Ab Psych Final
neurodevelopmental disorders
ADHD {what type/category of disorders}
sociocultural views
Others propose that substance abuse and dependence are more likely to appear in families and social environments where substance use is valued or accepted {under what view}
dependent personality disorder
PD characterized by a pattern of clinging & obedience, fear of separation, & an ongoing need to be taken care of
histrionic personality disorder
PD characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality & attention seeking
avoidant personality disorder
PD characterized by consistent discomfort & restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, & extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation
schizotypal personality disorder
PD characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking & perceiving, & behavioral eccentricities
schizoid personality disorder
PD characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships & little expression of emotion
borderline personality disorder
PD characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, & mood & by impulsive behavior
personality disorder -- trait specific field (PDTS)
PD currently undergoing study for possible inclusion in a future revision of DSM-5
narcissistic personality disorder
PD marked by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, & lack of empathy
antisocial personality disorder
PD marked by a general pattern of disregard for & violation of other people's rights
paranoid personality disorder
PD marked by a pattern of deep distrust & suspicion of others
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
PD marked by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, & control that person loses flexibility, openness, & efficiency
short-term psychodynamic therapies
Patient chooses a problem to work on and patient & therapist focus on this problem thruout treatment & work on only on psychodynamic issues that relate to it
state anxiety
People also differ in their sense of which situations are threatening
assertive community treatment
People recovering from schizophrenia and other severe disorders need medication, psychotherapy, help in handling daily pressures and responsibilities, guidance in making decisions, training in social skills, residential supervision, and vocational counseling -- a combination of services sometimes called ...
avoidant personality disorder
People with ... are very uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, and extremely sensitive to negative evaluation. They believe themselves unappealing or inferior and often have few close friends
avoidant personality disorder
People with ... come to therapy seeking acceptance and affection
narcissistic personality disorder
People with this disorder are seldom interested in the feelings of others. Many take advantage of others to achieve their own ends
neurodevelopmental disorders
ASD {what type/category of disorders}
borderline personality disorder
Antidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, and antipsychotic drugs have helped some individuals to calm their emotional and aggressive storms: given the numerous suicide attempts by these patients, their use of drugs on an outpatient basis is controversial. Some patients have benefited from a combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy
-LS: impulsivity & aggression -frontal -take risks & seek thrills
Antisocial Personality Disorder -- a # of studies suggest that biological factors may play a role: -low levels of serotonin, impacting ... & ... -deficient functioning in ... lobes of brain -lower levels of anxiety & arousal, leading them to be more likely than others to ... & ...
avoidant personality disorder
Behavioral theorists suggest that people with this disorder typically fail to develop normal social skills
dependent personality disorder
Behaviorists propose that parents of those with dependent personality disorder unintentionally rewarded their children's clinging and "loyal" behavior while punishing acts of independence. Alternatively, some parents' own dependent behaviors may have served as models for their children
effectively or ineffectively
Bruch argues that parents may respond to their children either ... or ...
cognitive
Bruch's theory also contains several *...* factors, like improper labeling of internal sensations & needs
fear
CNS's physiological & emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being
anxiety
CNS's physiological & emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger
immigration & the mentally ill in the 21st century
Canadian woman was denied entry into US bc she had been hospitalized for depression in the previous year {time/category this falls under}
avoidant personality disorder
Cognitive theorists believe that harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead people to assume that their environment will always judge them negatively
histrionic personality disorder
Cognitive theorists look at the lack of substance and the extreme suggestibility found in people with the disorder. Some propose that people with ... hold a general assumption that they are helpless to care for themselves, so they seek out others who will meet their needs
histrionic personality disorder
Cognitive therapists try to help people with this disorder change their belief that they are helpless and try to help them develop better, more deliberate ways of thinking and solving problems
narcissistic personality disorder
Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that narcissistic personality disorder may develop when people are treated too positively rather than too negatively in early life. Those with the disorder have been taught to "overvalue their self-worth"
borderline personality disorder
Contemporary psychodynamic therapy has been somewhat more effective than traditional psychodynamic approaches when it focuses on the patient's central relationship disturbance, poor sense of self, and pervasive loneliness and emptiness {tx for ...}
categorical approach
DSM's listing of 10 distinct personality disorders
categorical & dimensional
DSM-5 requires clinicians to provide both ... & ... info as part of a proper diagnosis
antisocial personality disorder
DSM-5 requires that a person be at least 18 years old to receive this diagnosis
500 - 1350 A.D
Europe in the middle ages time period
did not require hospitalization - now known as outpatient therapy
Freud & his followers offered treatment primarily to patients who ...
GAD: Psychodynamic theory
Freud believed that all children experience anxiety. Today most theorists of this perspective often disagree w/ specific aspects of Freud's explanation {belief of what perspective}
anal retentive
Freudian theorists suggest that people w/ obsessive-compulsive PD are ...
Johann Weyer
German physician ... believed that the mind was as susceptible to sickness as the body
community mental health programs
Gheel was the forerunner of today's ...
500 B.C. to 500 A.D
Greek & Roman views time period
cognitive techniques
Help clients recognize and change their maladaptive attitudes toward food, eating, weight, and shape {what type of technique}
disturbed mother-child interactions *ego deficiencies* *perceptual disturbances*
Hide Bruch argued that eating disorders are the result of ... , which lead to serious ... in the child & serve to ...
psychodynamic
Hide Bruch developed a largely ... theory of eating disorders
clinical tests: drawing
"draw a person" "draw another person of the opposite sex"
euthanasia
"mercy killing"
coconscious subpersonalities
"quiet observers" who watch actions & thoughts of other subpersonalities but do not interact w/ them
incidence
# of new cases that emerge during a given period of time
Dorthea Dix
(Boston school teacher) made humane care a public & political concern in U.S.
mental to chronological
IQ represents the ration of a person's ... age to their ... age
the different methods of weight loss favored: -men are more likely to exercise -women more often diet
*a second reason* for the striking difference b/w the # of male & female eating disorder cases *may be .....
the requirements & pressures of a job or sport body image
*a second reason* for the striking difference b/w the # of male & female eating disorder cases *may be ..... For other men, .... appears to be a key factor
alcoholism
*alcohol use disorder*, known in popular terms as ...
late-onset Alzheimer's disease
*apolopoprotein E (ApoE)* gene is responsible for this onset of Alzheimer's (it is normally responsible for production of a protein that helps carry various fats into bloodstream)
removes anxiety by staying home
*how does school refusal get negatively reinforced?*
none
*if bed wetting 3 year old what is diagnosis*
-participants enlist voluntarily -before enlisting, participants are adequately informed about what study entails ("informed consent") -participants can end their participation in study at any time -benefits of study outweigh its costs/risks -participates are protected from physical & psychological harm -participants have access to info about the study -participants' privacy is protected by principles such as confidentiality or anonymity
IRBs try to endure that each study grants the following rights to participants:
1. many people w/ an eating disorder *qualify for a clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder* that do people in general public 2. *close relatives of people* w/ eating disorders seem to have a higher rate of depressive disorders than do close relatives of people w/out such disorders 3. many people w/ eating disorders, particularly bulimia nervosa, *have low activity of NT serotonin*, similar to serotonin abnormalities found in people w/ depression 4. people w/ eating disorders are often *helped by some of same antidepressant drugs that reduce depression*
*the claim* that eating disorders are connected to depression *is supported by 4 kinds of evidence*:
double standard for attractiveness
*the reasons for the striking difference* b/w the # of male & female eating disorder cases *are not entirely clear, but Western society's ..... is, at the very least, one reason*
behavioral & cognitive
In most treatment programs (for anorexia nervosa), a combination of ... and ... interventions are included
anorexia nervosa
In the past, treatment took place in a hospital setting; it is now often offered in day hospitals or outpatient settings {for what disorder}
dependent personality disorder
In therapy, people with this disorder usually place all responsibility for their treatment and well-being on the clinician. A key task is to help patients accept responsibility for themselves. Couple or family therapy can be helpful; both are often recommended
hallucinogen intoxication/ hallucinosis
-increased & altered sensory perception -hallucinations &/or synesthisia
weight & gender
... & ... affects blood alcohol concentration
alcohol & antianxiety drugs; benxodiazepines
... & ... are cross-tolerant so it is sometimes possible to reduce the (1) withdrawal reaction of delirium tremens by administering ..., along w/ vitamins & electrolytes
depressants
... *slow* the activity of the central nervous system
acetylcholine & glutamate
... NTs known to play an important role in mem
Pinel & Tuke
... advocated moral treatment
sexual dysfunction
... affect one or more of first 3 phases
culture-sensitive therapies
... are designed to address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups
benzodiazepines
... are often prescribed to relieve anixety
narcotics
... are smoked, inhaled, injected by needle just under the skin ("skin popped"), or injected directly into the bloodstream ("mainlined"). Injection seems to be most popular use
stimulants
... are substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system
delusions of persecution
... are the most common type of delusions in schizophrenia
sociocultural interviewers
... ask about the family, social & cultural environments in interviews
humanistic clinicians
... ask about the person's self-evaluation, self-concept, & values in interviews
societal
... attitudes may explain economic & racial differences seen in prevalence rates
Szasz
... believed societies invent the concept of mental illness to better control or change people who threaten social order
cognitive triad
... consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, & the future
heroin
... exemplifies the problems posed by opioids
deviance
... from social normals
schizotypal personality disorder
... has also been linked to mood disorders, especially depression
borderline personality disorder
... has been linked to certain biological abnormalities, such as an overly reactive *amygdala* & underactive *prefrontal cortex*
outpatient care
... has now become the primary mode of treatment
benzodiazepines
... have a depressant effect on CNS by binding to GABA receptors & increasing GABA activity
national interest groups
... have formed in countries around the world that push for better community treatment
dyspareunia
... in women usually has a physical cause, most commonly from injury sustained in childbirth
cyclothymic disorder
... is assigned when mild manic/depressive symptoms for 2 or more years, interrupted by periods of normal mood
avoidant personality disorder
... is similar to *social anxiety disorder*, & many people w/ 1 of these disorders also experience the other
maladaptive attitudes cognitive triad
... lead people repeatedly to view themselves, their world, & their future in negative ways - so-called ...
