ab. psych. FINAL

negative symptoms of schizophrenia (428)

"pathological deficits" poverty of speech, blunted/flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia (425)

"pathological excesses" delusions, disorganised thinking/speech, heightened perceptions and hallucinations, and inappropriate affect

What is needed for a schizophrenia diagnosis according to the DSM-5 (422 & 430)

- can only be diagnosed if symptoms continue for 6 months or more - 1) for one month individual displays two or more of the following symptoms much of the time: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, very abnormal motor activity including catatonia, and negative symptoms. 2) at least one of the individual's symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. 3) individual functions much more poorly in various life spheres than was the case prior to the symptoms. 4) beyond this 1 month of intense symptomology, individual continues to display some degree of impaired functioning for at least 5 additional months.

Agranulocytosis

A life-threatening drop in white blood cells. This condition is sometimes produced by the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine.

cataonia (428)

A pattern of extreme psychomotor disturbance sometimes seen by those suffering from a rare form of schizophrenia (stupor, rigidity, or posturing)

paranoid personality disorder (474)

A personality disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others.

inappropriate affect (428)

Display of emotions that are unsuited to the situation; a symptom of schizophrenia.

What is true regarding trends in civil commitments?

Fewer people are institutionalized through civil commitment procedures today than in the past

Neuroleptic Drugs (455)

First-generation antipsychotic drugs, so called because they often produce undesired effects similar to the symptoms of neurological disorders

Dr. Newman is a sociocultural therapist. Which question would Dr. Newman be MOST interested in?

How does labeling someone with schizophrenia affect that person's behavior?

Which BEST reflects the findings of twin studies evaluating genetic factors associated with schizophrenia?

If one twin has schizophrenia, there is an increased risk of schizophrenia developing in the other twin, with a substantially higher risk for identical twins

The criteria of the _____ state that someone must have been experiencing a mental disorder at the time of the crime and must also have been unable to know right from wrong or to understand the nature of the act

M'Naghten rule

Amanda is talking with her friends. One of her friends says that she is disappointed about not being selected for a team sport. Amanda responds, "The coach told me I was his top pick. He said I would be his top pick of any sport because I'm just naturally athletic. I'm confident I'll play pro one day, probably be one of the youngest players in history." This example is characteristic of someone with ____ personality disorder.

Narcissistic

Cesar, age 24, has physically assaulted another person, causing serious injury. Statistically speaking, how likely is is that Cesar has a mental disorder?

Not that likely. Only a small percentage of all violent acts are committed by people with mental disorders

What is true regarding how people with schizophrenia were treated during the first half of the twentieth century?

People with schizophrenia were often neglected and abused even though the practice of "moral treatment" was widely endorsed

What is NOT a circumstance in which malpractice claims were made against clinicians?

Providing therapy that did not result in improvement

What is true regarding the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (anxiety disorder) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

Some people with obsessive compulsive personality disorder also experience obsessive-compulsive disorder

Deinstitutionalization (464)

The discharge of large numbers of patients from long-term institutional care so that they might be treated in community care programs.

What must be the true before a person may be tried for a crime and potentially found guilty?

The person must be capable of helping to defend themselves in court

In a token economy, if a person no longer receives tokens for saying his/her correct name when prompted, what is likely to follow?

The person will eventually stop saying his/her name correct when prompted

Which criticism has NOT been made about token economy programs in the treatment of the mentally ill?

There is no evidence of improvement as a result of these programs

Which statement is accurate about psychologists' predictions of future dangerousness?

They are wrong more often than right when it comes to long-term predictions

How do personality disorders differ from the personality characteristics of typical people?

They lead to more maladaptive, distressful, and inflexible behaviors

What is a common reason for the hospitalization of people with borderline personality disorder?

They may attempt suicide or otherwise hurt themselves

As a psychiatrist, you prescribe a patient with schizophrenia a second-generation antipsychotic medication. What patient education, regarding this medicine, should you provide?

This medication needs to be taken even after symptoms have subsided

The first antipsychotic drug to be approved for use in the U.S. was...

