adrenal sex steroids have various developmental and reproductive functions.
false
true or false: all hormones interact with their target cells by first binding to a membrane-bound receptor.
false
true or false: bound hormones can readily leave a blood capillary and get to a target cell.
false
true or false: organs can have only endocrine or exocrine functions, not both.
a) growth hormone (GH)
unlike the other pituitary hormones, which hormone has widespread effects on the body? a) growth hormone (GH) b) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) c) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
b) ketonuria + d) glycosuria
which would you expect to see in a urinalysis of an untreated diabetic? select all that apply. a) hematuria b) ketonuria c) oliguria d) glycosuria
b) hormones are released into the interstitial fluids while neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
while both the endocrine and nervous systems are involved with communication, they differ in their mechanisms. what is one difference between hormones of the endocrine system and neurotransmitters of the nervous system? a) hormones are released into the synaptic cleft and neurotransmitters are released into the interstitial fluids b) hormones are released into the interstitial fluids while neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
a) they are hydrophobic
why is it difficult for steroids and thyroid hormone to travel through the blood? a) they are hydrophobic b) they are hydrophilic c) they are amphiphilic
cortisol
immunity is depressed by long-term exposure to the stress hormone ___________________.
d) oxytocin
in childbirth, which hormone stimulates labor contractions? a) luteinizing hormone b) follicle stimulating hormone c) prolactin d) oxytocin
c) they are antagonists
insulin and glucagon exert opposing effects and thus have what type of relationship? a) they are synergists b) they are permissive c) they are antagonists d) they are agonists
c) amino acids
peptide hormones are comprised of chains of what? a) fatty acids b) nucleic acids c) amino acids d) carbohydrates
b) amino acids
peptide hormones are comprised of chains of what? a) nucleic acids b) amino acids c) fatty acids d) carbohydrates
d) on the cell surface
peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. they therefore bind to receptors where? a) on the DNA b) on the cytoskeleton c) in the nucleus d) on the cell surface
1) alarm reaction 2) stage of resistance 3) stage of exhaustion
place the stages of the general adaptation syndrome in order. • stage of exhaustion • alarm reaction • stage of resistance
1) hormone receptor binding activates G-protein 2) G protein activates adenylate cyclase 3) adenlyate cyclase produces cAMP 4) cAMP activates protein kinases
place the steps of a second-messenger system in the order in which they occur. • cAMP activates protein kinases • G protein activates adenylate cyclase • hormone receptor binding activates G-protein • adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
d) thyroid gland
what is the largest endocrine gland in an adult? a) adrenal gland b) ovary c) thymus d) thyroid gland
b) diabetes mellitus
what is the most prevalent metabolic disease in the world? a) goiter b) diabetes insipidus c) diabetes mellitus d) Addison's disease
a) endocrinology
what is the study of the glands, tissues and cells that secretes hormones called? a) endocrinology b) chemistry c) cytology d) hormonology
b) zona glomerulosa
what is the thin layer of the adrenal cortex just beneath the capsule that produces mineralocorticoids? a) zona reticularis b) zona glomerulosa c) zona fasciculata
a) hyposecretion
what term means inadequate hormone release? a) hyposecretion b) hypersecretion
beta
when blood nutrients increase, insulin is secreted from the _______________ cells of the pancreas to help the transport of nutrients into cells. a) acinar b) delta c) beta d) alpha
d) through second messenger systems
when peptides and catecholamines bind to the target cell, how do they stimulate its physiology? a) through lysosomal enzymes b) through DNA transcription c) through gene activation d) through second messenger systems
a) exocrine
when they secrete eggs and sperm, the gonads are considered what type of glands? a) exocrine b) sudoriferous c) holocrine d) endocrine
a) endocrine
when they secrete hormones, the ovaries and testes are considered what type of glands? a) endocrine b) exocrine c) apocrine d) sebaceous
a) hypothalamus
where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone synthesized? a) hypothalamus b) anterior pituitary gland c) thalamus d) infundibulum
a) retroperitoneal in the pelvic cavity
where are the ovaries located? a) retroperitoneal in the pelvic cavity b) retroperitoneal and posterior to the stomach c) superior to the kidney d) embedded in the abdominal wall
c) liver and kidneys
which two organs take up and degrade hormones? a) liver and pancreas b) pancreas and kidneys c) liver and kidneys
calcium
PTH is secreted in response to low levels of the mineral __________________.
cortisol
_________________ is a potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis and the release of fatty acids into the blood.