pituitary gland
... lies near hypothalamus to secrete *adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)*
biological clinicians
... look for signs of biochemical or brain dysfunction in interviews
tube & intravenous feedings
... may breed distrust in patient & create power struggles (w/ anorexia nervosa)
families
... may play an important role in development of eating disorders
compensatory behaviors
... may temporarily relieve the negative feelings attached to binge eating. Over time, however, a cycle develops in which purging --- bingeing --- purging
histrionic personality disorder
... often engage in attention-getting behaviors & are always "on stage". Approval & praise are lifeblood of these individuals
hallucinogens
... produce delusions, hallucinogens, & other sensory changes
hallucinogens
... produce powerful changes in sensory perceptions (sometimes called "trips")
cannabis
... produces sensory changes, but it also has depressant & stimulant effects, & so it is considered apart from hallucinogens in the DSM-5
Albert Ellis
... proposed that many people are guided by irrational beliefs that lead them to act & react in inappropriate ways
benzodiazepines
... relieve anxiety w/out causing drowsiness. Less likely to slow breathing & lead to death by overdose
state's authority
... rests on its duties to protect interests of individual & socicty
Vitamin E
... seems to help prevent or slow down further cognitive decline
M'Naghten test
... stated that experiencing a mental disorder at time of crime did not by itself mean that person was insane; defendant also had to be unable to know right from wrong
schizotypal
... symptoms are often linked to family conflicts & to psychological disorders in parents
psychodynamic
... theorists believe that people who abuse substances have powerful *dependency* needs that can be traced to their early years
cognitive interviewers
... try to discover assumptions & interpretations that influence the person in interviews
psychodynamic interviewers
... try to learn about the person's needs & memories of past events & relationships in interviews
behavioral interviewers
... try to pinpoint info about the stimuli that trigger responses & their consequences in interviews
predictive validity
... validity is of the most use clinically
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy acceptance & commitment therapy
... was developed by psychologist Steven Hayes & his colleagues as part of their broader treatment approach called ...
contingency management
... which makes incentives contingent on submission of drug-free urine specimens
barbituates
... withdrawal is particularly dangerous bc it can cause convulsions
short-term
...-term: alcohol blocks messages b/w neurons
deviance
.... from behaviors, thoughts, & emotions that differ markedly from a society's ideas about proper functioning
-single-subject experiment; -internal
.... is similar to individual case studies ~both focus on one subject only ~both have low external validity However, the (.1.) has higher ... validity than the case study, given the manipulation of an IV
like other amphetamines, methamphetamine
........ increases activity of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, & norepinephrine, producing increased arousal, attention, & related effects
*genetic linkage* strategies & *molecular biology* techniques
........ provide more direct evidence in support of a genetic explanation
-theories & treatments -theory or technique
...that seem reasonable & effective in individual instances may prove disastrous when widely accepted. Only by fully testing .... on representative groups of individuals can clinicians evaluate the accuracy, effectiveness, & safety of their ideas & techniques
oral stage
0-18 months of age
avoidant personality disorder
1. A key task of the therapist is to gain the individual's trust: Beyond building trust, therapists tend to treat the disorder as they treat social phobia and anxiety 2. Group therapy formats, especially those that follow cognitive-behavioral principles, also help by providing practice in social interactions 3. Antianxiety and antidepressant drugs are also sometimes useful
dependent personality disorder
1. Cognitive theorists identify two maladaptive attitudes as helping to produce and maintain this disorder: -"I am inadequate and helpless to deal with the world" -"I must find a person to provide protection so I can cope" 2. Such thinking prevents sufferers of the disorder from making efforts to be autonomous
Compulsatory Outpatient Treatment
Kendra's law in NY
serotonin
LSD produces its symptoms by binding ... receptors. These neurons help control visual info & emotions, thereby causing various effects of drug on user
dependent personality disorder
1. Object-relations theorists say that early parental loss or rejection may prevent normal experiences of attachment and separation, leaving some children with lingering fears of abandonment 2. Other theorists argue that parents were overinvolved and overprotective, increasing their children's dependency
genital
12 years - adulthood
anal stage
18 months - 3 years old
a *sufferer* who seeks relief from healer
1st essential feature of therapy according to Jerome Frank
1. stressor 2. stress response
2 components of the state of stress:
1. *poor coordination* of services 2. *shortage* of services
2 factors primarily responsible for community treatment failing:
1. Emil Kraeplin argued that physical factors (such as fatigue) are responsible for mental dysfunction 2. new biological discoveries were made, such as the link b/w untreated syphilis & general paresis
2 factors were responsible for the rebirth of the somatogenic perspective:
1. ANS 2. endocrine system
2 important systems the hypothalamus activates:
1. restricting type 2. binge-eating/purging type
2 main subtypes of anorexia nervosa:
1. test-retest reliability 2. interrater reliability
2 main types of reliability:
subpersonalities
2 or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering w/ dissociative identity disorder
caffeine & nicotine
2 other widely used & legal stimulants are ... & ...
1. sympathetic nervous system pathway 2. hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal pathway
2 pathways/routes by which ANS & endocrine systems produce arousal & fear reactions
legal field
2 social institutions have a particularly strong impact on mental health profession --legislative & judicial systems -- collectively called "the ..."