Thorazine (chlorpromazine)

token economy program

a behavior-focused program in which a person's desirable behaviors are reinforced systematically by the awarding of tokens that can be exchanged for goods or privileges

cognitive remediation (460)

a cog-behav. treatment that focuses on the cognitive impairments that often characterize people with schizophrenia, particularly their difficulties in attention, planning, and memory.

Hallucination Reinterpretation and Acceptance therapy (460)

a cog-behav. treatment that is designed to help change how people view and react to their hallucinations. Believes that if people can be guided to interpret their experiences in a more accurate way, they will not suffer the same fear and confusion.

formal thought disorder (425)

a disturbance in the production and organization of thought: loose associations: common disorder, rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another (derailment)

Milieu Therapy

a humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the premise that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity

dependent personality disorder (501)

a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of

Histrionic personality disorder (493)

a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking (previously hysterical personality disorder)

avoidant personality disorder (499)

a personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation

borderline personality disorder (487)

a personality disorder characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, mood, and by impulsive behavior

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (503)

a personality disorder characterized by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency

narcissistic personality disorder (496)

a personality disorder marked by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

antisocial personality disorder (481)

a personality disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people's rights (most closely linked to adult criminal behavior)

Schizophrenia (422)

a psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of strange perceptions, unusual emotions, and motor abnormalities

Avolition (428)

a symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action

a landmark california court case, Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, dramatically affected the right to confidentiality between client and therapist. this case led to the conclusion that....

a therapist must break the obligation of confidentiality if there is a clear danger to a specific identifiable person

Criminal commitment is a legal process by which people are....

accused of a crime and sent to a psychiatric institution for mental health treatment

Personality Disorder (474)

an enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a person's sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy.

dramatic personality disorders

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

Anxiety personality disorders

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

During the mid-1900s, why were the most "difficult" patients transferred to the back wards of state hospitals where they were often isolated, restrained, and punished?

because the priority of the state hospitals shifted from treating people humanely to maintaining order

One of the biggest challenges psychotherapists face when treating a person with schizophrenia is...

building a trusting relationship with the client

the psychomotor symptoms for schizophrenia may take certain extreme forms, collectively called...

catatonia

According to the case of Addington v. Texas (1979), the level of proof needed for civil commitment is...

clear and convincing

Exercise that boosts affection, memory, planning, and problem-solving are classified as _____, whereas exercises that train people how to understand and neutralize the voices in their head are classified as______.

cognitive restructuring approaches, & hallucination reinterpretation and acceptance approaches

Sigmund Freud believed that schizophrenia could result from...

cold and unnurturing parents

The most often heard criticism of the insanity defense is...

dangerous criminals escape punishment

People with _____ believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people.

delusions of control

Tardive dyskinesia

extrapyramidal effects involving involuntary movements that some patients have after they have taken conventional antipsychotic drugs for an extended time

Most people with schizophrenia who live in poorly supervised or unsupervised settings survive on....

government disability payments

Which defense allows the consideration of a defendant's mental dysfunction as an extenuating circumstance that may lead to conviction of a lesser crime?

guilty with diminished capacity

when Janice drinks her milk, she is sure from the taste that someone put salt in it. Janice is most likely experiencing a(n) _____ hallucination

gustatory

People with schizophrenia who receive 24-hour supervision in a community setting, usually following a milieu approach are receiving....

halfway house services

Which symptom is NOT associated with schizophrenia?

having an increased energy level

Anna shows no emotions when people tell her happy or sad stories and complains of hearing voices in her head telling her that the TV is spying on her. At times, she remains motionless in her chair for hours. When she does get out of her chair, she poses like the statue in the town square. Which of these represents a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

hearing voices in her head

When the seat belt light in DiDi's car stays on for a few extra seconds, she bursts into tears. She always craves attention and reacts to even the smallest event with an elaborate show of emotion. She probably could receive a diagnosis of....

histrionic personality disorder

Social therapy appears to play the strongest role in....

lessening the possibility of rehospitalization in those recovering from schizophrenia

In the middle of a conversation with your friend about ice hockey, she says "It's so cold during hockey season. All the movement---gliding and flying high in various patterns. Animals have their own approach, but not in the streets. Smells of blue everywhere!" Which formal thought disorder does this represent?