congenital
_____________________ hypothyroidism is due to thyroid hyposecretion from birth.
diabetes mellitus
a condition defined as a disruption of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from hyposecretion or inaction of insulin is __________________ _________________.
c) sodium; potassium
aldosterone stimulates the kidney to retain _______________ and excrete _______________. a) potassium; calcium b) potassium; sodium c) sodium; potassium d) sodium; chloride
vasopressin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also called arginine ________________ because it can cause vasoconstriction at very high levels.
antagonist
any agent, such as a hormone or drug, that opposes another is acting as an ___________________.
a) prostaglandins + c) thromboxanes + e) prostacyclin
arachidonic acid is converted by cyclooxygenase to which three eicosanoids? a) prostaglandins b) histamine c) thromboxanes d) nitric acid e) prostacyclin
d) gonadotropins
as a group, the pituitary hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes are known as what? a) oxytocins b) releasing hormones c) estrogens d) gonadotropins
a) both use chemical messengers for communication
how are the endocrine and the nervous systems alike? a) both use chemical messengers for communication b) both release chemical messengers in response to increased calcium levels c) both rely on voltage gated channels to initiate communication
a) they differ in the functional groups attached to their backbone structure
how do most steroids differ from one another? a) they differ in the functional groups attached to their backbone structure b) all the steroids are linear; however, some have ring-structured functional groups c) they differ in their basic backbone structure d) they differ in their solubility
a) dwarfism; gigantism
hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood results in _________________. hypersecretion of growth hormone before adolescence results in _________________. a) dwarfism; gigantism b) gigantism; acromegaly c) gigantism; dwarfism d) acromegaly; gigantism
pituitary
hypothalamic inhibiting hormones inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior ________________ gland.
b) pituitary gland
hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate which gland to release hormones? a) thyroid gland b) pituitary gland c) adrenal gland d) endocrine gland
glucagon
pancreatic alpha cells secret the hormone _________________ when serum glucose levels drop.
insulin
pancreatic beta cells secrete ________________ during and immediately following a meal.
c) endocrine
secretions from which glands alter the metabolism of their target cells? a) holocrine b) sebaceous c) endocrine d) exocrine
b) receptors
similar to neurotransmitters, hormones exert their action only on cells that have specific _______________ that the hormones bind to. a) gated channels b) receptors c) metabolic pathways
b) posterior to the stomach
the pancreas is located retroperitoneally and _________________________. a) superior to the diaphragm b) posterior to the stomach c) inferior to the urinary bladder d) posterior to the cecum
a) melatonin
the pineal gland synthesizes which hormone? a) melatonin b) serotonin c) dopamine d) pineal hormone
adenohypophysis
the pituitary gland is composed of two structures: the posterior lobe called the neurohypophysis and the anterior lobe called the _________________.
thyroid
the pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is _______________ stimulating hormone.
thyrotropin
the pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is _______________ stimulating hormone.
luteinizing
the pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone is __________________ hormone.
b) negative
the pituitary stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete its hormone. then, this second hormone signals the pituitary to inhibit further secretion of the initial pituitary hormone. this is an example of what type of inhibition? a) neutral b) negative c) positive
a) dehydration + b) ketoacidosis + c) electrolyte imbalances
the rapid metabolism of fats that occurs in diabetes mellitus promotes an osmotic diuresis that, in turn, can result in which of the following? select all that apply. a) dehydration b) ketoacidosis c) electrolyte imbalances d) weight gain e) sympathetic stimulation
c) both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system
the stress response is mediated by what system(s)? a) both the endocrine system and the parasympathetic nervous system b) the endocrine system only c) both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system d) the sympathetic nervous system only
adrenal cortex
the target for ACTH is the __________________ __________________.
follicles
the thyroid gland is composed of sacs called _______________ which are filled with a protein-rich colloid.
reticularis; fasciculata
the two layers of the adrenal gland that secrete glucocorticoids and androgens are the zona _________________ and the zona __________________.
a) neurotransmitters + b) paracrines + c) hormones + e) gap junctions
through which of the following can cell-to-cell communication can be accomplished? select all that apply. a) neurotransmitters b) paracrines c) hormones d) desmosomes e) gap junctions f) enzymes
d) signal amplification
through which process can one hormone molecule trigger the synthesis a large number of enzyme molecules? a) signal binding b) signal stimulation c) signal replication d) signal amplification
testosterone
weak adrenal cortical androgens which possess little biological activity are converted to the much more potent androgen called _________________.