-epidemiological studies -longitudinal studies
2 special forms of correlational study
a trained, socially accepted *healer*, whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer & their social group
2nd essential feature of therapy according to Jerome Frank
phallic stage
3 - 7 years
-control group -random assignment -blind design -placebo effect (bias)
3 features that are included in experiments to guard against confounds and 1 for bias
cognitive triad
3 forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed
1. case study 2. correlation method 3. experimental method
3 methods of investigation clinical researchers use:
1. alcohol 2. sedative-hypnotic drugs 3. opioids
3 most widely used groups of depressants are:
1. face validity 2. predictive validity 3. concurrent validity
3 specific types of validity:
a *series of contacts* b/w healer & sufferer, thru which the healer ... tries to produce certain changes in sufferer's emotional state, attitudes, & behavior
3rd essential feature of therapy according to Jerome Frank
rapid cycling
4 or more cycles per year
1. desire 2. excitement 3. orgasm 4. resolution
4 phases of the cycle:
latency stage
5 - 12 years
1. emotional symptoms 2. motivational symptoms 3. behavioral symptoms 4. cognitive symptoms 5. physical symptoms
5 main areas of functioning that may be affected in unipolar depression:
caffeine
Many people who suddenly stop or cut back their usual intake experience withdrawal symptoms, including headaches, depression, anxiety, and fatigue
dependent personality disorder
Many people with this disorder feel distressed, lonely, and sad. Often they dislike themselves
barbituates
A great danger of ... dependence is that the lethal dose of the drug remains the same, even while the body is building a tolerance for the sedative effects
behavioral
On the ... side, clients are required to monitor feelings, hunger levels, and food intake and the ties among those variables
cognitive
On the ... sides, they are taught to identify their "core pathology"
trait anxiety
A person's general level or arousal & anxiety
sociocultural model
abnoraml behavior is best understood in light of the broad forces that influence an individual
dangerous
abnormal behavior may become ... to oneself or others -behavior may be consistently careless, hostile, or confused
dysfunctional
abnormal behavior tends to be ... - it interferes w/ daily functioning
a family
abnormal interactions & forms of communication w/in ... may also set the stage for an eating disorder
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual cycles
delusions
absurd false beliefs
Szasz
according to ... deviations called "abnormal" are only "problems of living"
cognitive
according to ... theorists, these deficiencies contribute to a broad (1) distortion that lies at the center of eating disorders (e.g., negative self-judgement based on body shape & weight)
Jerome Frank
according to ...., all forms of therapy have 3 essential features
symbolic loss
according to Freudian theory, the loss of a valued object (i.e. loss of employment) that is unconsciously interpreted as loss of a loved one
humors
according to Greeks & Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental & physical functioning
intolerance of uncertainty theory
according to another new explanation for GAD, the ..., certain individuals cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events *may* occur, even if possibility of occurrence is very small
operant conditioning
according to behaviorists, ... may play a key role in substance use disorders
distress
according to many clinical theorists, behavior, ideas, or emotions usually have to cause .... before they can be labeled abnormal -this is not always the case: people view difference circumstances/experiences differently
transference
according to psychodynamic theorists, redirection toward psychotherapist of feelings associated w/ imp figures in a patient's life, now or in the past
1. psychological problems (ego, cognitive, & mood disturbances) 2. biological factors 3. sociocultural conditions (societal, family, & multicultural pressures)
according to the multidimensional risk perspective *leading factors* to eating disorders:
GAD: Sociocultural Perspective
according to this theory *GAD* is most likely to develop in people faced w/ social conditions that truly are dangerous (*poverty, race*, oppressed group status, dangerous environment) {belief of what perspective}
validity
accuracy
internal validity
accuracy with which a study can pinpoint one factor as the cause of a phenomenon
effective parents
accurately attend to their children's biological & emotional needs, giving them food when they are crying from hunger & comfort when they are crying out of read
anomic suicide
act of a person who has been let down by a disorganized, inadequate, often decaying society
egoistic suicide
act of a person who rejects the structures of a society
lycanthropy
acted wolf-like and imagined that fur was growing all over their bodies
in vivo desensitization
actual confrontation (w/ feared object/situation)
barbituates
addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety & help people sleep
autistic disorder & Asperger's syndrome
adding a new category, "autism spectrum disorder," combines certain past categories such as ... & ...
behavioral activation
adding positive activities to a person's life
-has high external validity ~can generalize findings ~generalizable to outside world -can repeat (replicate) studies on other samples
advantages of the correlational method:
compensate for & "undo" the caloric effects
after a binge, people w/ bulimia nervosa try to ...
clozapine
agranulocytosis is sometimes produced by atypical antispychotic drug ...
behavioral therapists
aim to identify the behaviors that are causing a person's problems & then try to replace them w/ more appropriate ones by applying the principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or modeling
GABA
alcohol helps ... (an inhibitory messenger) shut down neurons & relax the drinker
ethyl alcohol
all alcoholic beverages contain ...
narcotics
all opioid drugs - natural & synthetic - are known collectively as ...
dichotomous thinking
all-or-nothing
analogue experiment
allow investigators to freely manipulate IVs while avoiding ethical & practical limitations
clinical interviews
allow the interviewer to focus on whatever topics they consider most important: focus depends on theoretical orientation
experimental method
allows researchers to ask questions
police power
allows state to take steps to protect society from a person who is dangerous
substance use disorder
also called "addiction"
neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease
also called *Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease*
sedative-hypnotic drugs
also called *anxiolytic* (meaning "anxiety-reducing")
residential treatment center
also called a &therapeutic community
hallucinogens
also called a *psychedelic drug*
psychological debriefing
also called critical incident stress debriefing
premature ejaculation
also called early or rapid ejaculation
longitudinal studies
also called high-risk or developmental studies
couple therapy
also called marital therapy
antianxiety drugs
also called minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics
quasi-experiment
also called mixed design
antibipolar drugs
also called mood stabilizers
dissociative identity disorder
also called multiple personality disorder
self-help group
also called mutual help group
psychosurgery
also called neurosurgery
frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
also known as *Pick's disease*
second-generation antispychotic drugs
also known as *atypical antipsychotic drugs*
day center
also known as *day hospital*
loose associations
also known as *derailment*
alogia
also known as *poverty of speech*
short-term memory
also known as *working memory*
somatization pattern
also known as Briquet's syndrom
tarantism
also known as Saint Vitus' dance
halfway house
also known as a *group home* or *crisis house*
subpersonalities
also known as alternate personalities
bulimia nervosa
also known as binge-purge syndrome
empirically supported treatment
also known as evidence-based treatment
hypnotic therapy
also known as hypnotherapy
mainstreaming
also known as inclusion
client-centered therapy
also known as person-centered therapy
psychophysiological disorders
also known as psychological factors affecting other medical conditions
muscle contraction headache
also known as tension headache
transvestic disorder
also known as transvestism or cross-dressing
laxatives & diuretics
also largely fails to reduce the # of calories consumed
epidemiological studies
also referred to as "descriptive studies" bc goal is to largely to *describe* incidence or prevalence of a disorder "w/out trying to predict or explain when or why it occurs"
paranoid personality disorder
although inaccurate, the suspicions of this disorder are usually not "*delusional*" - ideas are not no bizarre or so firmly held as to clearly remove individual from reality
danergousness
although often cited as a feature is psychological abnormality, research suggests that ... is the exception rather than the rule
predominant pain pattern
although precise prevalence has not been determined, it appears to be fairly common. Often develops after an accident or illness that has caused genuine pain
extreme self-blame, guilty, depression, & fears of weight gain & being discovered
although the binge itself may be pleasurable, it is usually followed by feelings of ...
cocaine & amphetamines
among the most troublesome stimulants are ... & ..., whose effects on people are very similar
norepinephrine, dopamine, & serotonin
amphetamines stimulate the CNS by increasing ... , ... , & ...
1. increase energy & alertness & reduce appetite when taken in small doses 2. produce a rush, intoxication, & psychosis in high doses 3. cause an emotional letdown as they leave body
amphetamines:
cocaine
an addictive stimulant obtained from the coca plant
Korsakoff's syndrome
an alcohol-related deficiency of Vitamin B (thiamine)
functional analysis
an analysis of how the behaviors are learned & reinforced
trephination
an ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior
agoraphobia
an anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms were to occur
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent & unpredictable panic attacks
special education
an approach to educating children w/ intellectual disability in which they are grouped together & given a separate, specially designed education
play therapy
an approach to treating childhood disorders that helps children express their conflicts & feelings indirectly by drawing, playing w/ toys, & making up stories
stress-management program
an approach to treating generalized & other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing & controlling stress
private psychotherapy
an arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services
theory of mind
an awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, & other mental states, not on info that they have no way of knowing
isolation
an ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate & disown undesirable & unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions
reaction formation
an ego defense mechanism whereby a person suppresses an unacceptable desire by taking on a life-style that expresses the opposite desire
undoing
an ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act
personality disorder
an enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience & outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a person's sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, &/or capacity for intimacy
binge
an episode during which a person ingests a very large quantity of food
major depressive disorder
an episode of extreme sadness & related symptoms
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
an ethics committee in a research facility that is empowered to protect the rights and safety of human research participants
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)
an example of national interest groups is ...
mania
an excess of yellow bile
quasi-experiment
an experiment in which investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at a large
natural experiment
an experiment in which nature, rather than an experimenter, manipulates an IV, while the experimenter observes the effects
blind design
an experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control condition
eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR)
an exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds w/ images of objects & situations they ordinarily avoid
Huntington's disease
an inherited progressive disease in which memory problems, along w/ personality changes, mood difficulties, & movement problems, worsen over time
rush
an injection (of narcotics) quickly brings on a ...
managed care program
an insurance program in which insurance company decides cost, method, provider, & length of treatment
intelligence quotient (IQ)
an overall/general score derived from intelligence tests
resistance
an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy
idiographic
an understanding of a particular individual
eccentricity
an unusual pattern with which others have no right to interfere
-the work of evil spirits; -the Stone Age
ancient societies probably regarded abnormal behavior as ... This view may have begun as far back as ...
starvation: -amenorrhea -low body temp -low BP -body swelling -reduced bone density -slow HR -metabolic & electrolyte imbalances -dry skin, brittle nails -poor circulation -lanugo
anorexia nervosa: Medical Problems ----- caused by ... :
avoidance theory
another explanation for GAD, the ..., was developed by researcher Thomas Borkovec
ACT
another form of cognitive-behavioral treatment that has been used in cases of substance use disorder is ...