loose associations

poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal are all examples of _____ symptoms of schizophrenia

negative

A group of diagnostic clinicians can't agree with each other on appropriate personality disorder diagnoses for several clients. In fact, it is obvious that, in many cases, they have inaccurately made their diagnoses. Assuming they are competent clinicians, this situation would indicate the DSM-5 categories for personality disorder are....

neither reliable nor valid

Conventional antipsychotic drugs are referred to as ______ drugs because of their undesirable movement-related side effects.

neuroleptic

As a part of their therapy, clients learn to evaluate their unusual thoughts, track the accuracy of magical predictions, and reconnect with the world and with their limitations. The diagnoses of these clients would MOST likely be in which broad category of personality disorder?

odd

The patient taking clozapine to treat his schizophrenia should be told that...

ongoing blood testing will be required to monitor for early signs of agranulocytosis

odd personality disorders

paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia....

people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present

Hallucinations are to____, as delusions are to____.

perceptions, beliefs

schizoid personality disorder (478)

personality disorder marked by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion.

Some researchers note that the majority of those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder are female and that many of these women experienced emotional trauma, victimization, violence, and various forms for abuse of children. As a result, these researchers view the disorder as a special form of....

posttraumatic stress disorder

Compared with long-term institutionalization, short-term hospitalization that includes aftercare is more likely to....

produce greater improvement and fewer rehospitalizations

criticisms of token economy

programs raise ethical and legal concerns, the quality of improvement is questioned, and some studies used to laud the effectiveness of these programs were uncontrolled

the cognitive-behavioral view of schizophrenia....

provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia

The primary difference between mentally disorder sex offender laws and sexually violent predator laws is that mentally disordered sex offender laws...

require offenders to receive treatment instead of imprisonment

More than 80% of people acquitted of their crimes by reason of insanity qualify for a diagnosis of...

schizophrenia or other forms of psychosis

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (431)

similar to schizophrenia, most similar in severity and duration Schizophrenia Brief psychotic disorder Schizophreniform disorder Schizoaffective disorder Delusional disorder Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition Substance/Medication-induced psychotic disorder

mentalization (491)

the capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people.

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine (somewhat weakened by the discovery of second-generation antipsychotics)

The schizoid personality disorder differs from paranoid personality disorder in that....

those with schizoid personality disorder desire to be alone; those with paranoid personality are alone because of suspiciousness

Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that people who develop narcissistic personality disorder may have been treated....

too positively early in life

Community mental health center (464)

treatment facility that provides medication, psychotherapy, and emergency care for psychological problems and coordinates treatment in the community

With the help of a therapist, a client with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder has experienced a dramatic decrease in both dichotomous thinking and worrying. The client's behavior is...

uncommon, msot with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder do not seek help, and this person is most likely receiving cognitive therapy

extrapyramidal effects (456)

unwanted movements, such as severe shaking, bizarre-looking grimaces, twisting of the body, and extreme restlessness, sometimes produced by antipsychotic drugs (parkinsonian and related symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia)

Circumstantial evidence for the ____ theory comes from the unusually large number of people with schizophrenia born during the winter.

viral

The main difference between first-generation and second-generation antipsychotic drugs is....

whether or not they produce symptoms that resemble neurological disorders

What is true regarding gender differences related to avoidant personality disorder?

Both men and women are affected equally

The minimum standard of competent to stand trial was specified by the supreme court in the case of...

Dusky v. United States

One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that afflicted individuals....

are frequently unaware that they have a problem

A belief that unrelated events pertain to oneself in some important way is known as....

ideas of reference

A psychologist has been asked to complete an assessment of a defendant and testify in court. However, the psychologist does not feel that adequate examination of the defendant was possible. In this case, the psychologist must...

make clear the limitations of his/her testimony

What is the dark triad?

malicious traits that work together to produce offensive behavior

Schizotypal personality disorder (479)

personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities.

The group of antihistamine drugs that became the first group of effective antipsychotic medications was called...

phenothiazines

alogia (poverty of speech) (428)

a decrease in speech or speech content; a symptom of schizophrenia

psychosis (422)

a state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways

Hallucinations (426)

the experiencing of sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli