A&PIII Ch 14 Endocrine

gigantism vs acromegaly

-gigantism: hyper secretion of GH/somatotropin in childhood before closure of epiphyseal disc and end of puberty; rapid and proportional growth. -acromegaly: adulthood hyper secretion of somototropin/GH. affects jaw, eyebrow ridges hands & feet.

Parathyroid Hormone - PTH **the overall effect is to increase blood calcium levels

4 tiny parathyroid glands lie along the posterior surface of thyroid gland. the stimulus for the release of PTH is low levels of calcium. Target organs : bone, digestive tract/intestines, and kidneys. INCREASES activity of osteoclast/break down of bone.

Biorhythms

Blood levels of most hormones are also controlled by biorhythms -a rhythmic alteration in a hormone's rate of secretion. some hormones, such as cortisol, are secreted in biorhythms, or 24-hour rhythms & female's reproductive hormones-a monthly pattern.

Adenohypophysis - aka the anterior pituitary gland

Called the MASTER GLAND. Secretes six major hormones. These hormones control other glands and affect many organ systems.

enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

epinephrine and norepinephrine help the body respond to stress by causing the following effects:

also converting glycogen to glucose in the liver, thereby making more glucose available to cells, increasing metabolic rate of most cells, thereby providing more energy, causing bronchodilation or opening up of the breathing passages to increase the flow of air into the lungs,

Hypophysis

also known as the Pituitary gland. is attached under the Hypothalamus and contains THREE lobes, but two main ones known as the anterior and posterior pituitary glands.

myxedema

caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion; also known as adult hypothyroidism

epinephrine and norepinephrine help the body respond to stress by causing the following effects:

changes blood flow patterns, causing dilation of the blood vessels to the heart and muscles and constriction of the blood vessels to the digestive tract.

pituitary gland - hypophysis

contains an anterior/adenohypophysis and posterior/neurohypophysis pituitary glands. each have their interchangeable names. the secretion of the anterior is under the control of the hypothalamus.

2) Oxytocin - secreted by Posterior Pituitary gland

contracts uterine muscle during labor; releases milk from mammary glands during breast feeding, the milk let down reflex. Pitocin, the snythetic oxytocin, initiates labor to speed it up.

cortisol secretion

cortisol secretion is highest morning hours, peaks at 8am, and lowest in the evening hours, lowest at midnight. this is an example of circadian rhythm

Hypocalcemia

deficient calcium in the blood. action potential continue to fire in the nerve and muscle membranes - causes the muscles to remain contracted. this is known as tenany.

Diabetes Insipidus (posterior pituitary gland)

disease classified as anti-diuretic hormone DEFICIENCY - causes an increased urine output. to remember to one, look for the word "sip" - if you "sip" some beers, you will have an increased urine output. do not confuse with diabetes mellitus.

Goiter (Thyroid Gland)

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation (goiter = throat)

Catecholamines - **adrenal medulla of adrenal gland**

epinephrine aka adrenaline and norepinephrine and classified as catecholamines and are secreted in emergency or stress situations. These, like the sympathetic nervous system help body respond to stress by elevating BP, increasing HR. Below are more examples.

acidosis

excessive pH in nlood, burn fatty acids for energy. leads to production of ketoacids - strong acids. leads to diabetic ketoacidosis. detected with fruity odor to the breath due to a rapid breakdown of fatty acids causing the formation of acetone. this gives it the fruity odor.

polydipsia

excessive thirst as in cases of diabetes or kidney dysfunction

Thyroid gland secretes

follicular cells : T3, T4, and calcitonin which is concerned with calcium and phosphate regulation.

Hypothyroidism - Decreased secretion of thyroid gland

in a slowed-down metabolic state characterized by slow heart rate, sluggish peristalsis resulting in constipation, a low body temperature, low energy, loss of hair, and weight gain.