dendrites
antenna-like extensions located at one end of neuron
tricyclic
antidepressant drug such as imipramine that has 3 rings in its molecular structure
MAO inhibitor
antidepressant drug that prevents action of enzyme monoamine oxidase
bulimia nervosa
antidepressant medications are used for what disorder (best when used in combination w/ other forms of therapy)
schizotypal personality disorder
antipsychotic drugs appear to be somewhat helpful in reducing certain thought problems {tx for what disorder}
"conventional" antipsychotic drugs
antipsychotic drugs developed thruout 1960s, 1970s, & 1980s are now referred to as ...
separation anxiety disorder
anxiety about being separated from one's parents or other key individuals
social anxiety disorer
anxiety about social situations
alcohol
any beverage containing ethyl alcohol, including beer, wine, & liquor
variable
any characteristic or event that can vary, whether from time to time, from place to place, or from person to person
drug
any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds
avolition
apathy
personality inventory
appear to have greater validity than projective tests: strength of ...
trait anxiety
appears soon after birth
gender-sensitive therapies
approaches geared to the pressure of being a woman in Western society
culture-sensitive therapies
approaches that are designed to help address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups
intelligence test
are among the most carefully produced of all clinical tests: strength of ...
correlational question
are family conflict & mental disorders related?
correlational question
are income & mental disorders related?
correlational question
are social skills tied to mental disorders?
endorphins
are sometimes referred to as body's own opioids
correlational question
are stress & onset of mental disorders related?
-ill -having difficulty
are sufferers patients (...) or clients (....)?
sexual dysfunction
are typically very distressing, & often lead to sexual frustration, guilt, loss of self-esteem, & interpersonal problems
psychoneuroimmunology
area of study that ties stress & illness to body's immune system
extrapyramidal areas of brain
areas that help control motor activity
conduct disorder
arguing but also violating rights of others
transvestic disorder
aroused by wearing clothes of opposite gender
1800
as .... [year] approached, the treatment of people w/ mental disorders began to improve once again
binge eating disorder
as a result of their frequent binges, around 2/3s of people w/ ... become overweight or even obese
paranoid personality disorder
as a result of their mistrust, people w/ ... often remain cold & distant
thinness, appearance, & dieting
as many as 1/2 of families of those w/ eating disorders have a long history of emphasizing ......
Alzheimer's disease
as symptoms worsen, person has trouble completing complicated tasks & remembering important appointments. Eventually sufferers also have difficulty w/ simple tasks, distant memories are forgotten, & changes in personality often become very noticeable
1800s, 2 opposing perspectives emerged (somatogenic & psychogenic perspective)
as the moral movement was declining in the late ...
crashing
as the stimulant effects of cocaine subside, the user goes thru a depressive-like letdown, popularly called ...
MMPI
assesses careless responding & lying (specifically)
catatonic posturing
assuming awkward, bizarre postions for long periods of time
neurological & neuropsychological tests
at best these tests are general screening devices: weakness of ...
nerve ending
at end of axon
75%
at least ...% of all privately insured persons in the U.S. are enrolled in managed care programs
alternative
at same time, framers acknowledged the likely future direction of PD classifications by also describing a ... dimensional approach
began to lose favor again
at the close of the Middle ages, demonology & its methods ...
delusions of reference
attach special & personal meaning to actions of others or to various objects or events
encopresis
attention seeking
hebephilic type
attracted to early pubescent childrent
pedohebephilic type
attracted to prepubescent & early pubescent children
classic type
attracted to prepubescent children
negative
atypical drugs appear more effective than conventional antipsychotic drugs, especially for ... symptoms
extrapyramidal tardive dyskinesia
atypical drugs cause few ... side effects & seem less likely to cause ...
agranulocytosis
atypical drugs do, however, carry a risk of ...
weight gain, dizziness, & significant elevations in blood sugar
atypical drugs may also cause ....
*motivational symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
avolition {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
oppositional defiant disorder
b/w conduct disorder & oppositional defiant disorder which more common
conduct disorder
b/w conduct disorder & oppositional defiant disorder which one is more severe
LD: reduce excitement manner similar to alcohol by attaching to GABA receptors & helping GABA operate HL: can halt breathing, lower BP, & lead to coma & death
barbituates: -at low doses, they ... -at too high a level, they ...
token economy program
based on behavioral principles
milieu therapy
based on humanistic principles
milieu therapy
based on premise that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, & meaningful activity
viral theory
bc Alzheimer's disease resembles Creutzfelt-Jakob disease, some researchers propose that a similar virus may cause Alzheimer's disease
borderline personality disorder
bc of a fear of abandonment tortures so many people w/ ... psychodynamic theorists look to early parental relationships to explain it/ Object-relations theorists propose a lack of early acceptance or abuse/neglect by parents: research has found some support for this view, including a link to early sexual abuse
polysubstance use
bc people often take more than 1 drug at a time, a pattern called ... , researchers have studied the ways in which drugs interact w/ one another
schizophrenia spectrum disorders
bc psychotic disorders all bear a similarity to schizophrenia, they - along w/ schizophrenia itself - are collectively called ...
Dorthea Dix
because of/due to the influence of ... each state was made responsible for developing effective mental hospitals, state hospitals, all of which were intended to offer moral treatment
mental hospitals
before 1950, almost all outpatient care took the form of
similarity
begin after a period of dieting {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
treatment decisions
begin w/ assessment info & diagnostic decisions to determine a treatment plan. Use a combination of idiographic & nomothetic info
criminal
behavior that breaks legal norms is considered to be
masturbatory satiation
behavioral treatment in which a client masturbates for a long period of time while fantasizing in detail about a paraphilic object
exposure therapies
behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread
rewards
behavioral weight-restoration approaches (for anorexia nervosa) have clinicians use ... whenever patients eat properly or gain weight
"odd" personality disorders
behaviors of ... leave the person isolated
"dramatic" personality disorders
behaviors of people w/ this cluster of PDs are so dramatic, emotional, or erratic that it is almost impossible for them to have relationships that are truly giving & satisfying
abnormal
behaviors, thoughts, & emotions that break norms of psychological functioning are called
self efficacy
belief that one can master & perform needed behaviors whenever necessary
ideas of reference
beliefs that unrelated events pertain to them in some important way
cognitive therapists
believe people w/ psychological disorders can overcome their problems by developing new, more functional ways of thinking
psychodynamic theorists
believe that a person's behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which they are not consciously aware of
behavioral theorists
believe that our actions are determined largely by our experiences in life (like psychodynamic theories) but concentrate on behaviors
self theorists
believe that schizophrenia reflects a struggling fragmented self
delusions of control
believe their feelings, thoughts, & actions are being controlled by other people
delusions of grandeur
believe themselves to be great inventors, religious saviors, or other specially empowered persons
delusions of persecution
believe they are being plotted or discriminated against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked, or deliberately victimized
Hippocrates
believed & taught that illnesses had natural causes
loose associations
believing that their incoherent statements make sense
neurological & neuropsychological tests
best when used in a battery of tests, each targeting a specific skill area
nocturnal
bet wetting at night
1,000 - 10,000
binge-eaters commonly consume b/w ... & ... calories per binge episode
secret
binges are often carried out in ...
great tension &/or powerlessness
binges are usually preceded by feelings of ...
massive amounts of food very rapidly w/ little chewing: usually sweet, high-calorie foods w/ soft texture
binges involve eating ....
dopamine; frontal-striatal
biological factors have been identified in many cases of ADHD, particularly abnormal activity of NT ... & abnormalities in ... regions of brain
*low serotonin*
biological findings may be related to ...
certain genes
biological theorists suggest ..... may leave some people particularly susceptible to eating disorders
*cognitive symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
blame themselves for unfortunate events {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
coronary arteries
blood vessels that surround heart & are responsible for carrying oxygen to heart muscle
code of ethics
body of principles & rules for ethical behavior, designed to guide decisions & actions by members of a profession
immune system
body's network of activities & cells that identify & destroy antigens & cancer cells
female-male gender dysphoria
born female but appear or behave in stereotypically masculine manner from early on
male-female gender dysphoria: androphilic type
born male but appear or behave in stereotypically female manner from birth
1. increase in respiration 2. perspiration 3. muscle tension etc.
both fear & anxiety have the same physiological features:
mutual responsibility
both partners in relationship share sexual problem, regardless of who has actual dysfunction
binge
bouts of uncontrollable overeating during a limited period of time: eat objectively more than most people would/could eat in a similar period
tolerance
brain & body's need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects
enlarged ventricles
brain cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid
prefrontal cortex
brain region linked to planning, self-control, & decision making
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
brain region that depresses hunger when activated (stops eating)
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
brain region that produces hunger when activated (even if have been fed recently)
amygdala
brain structure closely tied to fear & other negative emotions
psychosurgery
brain surgery for mental disorders
forensic psychology
branch of psychology concerned w/ intersections b/w psychological practice & research judicial system
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
brings on a state of hallucinogen intoxication (hallucinosis)
nomothetic data
broad info about the nature & treatment of disease/diagnosis
community approach
broadest approach of treatment for schizophrenia & other severe mental disorders is ...