b) to develop the male physique + c) to fuel the sex drive + d) to develop the male reproductive system
what are the functions of testosterone? select all that apply. a) to prepare the mammary glands for lactation b) to develop the male physique c) to fuel the sex drive d) to develop the male reproductive system e) to produce white blood cells
a) to regulate the menstrual cycle + b) to contribute to the development of the reproductive system + e) to promote adolescent bone growth
what are the roles of estrogen and progesterone? select all that apply. a) to regulate the menstrual cycle b) to contribute to the development of the reproductive system c) to maintain blood glucose levels d) to maintain blood sodium levels e) to promote adolescent bone growth
b) liver + c) skeletal muscle + e) adipose
what are the target cells of insulin? select all that apply. a) brain b) liver c) skeletal muscle d) red blood cells e) adipose
a) synergistic + b) permissive + d) antagonistic
what are the three types of interactive effects hormones can have? a) synergistic b) permissive c) antigenic d) antagonistic e) linear
b) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) + e) oxytocin (OT)
what are the two hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland? a) growth hormone (GH) b) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c) cortisol d) prolactin (PRL) e) oxytocin (OT)
d) sedentary lifestyle + e) obesity
what are the two main risk factors for type2 diabetes mellitus? a) strength training b) excessive dieting c) smoking d) sedentary lifestyle e) obesity
a) feedback from target organs + c) hypothalamus control + e) control by brain centers other than hypothalamus
what are three mechanisms used to regulate the timing and amount of pituitary secretion? a) feedback from target organs b) parasympathetic nervous system control c) hypothalamus control d) sympathetic nervous system control e) control by brain centers other than hypothalamus
d) thyroxine
what do thyroid follicular calls secrete? a) calcitonin b) parathyroid hormone c) thymosin d) thyroxine
b) it increases it
what effect does thyroid hormone have on the body's metabolic rate? a) it has no effect b) it increases it c) it decreases it
a) to increase alertness and prepare the body for physical activity
what is a function of catecholamines? a) to increase alertness and prepare the body for physical activity b) to decrease alertness and induce sleep c) to slow the heart rate, decrease blood pressure and raise metabolic rate
a) enlargement of the thyroid gland
what is a goiter? a) enlargement of the thyroid gland b) enlargement of the thymus c) hypersecretion by the parathyroid glands d) necrosis of the parathyroid glands
b) a specific protein or glycoprotein embedded in the plasma membrane
what is a hormone receptor? a) a specific lipid embedded in the plasma membrane b) a specific protein or glycoprotein embedded in the plasma membrane c) a cytosolic lipid associated with the Golgi body d) a protein associated with a nuclear pore
b) a hormone that lowers blood glucose
what is a hypoglycemic hormone? a) a hormone released when blood glucose is low b) a hormone that lowers blood glucose
c) the nervous system is more targeted in its response
what is one difference between the endocrine and the nervous system? a) the nervous system is slower to respond b) the nervous system has longer lasting effects c) the nervous system is more targeted in its response d) the nervous system has more widespread effects
b) to increase blood glucose levels
what is the function of a hyperglycemic hormone? a) to lower blood glucose levels b) to increase blood glucose levels
d) to stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
what is the function of adrenocorticortropic hormone? a) to promote the development of the ovarian follicles b) to stimulate the uptake of calcium in the kidney tubules c) to stumlate testosterone production d) to stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
d) it increases water retention by the kidneys
what is the function of antidiuretic hormone? (ADH) a) it decreases release of oxytocin b) it decreases water retention by the kidneys c) it increases hear rate d) it increases water retention by the kidneys
c) to stimulate mitosis and cell differentiation
what is the function of growth hormone? a) to stimulate heart rate b) to lead to the senescence of the corpus luteum c) to stimulate mitosis and cell differentiation d) to stimulate the production of testosterone
b) to stimulate contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus
what is the function of oxytocin? a) to stimulate the release of thyroxin b) to stimulate contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus c) to trigger the breakdown of glycogen d) to stimulate the development of ovarian follicles
c) embedded in the thyroid gland
where are the parathyroid glands located? a) in the mediastinum b) retroperitoneal and inferior to the kidney c) embedded in the thyroid gland d) in the walls of the third ventricle
a) in the nucleus
where do steroid hormones bind with a cell's receptor? a) in the nucleus b) on the Golgi complex c) on the cytoskeleton d) on the endoplasmic reticulum