Hypercalcemia

increased blood calcium. calcium can filter into urine. can cause kidney stones; can cause irregularities with the heart, nervous system, and GI tract; can lead to depression, fatigue, bradycardia, anorexia, and constipation.

prostraglandins

increased sensitivity of nerve endings to pain - NSAIDS block to production of prostraglandins. Help regulate the contraction of smooth muscle. the inflammatory response.

polyuria

increased urination

what affect does alcohol have on ADH secretion?

inhibits ADH secretion

Adrenal Medulla (Adrenal Gland)

inner region of the adrenal gland and is considered an extension of the sympathetic nervous system. Chromaffin cells within gland secrete two hormones : Epinephrine 85% & Norepinephrine 15%.

diabetes mellitus - Diabetes type 1 and 2

insufficient insulin. Type 1 : pancreas does not produce any insulin. Type 2 : receptors cannot accept the insulin for it is damaged. Decreased # of receptors. Can be caused by obesity/lack of exercise. adipose tissue secretes hormones that oppose effects of insulin.

Pineal gland

is a cone shaped gland located close to the thalamus in the brain. it has been called the body's biological clock aftening many of our biorhythms. secretes a hormone called Melatonin

Condition of the adrenal gland : Addison's Disease

is a hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex - causes general weakness, muscle atrophy, bronzing of skin, and severe loss of fluids and electrolytes

4. ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone -

is a tropic hormone secreted by the andenohypophysis aka anterior pituitary gland. stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex to secrete steroids, especially cortisol.

3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, TSH -

is a tropic hormone secreted by the andenohypophysis aka anterior pituitary gland; the target gland for the TSH is the thyroid gland, stimulating it to secrete two thyroid hormones.

Hashimoto's disease

is an autoimmune disease that damages the thyroid gland.

steroid-receptors

is located intracellularly. steroid hormones, which are lipid/fat soluble, pass through the plasma membrane of target cell and bind to receptors in nucleus. the steroid-receptor complex then stimulates protein synthesis and this alters cellular function.

Interaction between the adrenal medulla and cortex in response to stress

some medullary cells extend into the outer cortical layer, cortex. when stress activates the sympathetic fight-or-flight response, the medullary cells stimulate the cortex to secrete steroids, also stress hormones.

Melanocytes-stimulating hormones, MSH -

stimulates a darkening skin color, sun tan; secreted by a tiny third lobe of the pituitary gland.

Aldosterone - NaCl

the chief mineralocorticoid; often called the SALT RETAINING hormone. the primary target organ of aldosterone is the kidney where it acts to reabsorb sodium and H2O and eliminate potassium. Where water follows sodium, it increases the blood volume.

Islet of Langerhans - within the Pancreas

the hormone secreting cells of the pancreas . The islet of Langerhans has several types of these cells: the alpha cells: which secrete glucagon; and the beta cells: which secrete insulin. Both glucagon and insulin help regulate the metabolism of carbs, proteins, & fats. Particularly blood glucose.

Control of cortisol secretion - the secretion of cortisol involves the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and adrenal gland.

the hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone, which then stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH. ACTH, in turn, stimulates the cortex to secrete cortisol. Through negative feedback control, the cortisol inhibits further secretion of ACTH & additional Cortisol.

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

the hypothalamus secretes its hormones into a network of capillaries that connect the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary gland

the secretion of the anterior pituitary gland is under the control of

the hypothalamus. the secretion of anterior pituitary gland is controlled by Hypothalamic secretion of hormones called releasing hormones and release-inbiting hormones-they either stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hypophysis hormones.

Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal maturation of

the nervous system and for normal growth and development

Neurohypophysis

the posterior pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Conjugation

attach to a chemical group that gives a command

polyphagia

excessive hunger/eating

Hyperglycemia

increased blood sugar - glucose cannot enter the cells and is stored.

alpha cells of pancreas

secrete glucagon -glucagon increases blood sugar and this stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose.

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle.

Negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, a change in the opposite direction of the original change - helps endocrine glands maintain normal levels of their hormones.

Infundibulum

A stalk that attaches the hypophysis aka pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

dwarfism

GH deficiency in childhood; under 3 ft.

glucosuria or glycosuria

Glucose in urine. URIA=URINE

Negative feedback example

Pt on Presnisone/Cortisol drug. As blood cortisol levels rise, the secretion of ACTH by anterior pituitary gland is inhibited by negative feedback. in the absence of ACTH, the adrenal gland becomes "lazy" and stops the production of cortisol. as long as drug is taken, blood cortisol levels remain high.

Sugar, Salt, Sex

Sugar- glucocorticoids salt- mineralocorticoids sex- sex hormones

circadian rhythm (circa="around"; -dian="day"

a 24-hour rhythm; its pattern REPEATS EVERY 24-HOURS. this is why cortisol secretion is highest in the morning hours and lowest in the evening.