d) in the mediastinum
where is the thymus located? a) partially wrapped around the larynx b) in the mesenteries of the abdominal cavity c) at the base of the brain d) in the mediastinum
a) androgens
which adrenal cortical hormones are responsible for the growth of pubic and axillary hair during puberty? a) androgens b) mineralocorticoids c) glucocorticoids d) corticosteroids
b) to protect hormones from filtering by kidneys + c) to protect hormones from enzyme breakdown
which are functions of transport proteins? select all that apply. a) to reduce the hormone half-life b) to protect hormones from filtering by kidneys c) to protect hormones from enzyme breakdown
b) epinephrine + c) glucagon + e) cortisol
which are hyperglycemic hormones? select all that apply. a) insulin b) epinephrine c) glucagon d) thryoxine e) cortisol
a) norepinephrine + c) dopamine
which are monoamines? select all that apply. a) norepinephrine b) insulin c) dopamine d) glucagon
a) follicle stimulating hormone + c) insulin + e) oxytocin
which are peptide hormones? select all that apply. a) follicle stimulating hormone b) calcitriol c) insulin d) aldosterone e) oxytocin
b) hypothalamus
which area of the brain monitors conditions within and outside of the body? a) pituitary gland b) hypothalamus c) pineal gland
a) norepinephrine + b) epinephrine + c) dopamine
which catecholamines are secreted by the adrenal medulla? select all that apply. a) dopamine b) melatonin c) serotonin d) norepinephrine e) epinephrine
b) parafollicular
which cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin? a) follicular b) parafollicular c) chromaffin d) globular
b) type2 diabetes mellitus
which condition do the majority of individuals diagnosed with diabetes have? a) diabetes insipidus b) type2 diabetes mellitus c) type1 diabetes mellitus
a) type1 diabetes mellitus
which condition requires insulin injections or insulin infusions to maintain blood glucose? a) type1 diabetes mellitus b) diabetes insipidus c) type2 diabetes mellitus
c) pancreas
which endocrine gland also acts as an exocrine gland? a) pineal b) adrenal gland c) pancreas d) thymus
c) pituitary gland
which endocrine gland is housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone? a) pineal gland b) adrenal gland c) pituitary gland d) thalamus
d) thymus
which endocrine gland secretes several hormones that stimulate lymphatic organs and T cell activity? a) pancreas b) parathyroid gland c) pineal gland d) thymus
c) testis
which endocrine organ is located in the scrotum? a) pituitary b) epididymis c) testis d) thymus
c) thymus
which gland is unique in that it is large in the fetus and infant, but is a small remnant in the elderly? a) adrenal gland b) pancreas c) thymus d) thyroid gland
a) exocrine
which glands secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface? a) exocrine b) endocrine c) paracrine
b) endocrine
which glands secrete their product into interstitial fluid or blood? a) exocrine b) endocrine c) holocrine d) sudoriferous
b) testosterone
which hormone directly stimulates development of the male reproductive system, secondary sexual characteristics, and sustains sperm production and the sex drive throughout adult life? a) progesterone b) testosterone c) estradiol d) gonadotropin releasing hormone
c) calcitonin
which hormone stimulates the deposition of calcium in bones? a) parathyroid hormone b) T3 c) calcitonin d) oxytocin
b) testosterone + e) cortisol
which hormones are classified as steroid hormones? select all that apply. a) oxytocin b) testosterone c) epinephrine d) thyroid hormone e) cortisol
a) erythropoietin + c) hepcidin + d) insulin-like growth factor
which hormones are produced by the liver? select all that apply. a) erythropoietin b) ghrelin c) hepcidin d) insulin-like growth factor e) atrial natriuretic peptide
a) inhibin + d) progesterone + e) estradiol
which hormones are secreted by the ovary? select all that apply. a) inhibin b) growth hormone c) follicle stimulating hormone d) progesterone e) estradiol
a) thymopoietin b) thymulin
which hormones are secreted by the thymus gland? select all that apply. a) thymopoietin b) thymulin c) insulin d) melatonin
c) insulin
which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone? a) glucagon b) epinephrine c) insulin d) cortisol
a) insulin
which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone? a) insulin b) glucagon c) epinephrine d) cortisol
c) luteinizing hormone (LH)
which pituitary hormone stimulates ovulation? a) estrogen b) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) c) luteinizing hormone (LH) d) gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
a) adrenal cortex + b) ovary + c) testes
which secrete steroid hormones? select all that apply. a) adrenal cortex b) ovary c) testes d) adrenal medulla e) liver
a) glucagon + c) somatostatin + d) insulin
which substances are secreted by pancreatic islet cells? select all that apply. a) glucagon b) trypsin c) somatostatin d) insulin e) amylase
b) testosterone and FSH
which two hormones are synergists? a) aldosterone and ANP b) testosterone and FSH c) calcitonin and PTH d) insulin and glucagon