Cretinism

a congenital form of hypothyroidism; when child is born with no thyroid gland. child will not develop physically or mentally; short and stocky, w/ abnormal skeleton and signs of severe developmental delay.

Androgen

male sex hormone, primarily testosterone which are secreted by the testes. help develop the secondary sex characteristics.

Stress stimulates the pancreas to secrete glucagon

& this causes hyperglycemia

Calcitonin -acts as antagonist to parathyroid hormone

**Secreted by Parafollicular Cells** in response to increased blood calcium levels. Calcitonin deposits calcium into bone, stimulates activity of osteoblasts/making, decreases blood calcium levels. Also, increases excretion of calcium&phosphate in urine.

follicular cells of thyroid gland secrete two thyroid hormones:

-Triiodothyronine: T3 - more potent thyroid hormone than T4. Contains 3 Iodine atoms; -Tetraiodothyronine: T4 - more in quatity; contains 4 Iodine atoms.

bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

what are the signals for a release of antidiuretic hormone?

ADH is released in response to a concentrated blood, increased osmolarity, and decreased blood volume; both occur in dehydration.the hypothalamic cells that sense the increase osmolarityof the blood, the osmoreceptors.

Estrogen - female sex hormone **sex hormones of the ovaries usually mask the effects of the adrenal sex hormones**

In females, the masculinizing effects of the adrenal androgens, such an increased body hair, may be evident after menopause, when levels of estrogen and progesterone from ovaries decrease.

follicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete two iodine-contain hormones:

T3 and T4. There hormones regulate the body's metabolic rate.

5. FSH, Follicle-stimulating hormone - secreted by anterior pituitary gland

The FSH is a Gonadotropic hormone. It stimulates the development of ova, or eggs, in the female and stimulates sperm in the male. LH causes ovulation

Anterior Pituitary Gland; Adenohypophysis : the master gland

The MASTER GLAND! Secretes following hormones. 1.) Growth hormone, GH; 2.) Prolactin PRL-lactogenic hormone. **the following Tropic hormones**. 3.) Thyroid-Stimulating hormone; 4) ACTH; 5) FSH; 6) LH. the FSH and LH are Gonadotrophic hormones of the gonads.

Adrenal Cortex - **the outer region of the adrenal glands - located on the kidney. Secretes steroids. Lipid/fat-soluble hormones made from cholesterol.**

Three hormones are classified as steroids. They Include: 1) Glucocorticoids - SUGAR this also contains cortisol; 2) Mineralocortcoids - aldosterone, or SALT; 3) SEX Hormones.

In an absence or decrease of an anti-diuretic

a profound diuresis occurs, and the person may exrete up to 25 liters a day of dilute urine.

hyperthyroidism/ Grave's disease

a sped-up metabolic state that is characterized by an increase,in HR, & in peristalsis resulting in diarrhea, elevation in body temperature, hyperactivity, weight loss, and wide emotion swings. Increased sensitivity to EPINEPHRINE

exophthalmia - hyperthyroidism

abnormal protrusion of eyeball in hypertension patients due to increased fat pads behind the eyeball. eyes may appear to be bulging.

Melatonin - secreted by Pineal gland

affects the reproductive cycle by influencing the secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormones. plays an important role in sexual maturation. plays a role in sleep-wake cycles. increased levels in evening, decreased levels in the morning. SAD occurs in places where daylight hrs are shorter.

Condition of the adrenal gland : Cushing Syndrome

is a hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex - causes excess fat deposits in the face, "moon face", and between the scapulae, "buffalo hump"

2) Prolactin, PRL - secreted by anterior pituitary gland

is also called lactogenic hormone and is stimulated by the growth of the mammary glands and the production of milk after childbirth. as long as lactating mother breast feeds, PRL levels remain high, and milk is produced. PRL in males is unknown, but increases secretion of testosterone.

Posterior pituitary gland; aka Neurohypophysis

is controlled by the hypothalamus, but not through the secretion of releasing hormones. The 2 hormones of posterior pituitary gland are produced in hypothalamus and transported to the gland, where they are stored until needed. 1)Antidiuretic & 2)Oxytocin.

1. Antidiuretic hormone, ADH, or Vasopressure - secreted by Posterior Pituitary Gland

is released from posterior pituitary gland in an attempt to conserve water. the target organ is kidney, which controls water, stimulated reabsorbtion of water from urine and returns it to blood, by doing so, the amount of urine the kidney excretes decreases.

Insulin

is the ONLY hormone that lowers blood glucose. without insulin, gluocose stays in blood. insulin stimulates the breakdown of glucose for energy. also, stimulates the liver and ketletal muscle to store glucose of glycogen.

Thyroid Gland

is the largest of the endocrine glands; located in the anterior neck above the trachea. Contains two types of cells : the follicular cells, located next to the follicle. the PARAfollicular cells - do not touch the follicle.

the basal metabolic rate; BMR

is the metabolic rate of the body at rest; it refers to the number of calories needed to maintain life in the resting state.

1) Growth Hormones; also called somatotropin or somatotropic hormone - secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

its primary effects are on the growth of bones, cartilage, and skeletal muscles determining a person's size and height. Increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during fasting.

Thymus gland

lies deep in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum; the thymus gland secretes hormones called thymosins, which play roles in the immune system. Larger as a child, decreases in size as we age.

Pancreas - (P.I.G. : pancreas - insulin & glucagon)

located transversely across the upper abdomen, partially behind the stomach. it functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. The pancreas secretes at least five hormones. exocrine function is concerned w/digestion.

Prolonged use of steroids causes -

many harmful effects such as : cancer, osteoporosis, gonadal atrophy, sterility, and mental illness.

example of above -

prolactin-releasing hormone, secreted by hypothalamus, stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete prolactin. prolactin inhibiting/stopping hormone, PIH, secreted also by hypothalmus, inhibits the secretion of prolactin by the Anterior pituitary gland.

Second messenger - helps activate the

protein hormones bind to receptor sites located on cell membrane. the interaction of hormone with the receptor stimulates the production of a second messenger known as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, aka cAMP. in turn, HELPS ACTIVATE THE ENZYMES IN CELL.

Cortisol - Adrenal Gland *known as the chief glucocorticoid hormone that is secreted in greater amounts during times of stress.

released by adrenal cortex. -Cortisol is secreted in response to stress, increases blood glucose/sugar levels to provide body with energy.

Sex hormones - SEX **adrenal glands**

released by adrenal cortex. Secreted in small amounts. Include the female hormones, primarily estrogen, and male hormones, called androgen which is primarily testosterone. Help develop the secondary sex characteristics in male & female.

Glucocorticoids : SUGAR (adrenal gland)

released by adrenal cortex. affects carbohydrates and they convert amino acids into glucose by gluconeogenesis, thereby maintain blood glucose levels between meals. Ensures steady supply of GLUCOSE for brain and cells. Cortisol is the chief.

Mineralocorticoids : SALT (adrenal gland)

released by the adrenal cortex. regulates blood volume, blood pressure, and concentration of electrolytes through the action on the kidney. **the chief mineralocorticoid is Aldosterone. Stimulates the body to reabsorb sodium.

beta cells of pancreas

secrete insulin - insulin in released when blood glucose levels are HIGH. insulin helps transport glucose into cells.

Calcitonin - decreases blood calcium levels (thyroid gland)

secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid in response to increased blood calcium levels of calcium and stimulates osteoblastic, bone making, activity in bones, thereby moving calcium from blood to bones. Also, increases the excretion of calcium in urine.

Epinephrine

secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline. INCREASES BLOOD GLUCOSE.

a decrease in thyroid hormone, stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete a releasing hormone.

stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete the thyroid stimulating hormone - which stimulates the gland to produce thyroid hormone. Iodine combines with tyrosine to produce thyroid hormone.

how the parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levels?

stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine, works with Vitamin D to absorb calcium by digestive tract, decreased vitamin D can lead to a decrease in absorption of calcium; always take calcium with vitamin D

autocrine

term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them; a chemical signal that binds to and affects the cell that makes it.

Tropic Hormones - the remaining hormones of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY gland include:

these remaining glands of adenohypophysis are AIMED at and CONTROL other endocrine glands - 3) Thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH; 4) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, ACTH; 5) FSH, Follicle-stimulating; 6) LH, luteinizing hormone.