VMH
bulemic behavior can cause damage to ...
*compensatory behaviors* 1. purging-type bulimia nervosa 2. nonpurging-type bulimia nervosa
bulimia nervosa is also characterized by inappropriate .... , which mark the subtype of the condition:
binges
bulimia nervosa, also known as "binge-purge syndrome", is characterized by ...
control group & experimental group
by comparing the .... & ..., researchers can better determine the effect of the IV
early 20th century
by the ..... [time period], psychoanalytic theory & treatment were widely accepted
20th
by the early years of the .... century, the moral treatment movement had ground to a halt; long-term hospitalization became the rule once again
-money & staff shortages -declining recovery rates -overcrowding -emergence of prejudice
by the end of the 19th century, several factors lead to a reversal of the moral treatment movement:
extrapyramidal effects
called ... bc they appear to be caused by drugs' impact on extrapyramidal areas of brain
causal/experimental question
can an intervention prevent abnormal functioning?
case study
can be a source of *new ideas* about behavior
early-onset Alzheimer's disease
can be caused by abnormalities in genes responsible for production of 2 proteins - *beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP)* & *presenilin protein*
psychophysiological test
can be inaccurate & unreliable: weakness of ...
neurological & neuropsychological tests
can be very accurate: strength of ...
benzodiazepines
can cause intoxication & lead to abuse & dependence
elimination disorder
can diagnose age 6 & up
naturalistic observation
can occur in homes, schools, institutions (hospitals & prisons), & community settings
LD: joy & relaxation -may become anxious, suspicious, or irritated -this overall "high" is technically called cannabis intoxication HD: odd visual experiences, changes in body image, & hallucinations
cannabis -at low doses, the user feels ... -at high doses. cannabis produces
intersex
cannot be ... to have gender dysphoria
elimination disorder
cannot diagnose 4 year old (has to be after potty training
sporadic Alzheimer's disease
cases that develop after age of 65. These cases do not typically run in families & are often called ...
psychomotor symptoms
catatonia {what type of symptom of schizophrenia)
1. problematic personality traits are either present or absent in people 2. personality disorder is either displayed or not displayed by a person 3. person who suffers from a PD is not markedly troubled by personality traits outside of that disorder *it is like a light switch that is either on of off*
categorical approach assumes that:
1. environmental pressure or anxiety 2. *allergies* , *slow-acting sympathetic nervous system* , *weakened respiratory system*
causal psychosocial factors of *asthma*:
1. environmental pressures ; general feelings of *helplessness*, anger, anxiety, & depression 2. *abnormal serotonin activity*, *vascular problems*, *muscle weakness*
causal psychosocial factors of *chronic headaches*:
1. *job stress* , high levels of anger or depression 2. *high level of cholesterol* , obesity, *hypertension* , effects of smoking, *lack of exercise*
causal psychosocial factors of *coronary heart disease*:
1. *constant stress* , environmental danger, general feelings of anger or depression 2. 10% caused by physiological factors alone 3. obesity, smoking, *poor kidney function* , *high proportion of collagen (rather than elastic) tissue in an individual's blood vessels*
causal psychosocial factors of *hypertension*:
1. high levels of anxiety or depression 2. *overactive arousal system* , *certain medical ailments*
causal psychosocial factors of *insomnia*:
1. environmental pressures , intense feelings of anger or anxiety 2. *bacterial infection*
causal psychosocial factors of *ulcers*:
etiology
cause
cannabis drugs
cause a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, & stimulant effects
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
caused by a slow-acting virus
-don't know- -prodominantly genetic ~high levels of stress ~family dysfunctioning
causes of ADHD:
1. loss 2. change 3. trauma 4. rejection 5. abuse
causes of depression:
autoimmune theory
changes in aging brain cells may trigger an autoimmune response, leading to the disease
oppositional defiant disorder
characterized by *repeated arguments w/ adults*, loss of temper, anger, & resentment
disruptive mood regulation disorder
characterized by a combination of persistent depressive symptoms & recurrent outbursts of severe temper
loose associations
characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another
covert-destructive pattern
characterized by secretive destructive behaviors such as violating other people's property, breaking & entering, & setting fires
conduct disorder
characterized by symptoms such as physical cruelty to people or animals, deliberate destruction of other people's property, & commission of various crimes
second messengers
chemical changes w/in a neuron just after neuron receives a neurotransmitter message & just before it responds
hormones
chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream
recidivists
child has a history of having been arrested
encopresis
childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecating in inappropriate places, such as one's clothing
conduct disorder
childhood disorder in which child repeatedly violates basic rights of others & displays aggression
oppositional defiant disorder
childhood disorder in which children are repeatedly argumentative & defiant, angry & irritable, & in some cases, vindictive
enuresis
childhood disorder marked by repeated bed-wetting of one's clothes
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along w/ a persistent irritable or angry mood
-most have suffered from a loss -still in magical belief so they think they can join them if they die
childhood suicide:
juvenile delinquents
children b/w ages 8 & 18 who break the law
oppositional defiant disorder
children w/ ... ignore adult requests & rules, try to annoy people, & blame others for their mistakes & probs
Coping Power Program
children w/ CD participate in group sessions that teach them to manage their anger more effectively, view situations in perspective, solve problems, become aware of their emotions, build social skills, set goals, & handle peer pressure
genes
chromosome segments that control characteristics & traits we inherit
hypertension
chronic high blood pressure, usually few outward symptoms
back wards
chronic wards
our legal system permits *involuntary commitment* of individuals who are considered to be *in need of treatment & dangerous to themselves or others* -may include *suicidal or reckless patients* -may include patients who put *others at risk* intentionally or unintentionally
civil commitment (what does it do & who does it include):
law in psychology
civil commitment {under what}
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
classification system currently written by American Psychiatric Association
naturalistic & analog observations
client *reactivity* may also limit validity: weakness of ...
participant modeling
client is actively encouraged to join in w/ therapist
self-monitoring
clients are instructed to observe themselves
self-monitoring
clients may not record info accurately: weakness of ...
-measuring unconscious motives -assessing private thoughts -monitoring mood changes -calculating human potential
clinical researchers face certain challenges that make their work very difficult:
determine which concepts best explain & predict abnormal behavior, which treatments are most effective, & what kinds of changes may be required
clinical researchers have tried to
-different cultural backgrounds, races, & genders of the people they study. -the rights of their research participants, both human & animal, are not violated
clinical researchers must consider ... They must always ensure that ....
unstructured interview
clinician asks mostly open-ended questions
structured interview
clinicians ask prepared - mostly specific - questions
home-based self-help programs
clinicians give clients & their families detailed instructions for carrying out exposure treatments themselves
naturalistic observation
clinicians observe clients in their everyday environments
analog observaition
clinicians observe them in an artificial setting, such as a clinical office or laboratory
clinical picture
clinicians use info from interviews, tests, & observations to construct an integrated pic of the factors that are causing & maintaining a client's disturbance, a construction sometimes known as a ...
delirium
clouding of consciousness
1. avoidant 2. dependent 3. obsessive-compulsive
cluster of "anxious" personality disorders includes:
1. antisocial 2. borderline 3. histrionic 4. narcissistic
cluster of "dramatic" personality disorders includes:
1. paranoid 2. schizoid 3. schizotypal
cluster of *"odd" personality disorders* consists of:
substance intoxication
cluster of *temporary* undesirable behavioral or psychological changes that develop during of shortly after ingestion of a substance
1. paranoid 2. schizoid 3. schizotypal
cluster of personality disorders marked by odd or eccentric behavior, consists of ...
1. avoidant 2. dependent 3. obsessive-compulsive
cluster of personality disorders that features a high degree of anxiety, & includes
1. antisocial 2. borderline 3. histrionic 4. narcissistic
cluster of personality disorders that features dramatic behavior & consists of ...
fetal alcohol syndrome
cluster of problems in a child, including low birth weight, irregularities in head & face, & intellectual deficits, caused by excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy
syndromes
clusters of symptoms
norepinephrine & serotonin
cocaine appears to also increase the activity of the neurotransmitters ... & ... in some areas of the brain
dopamine
cocaine produces these effects [of euphoria] largely by increasing supplies of ... at key neurons thruout the brain
vascular neurocognitive disorder
cognitive functioning may continue to be normal in areas of brain not affected by the stroke
cognitive model
cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, & emotions & that we can best understand abnormal functioning by looking to cognition
schizoid personality disorder
cognitive theorists propose that people w/ ... suffer from deficiencies in their thinking. Their thougths tend to be vague & empty, & they have trouble scanning environemtn for accurate perceptions
antisocial personality disorder
cognitive view says that people w/ ... hold attitudes that trivialize importance of other people's needs
schizoid personality disorder
cognitive-behavioral therapists have sometimes been abel to help people w/ this disorder experience more positive emotions & more satisfying social interactions -cog end focuses on thinking about emotions -behavioral end focuses on teaching of social skills
bulimia nervosa
cognitive-behavioral therapy is particularly helpful for ...
assessment
collecting of relevant info in an effort to reach a conclusion
egoistic suicide
committed by people over whom society has little or no control
altruistic suicide
committed by people who are so well integrated into social structure that they intentionally sacrifice their lives for its well-being
anomic suicide
committed by people whose social environment fails to provide stable structures, such as family & religion, to support & give life meaning
school phobia/school refusal
common problem in which children fear going to school & often stay home for a long period
loose associations
common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia
case manager
community therapist who offers a full range of services for people w/ schizophrenia or other severe disorders, including therapy, advice, medication, guidance, & protection of patients' rights
conduct disorder
comorbid w/ ADHD
MMPI
comprised of 10 clinical scales w/ scores ranging from 0 to 120 & is graphed to create a "profile"
cognitive model
concentrates on the thinking that underlies behavior
differences (BN)
concerned about being attractive to others {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
differences (BN)
concerned about having intimate relationships {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
differences (BN)
concerned about pleasing others {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
1. one concern is fundamental difference b/w law (individuals have free will & are generally responsible for their actions) & science (physical or psychological forces act to determine individual's behavior )of human behavior 2. 2nd criticism points to uncertainty of scientific knowledge about abnormal behavior 3. largest criticism is that defense allows *dangerous criminals to escape punishment*
concerns raised by insanity defense:
melancholia
condition marked by unshakable sadness
disruptive behavior disorder
conduct disorder {what type/category of disorders}
unstructured or structured
conducting the interview can be either .... or ....
ambivalence
conflicting feelings
covert desensitization
confrontation that is imagined
pronominal reversal
confusion of pronouns
corpus callosum
connects brain's 2 cerebral hemispheres
factitious disorder
consciously caused
manifest conent
consciously remembered dream
reliability
consistency
intelligence test
consisting of a series of tasks requiring people to use/assessing various verbal & nonverbal skills
hallucinogen intoxication
consists largely of perceptual distortions & hallucinations
delirium tremens (DTs)
consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, & terrifying visual hallucinations
primary prevention
consists of efforts to improve community attitudes & policies (what level)
secondary prevention
consists of identifying & treating psychological disorders in the early stages, before they become serious (what level)
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
consists of muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, & improper functioning of autonomic nervous system
resolution
consists simply of relaxation & reduction in arousal that follow orgasm
community mental health programs
continues to demonstrate that people w/ psychological disorders can respond to loving care & respectful treatment
neuropletic drugs
conventional antipsychotic drugs, so called bc they often produce undesired effects similar to symptoms of neurological disorders
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
converts MRI pics of brain structures into detailed pictures of neuron activity, thus offering a pic of the functioning brain
mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs)
coordination of services is particularly important for so-called ...
antipsychotic drugs
corrects extremely confused and distorted thinking
statistical analysis
correlations can be trusted based on a ... of probability
anxiety & mood disorders
cortisol release is related to
Muschaunsen syndrome
create issues/illnesses
psychology in law
criminal commitment {under what}
1. little incentive to get better if waiting for trial 2. right to refuse meds -- won't get better
criminal commitment:
Durham test
criticized for being too lenient
taijn kyofusho
culture-bound disorder that seems to be particularly common in Asian countries such as Japan & Korea
1. aside from its behavioral effects, cocaine poses significant *physical danger* 2. greatest danger of us is *risk of overdose* -excessive doses depress brain's respiratory function, & stop breathing -cocaine use can also cause heart failure -pregnant women who use cocaine have an increased likelihood of miscarriage & of having children w/ abnormalities
dangers of cocaine:
1. users may experience a "bad trip" - experience of enormous unpleasant perceptual, emotional, & behavioral reactions 2. risk of "flashbacks"
dangers of hallucinogens:
1. The most immediate danger is overdose -The drug closes down the respiratory center in the brain, paralyzing breathing and causing death ~Death is particularly likely during sleep 2. Ignorance of tolerance is also a problem 3. Users run the risk of getting impure drugs -Opioids are often "cut" with noxious chemicals 4. Dirty needles and other equipment can spread infection
dangers of heroin use:
1. may cause panic reactions similar to those caused by hallucinogens 2. bc of its sensorimotor effects, marijuana has been implicated in accidents 3. marijuana use has been linked to poor coordination & impaired memory A. may cause respiratory probs & lung cancer B. may affect reproduction -in males, may lower sperm count -in females, abnormal ovulation has been found
dangers of marijuana: long-term use poses additional dangers:
subintentional death
death in which victim plays an indirect, hidden, partial, or unconscious role
alogia
decrease in speech or speech content
insanity
defendant may have a mental disorder but not qualify for a legal definition of ...
guilty w/ diminished capacity
defendant's mental dysfunction is viewed as an extenuating circumstance that should be considered in determining precise crime of which they are guilty
guilty but mentally ill
defendants receiving this verdict are found mentally ill at time of their crime, but their illness was not fully related to or responsible for crime
correlation
degree to which events or characteristics vary with each other
concurrent validity
degree to which the measures gathered from one tool agree w/ the measures gathered from other assessment techniques
external validity
degree to which the results of a study may be generalized beyond that study
treatment foster care
delinquent boys & girls w/ conduct disorder are assigned to a foster home in community by juvenile justice system
positive symptoms
delusions {what type of symptom of schizophrenia)
serotonin & norepinephrine
depression has been linked to low activity of the neurotransmitters
unipolar depression
depression w/out a history of mania
1. social withdrawal 2. avolition 3. anhedonia 4. headaches 5. stomach pain 6. irritability
depressive symptoms in children:
case study
describes a person's history, present circumstances, & symptoms
DSM-5
describes criteria for diagnoses, key, clinical features, & related features that are often, but not always, present
intelligence test
designed to indirectly measure intellectual ability
a # of effective medications were finally discovered
despite the general optimism, biological approaches yielded mostly disappointing results thruout 1st half of 20th century, until ...
lack of agreement about ... -goals or aims -successful outcome -failure
despite the straightforward definition of treatment, clinical treatment is surrounded by conflict and confusion:
preoccupied w/ food -this includes thinking & reading about food & planning for meals -this relationship is not necessarily causal: it may be result of food deprivation, as evidenced by "starvation study" w/ conscientious objectors
despite their dietary restrictions, people w/ anorexia nervosa are ...
significant cognitive deterioration
deterioration of one's memory & related cog faculties, is currently most publicized & feared psychological prob among elderly)
American Law Institute
developed a test that combined aspects of M'Naghten, irresistible impulse, & Durham tests
metacognitive theory
developed by researcher Adrian Wells
Benjamin Rush
developed humane approaches to treatment (to be nice & interact w/ patients)
autism spectrum disorder
developmental disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, sever communication deficits, & highly repetitive & rigid behaviors, interests, & activities
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
diagnosis given to women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive symptoms during the week before menstruation
behavioral techniques
diaries are often a useful component of bulimia nervosa treatment {what type of technique}
catatonic excitement
different form of catatonia
interrater (or interjudge) reliability
different judges independently agree on how to score & interpret a particular tool
naturalistic & analog observations
different observers may focus on different aspects of behavior: weakness of ...
deviance
different, extreme, unusual, perhaps even bizarre
-lack internal validity ~results describe but do not *explain* a relationship: results say nothing about causation
difficulties w/ correlation studies:
insomnia
difficulty falling or staying asleep
correlation coefficient
direction and magnitude of a correlation are often calculated numerically and expressed by this statistical term
Parkinson's disease
disabling neurological illness
deinstitutionalization
discharge of large #s of patients from long-term institutional care so that they might be treated in community programs
antihistamine drugs to combat allergies
discovery of antipsychotic drugs dates back to 1940s, when researchers developed the first ......
deinstitutionalization & a rise in outpatient care
discovery of psychotropic medications led to ...
factitious disorder
disorder in which a person feigns or induces physical symptoms, typically for purpose of assuming role of a sick person
obsessive-compulsion disorder
disorder in which a person has recurrent & unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive & rigid actions, or both
gender dysphoria
disorder in which a person persistently feels clinically significant distress or impairment due to their assigned gender & strongly wishes to be a member of another gender
conversion disorder
disorder in which a person's bodily symptoms affect their voluntary motor & sensory functions, but symptoms are inconsistent w/ known medical diseases
parahilic disorder
disorder in which a person's paraphilia causes great distress, interferes w/ social or occupational activities, or places person or others at risk of harm - either currently or in past
body dysmorphic disorder
disorder in which individuals become preoccupied w/ belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance. Such defects or flaws are imagined or greatly exaggerated
hoarding disorder
disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items & become very distressed if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items
illness anxiety disorder
disorder in which people are chronically anxious about & preoccupied w/ notion that they have or are developing a serious medical illness, despite absence of somatic symptoms
somatic symptom disorder
disorder in which people become excessively distressed, concerned, & anxious about bodily symptoms that they are experiencing, & their lives are greatly & disproportionately disrupted by symptoms
excortiation disorder
disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds
trichotillomania
disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other parts of their body
sexual dysfunction
disorder marked by a persistent inability to function normally in some key areas of sexual response cycle
neurocognitive disorder
disorder marked by a significant decline in at least one area of cognitive functioning
bipolar disorder
disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania & depression
separation anxiety
disorder marked by excessive anxiety, even panic, whenever person is separated from home, a parent, or another attachment figure
binge eating disorder
disorder marked by frequent binges but *not* extreme compensatory behaviors (such as vomiting)
bulimia nervosa
disorder marked by frequent eating binges that are followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight
ADHD
disorder marked by inability to focus attention, or overactive & impulsive behavior, or both
intellectual disability (ID)
disorder marked by intellectual functioning & adaptive behavior that are well below average
cyclothymic disorder
disorder marked by numerous periods of hypo-maniac symptoms & mild depressive symptoms
anorexia nervosa
disorder marked by pursuit of extreme thinness & by extreme weight loss
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
disorder marked by repeated episodes of significant depression & related symptoms during week before menstruation
Huntington's disease
disorder marked by violent emotional outbursts, memory loss, suicidal thinking, involuntary body movements, & absurd beliefs
1. factitious disorder 2. conversion disorder 3. somatic symptom disorder 4. illness anxiety disorder 5. psychological factors affecting other medical conditions
disorders featuring somatic symptoms:
somatic
disorders focusing on ... symptoms are problems that appear to be medical but are actually caused by psychological factors
psychophysiological disorders
disorders in which biological, psychological, & sociocultural factors interact to cause or worsen a physical illness
obsessive-compulsive-related disorders
disorders in which obsessive-like concerns drive people to repeatedly & excessively perform certain patterns of behavior that greatly disrupt their lives
dissociative disorders
disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes
1. male hypoactive sexual desire disorder 2. female sexual interest/arousal disorder
disorders of *desire* phase:
1. female sexual arousal disorder (formerly "frigidity") -lack of lubrication 2. male erectile disorder (formerly "impotence")
disorders of *excitement* phase:
1. early/premature ejaculation 2. delayed ejaculation 3. female orgasmic disorder
disorders of *orgasm* phase:
1. vaginismus 2. dyspareunia genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
disorders of *pain-related disorders*:
priasma
disorders of *resolution* phase:
1. delirium 2. mild neurocognitive disorder 3. major neurocognitive disorder
disorders of cognition that result from brain abnormalities:
1. depressive 2. anxiety 3. substance use disorder
disorders that may be common in people of all ages but are connected to process of aging:
positive symptoms
disorganized thinking & speech {what type of symptom of schizophrenia)
inappropriate affect
displays of emotions that are unsuited to situation
conduct disorder
disregard for life & their pleasure comes from pain
don't want to diagnose w/ bipolar but only able to provide treatment for a diagnosis
disruptive mood dysregulation:
similarity
distorted body perception {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
formal thought disorders
disturbance in production & organization of thought
similarity
disturbed attitudes toward eating {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
causal/experimental question
does factor X cause a disorder?
causal/experimental question
does treatment X alleviate a disorder?
overt-nondestructive pattern
dominated by openly offensive but non-confrontational behaviors such as lying
delirium tremens (DTs)
dramatic withdrawal reaction that some people who are dependent on alcohol have
similarity
drive to become thin {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
schizoid personality disorder
drug therapy is of little benefit {tx for what disorder}
cannabis drugs
drugs produced from the varieties of the hemp plant cannabis sativa
hallucinogen intoxication
drugs such as LSD may produce ...
antagonists
drugs that bind to dopamine receptors, *prevent* dopamine from binding there, & so prevent neurons from firing
antagonist drugs
drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug
sedative-hypnotic drugs
drugs that calm people at lower doses & help them to fall asleep at higher doses
"atypical" or "second-generation" antipsychotic drugs
drugs that have been developed in recent years are known as ...
antipsychotic drugs
drugs that help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking
psychotropic medications
drugs that mainly affect the brain & reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning
psychotropic medications
drugs that primarily affect the brain & reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning
high
during a ..., the drug user feels relaxed, happy, & unconcerned about food, sex, or other bodily needs
cortisol
during times of stress, for ex, the *adrenal glands* secrete the hormone _______ to help the body deal w/ the stress
Tarasoff case
duty to warm/protect by warning: have to involuntarily commit Alex & warn Julia
premature ejaculation
dysfunction in which a man persistently reaches orgasm & ejaculates w/in 1 min of beginning sexual acivity w/ a partner & before he wishes to
erectile disorder
dysfunction in which a man repeatedly fails to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity
female orgasmic disorder
dysfunction in which a woman persistently fails to reach orgasm, has very low intensity orgasms, or has very delayed orgasms
generalized type
dysfunction is present during all sexual situations
situational type
dysfunction is tied to particular situations
premature ejaculation
dysfunction seems to be typical of young, sexually inexperienced men
electra complex
each girl experiences sexual feelings for her father & at same time recognizes that she must compete w/ her mother for his affection
mutually cognizant patterns
each subpersonality is well aware of the rest
personality inventory
easier, cheaper, & faster to administer than projective tests: strength of ...
1. correct dangerous eating patterns 2. address broader psychological & situational factors that have led to, & are maintaining, the eating problem: this often requires the participation of family & friends
eating disorder treatments have 2 main goals:
Asian American Asian
eating disorders also appear to be on the increase among ... women & young women in several ... countries
about equal
eating disorders among Hispanic AMerican femal adolescents are .... to those of white American women
metabolized by the liver
effects of alcohol subside only after alcohol is ...
hallucinogens
effects wear off in ~6 hours
estrogen
either high or low level of female sex hormone ... can lead to low sex drive
psychoanalysis
either theory or treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces are the cause of psychopathology
psychotic
elderly people have a higher rate of ... symptoms than younger people
electroenceohalogram (EEG)
electrodes placed on the scalp send brain-wave impulses to a machine that records them
eugenic steralization
elimination (through medical or other means) of individuals' ability to reproduce
behavioral model
emphasizes behavior & the ways in which it is learned
`personality assessment
enables them to piece together a clinical picture in accordance w/ the principles of their model
elimination disorder
encopresis {what type/category of disorders}
diurnal
enuresis during the day
elimination disorder
enuresis {what type/category of disorders}
alcohol dehydrogenase
enzyme in the stomach that breaks down/metabolizes alcohol before it enters the blood
nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT)
erection during sleep
priasma
erection that does not subside within an hour
consistently
even if we assume that psychological abnormality is a valid concept, we may be unable to apply our definition ...
stressor
event that creates the demands
natural experiments
events used in these experiments cannot be replicated at will
echolalia
exact echoing of phrases spoken by others
stimulants or cocaine w/ barbiturates & alcohol
example of antagositic effects
alcohol & benzodiazepines
example of cross-tolerance drugs
substance/heroin use
example of having a mental disorder but not qualifying as insane
barbiturates, alcohol, benzodiazepines, & opioids
examples of synergistic effect drugs:
melancholia
excess of black bile
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
excessive anxiety under most circumstances & worry about numerous (at least 3) events/activities
erection of the penis
excitement phase in men:
swelling of clitoris & labia & vaginal lubrication
excitement phase in women:
nonpurging-type bulimia nervosa
exercising frantically {what type of BN}
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
experience general & persistent feelings of worry & anxiety
negative affectivity
experience negative emotions frequently & intensely
dyspareunia
experience severe vaginal or pelvic pain during sexual intercourse
*emotional symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
experiencing little pleasure {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
anhedonia
experiencing little pleasure {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
hallucination
experiencing of sights, sounds, or other perceptions in absence of external stimuli
double-blind design
experimental procedure in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the participant has received the experimental treatment or placebo
confederate
experimenter's accomplice
experimenter bias
experimenters may have expectations that they unintentionally transmit to the participants in their studies
single-subject experiment
experiments rely on baseline date to set a standard for comparison
biopsychosocial theories
explanations that attribute the cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, & societal influences
exposure & response prevention
exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations & then prevents client from performing their compulsive acts
behavioral techniques
exposure & response prevention (ERP) is used to break binge-purge cycle {what type of technique}
1. parkinsonian symptoms 2. neuroleptic malignant syndrome 3. tardive dyskinesia
extrapyramidal effects:
lack of responsiveness & social reciprocity
extreme aloofness, lack of interest in other people, low empathy, & inability to share attention w/ others
social breakdown syndrome
extreme withdrawal, anger, physical aggressiveness, & loss of interest in personal appearance & functioning
1. received extensive treatment for a medical problem as children 2. carry a grudge against medical profession 3. have worked as a nurse, lab technician, or medical aide
factitious disorder seems to be particularly common among people who:
memory
faculty for recalling past events & past learning
ineffective parents
fail to attend to their children's needs, deciding that their children are hungry, cold, or tired w/out correctly interpreting children's actual condition
vomiting
fails to prevent the absorption of half the calories consumed during a binge
early-onset Alzheimer's disease
familial (what type of Alzheimer's disease)
family support groups & family psychoeducational prgorams
family members meet w/ others in same situation to share their thoughts & emotions, provide mutual support, & learn more about schizophrenia
enmeshed family pattern
family system in which members are overinvolved w/ each other's affairs & overconcerned about each other's welfare
conduct disorder
family treatment helps to make them see behavior is a prob
nonpurging-type bulimia nervosa
fasting {what type of BN}
Benjamin Rush
father of American psychiatry
similarity
fear of becoming obese {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
performance anxiety
fear of performing inadequately & a related tension experienced during sex
phobias
fears of specific situations, objects, or activities
moral anxiety
feel ... when they are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses
neurotic anxiety
feel ... when they are repeatedly prevented, by parents or by circumstances, from expressing their id impulses
realistic anxiety
feel ... when they face actual danger
somatic hallucinations
feel as if something is happening inside the body, such as snake crawling inside one's stomach
dissociation
feel dazed, have trouble remembering things, or have a sense of derealization
transgender
feel like sex is wrong
*emotional symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
feeling "miserable," "empty," "humiliated" {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
avolition
feeling drained of energy & of interest in normal goals & unable to start or follow through on a course of action
similarity
feelings of anxiety, depression, obsessiveness, perfectionism {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
female sexual interest/arousal disorder
female dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex & low sexual activity, as well as, in some cases, limited excitement & few sexual sensations during sexual activity
delirium
fever, certain diseases & infections, poor nutrition, head injuries, strokes, stress (including trauma of surgery), & intoxication by certain substances may all cause ...
geropsychology
field of psychology concerned w/ mental health of elderly people
multicultural psychology
field that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, & gender on behaviors & thoughts & focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, & treatment of abnormal behavior
fusion
final merging or 2 or more subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder
lanugo
fine, silky hair that covers some newborns
*emotional symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
flat affect
clinical assessment
focus is idiographic
personality inventory
focus on behaviors, beliefs, & feelings
response inventories
focus on one specific area of functioning
rape
forced sexual intercourse or another sexual act committed against a nonconsenting person or intercourse b/w an adult & an underage person
purging-type bulimia nervosa
forced vomiting {what type of BN}
continuous amnesia
forgetting continues into the future
amnestic episode
forgotten period of time
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
form of dementia caused by a virus
down syndrome
form of intellectual disability caused by an abnormality in the 21st chromosome
mentally unstable at time of crime or trial
forms of criminal commitment:
1. If clients do not respond to cognitive-behavioral therapy, other approaches may be tried 2. A common alternative is *interpersonal therapy (IPT)*; a treatment that seeks to improve interpersonal functioning may be tried 3. *Psychodynamic therapy* has also been used 4. Various forms of psychotherapy are often supplemented by family therapy and may be offered in either individual or group therapy format : Group formats provide an opportunity for patients to express their thoughts, concerns, and experiences with one another
forms of psychotherapy treatment for bulimia nervosa:
chronic headaches
frequent intense aches of head or neck that are not caused by other physical disorder
freebase
from where the drug is heated & inhaled w/ a pipe
bipolar I disorder
full manic & major depressive episodes
premorbid functioning
functioned quite well before the disorder
clinical scientists
gather info systematically so that they can describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study
assigned gener
gender to which they are born
anhedonia
general lack of pleasure or enjoyment
expressed emotion
general level of criticism, disapproval, & hostility expressed in a family
nomothetic understanding
general or universal laws or truths
size of the sample & the magnitude of the correlation
generally, confidence increases with the ....
fetishistic disorder
getting sexually aroused by nonhuman object (object has to be present)
adrenal glands
glands on top of kidneys
hormones
glands release ... into the bloodstream
behavioral assessment
goal is to produce a *functional analysis* of the person's behaviors
sex therapy
goal of ... is to help clients function better sexually & to achieve a higher level of sexual satisfaction & psychological well-being
asylums
good care was the intention, but most became virtual prisons due to overcrowding
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
greater the ... content, the more powerful the drug
phenothiazines
group of antihistamine drugs that became 1st group of effective antipsychotic medication
neurodevelopmental disorders
group of disabilities in functioning of brain that emerge at birth or during very early childhood & affect a person's behavior, memory, concentration, &/or ability to learn
depressive disorders
group of disorders marked by unipolar depression
fetal alcohol syndrome
group of problems in a child, including lower intellectual functioning, low birth weight, & irregularities in hands & face, that result from excessive alcohol intake by mother during pregnancy
schizoid personality disorder
group therapy is apparently useful as it offers a safe environment for social contact {tx for what disorder}
tarantism
groups of people would suddenly start to jump, dance, and go into convulsions
milieu therapy
halfway houses are usually run w/ a ... philosophy that emphasizes mutual support, resident responsibility, & self-government
1. LSD 2. mescaline 3. psilocybin 4. MDMA (ecstasy)
hallucinogens include:
Huntington's disease
has been traced to a loss of cells in the basal ganglia and cortex
psychological abnormality
has certain features in common: "The Four D's"
"The 4 D's"
has key limitations
conduct disorder
has to do w/ lack of moral teaching
intersex
have both hormones
differences (BN)
have histories of mood swings {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
type II schizophrenia
have more negative symptoms, such as restricted affect, poverty of speech, & loss of volition
projective test
have rarely demonstrated much reliability or validity: weakness of ...
response inventories
have strong face validity: strength of ...
intelligence test
have very high reliability & validity: strength of ...
muscle contraction headache
headache caused by a narrowing of muscles surrounding the skull
*physical symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
headaches, dizzy spells, general pain {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
managed care program
health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services
auditory hallucination
hear sounds & voices that seem to come from outside their heads
myocardial infarction
heart attack
positive symptoms
heightened perceptions & hallucinations {what type of symptom of schizophrenia)
similarity
heightened risk of suicide attempts {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
American Law Institute test
held that people are not criminally responsible if at time of crime they had a mental disorder or defect that prevented them from knowing right or wrong OR from being able to control themselves & to follow law
mindfulness-based techniques
help their clients achieve such acceptance
projective test
helpful for providing "supplementary" info: strength of ...
Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT)
helps clients to accept many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try to fruitlessly to change them
integrative couple therapy
helps partners accept behaviors that they cannot change & embrace the whole relationship nevertheless
hippocampus
helps regulate emotions & memory
1. After just a few weeks, users may become caught in a pattern of abuse (and often dependence) 2. Users quickly build a tolerance for the drug and experience withdrawal when they stop taking it 3. Early withdrawal symptoms include anxiety and restlessness; later symptoms include twitching, aches, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss from dehydration
heroin exemplifies the problems posed by opioids
cocaine intoxication
high doses of the drug [cocaine] produce ... , whose symptoms include mania, paranoia, & impaired judgement
morphine
highly addictive substance derived from opium that is particularly effective in relieving pain
opium
highly addictive substance made from sap of opium poppy
intelligence test
highly standardized on large groups of subjects: strength of ...
higher
historically, women of ... SES expressed more concern about thinness & dieting
*cognitive symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
hold negative views of themselves {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
vacuum erection device (VED)
hollow cylinder that is placed over penis. Using a hand pump to pump air out of cylinder, drawing blood into his penis & producing an erection
1. 1973: was removed from DSM II 2. 1980: "ego-dystonic homsexuality" -don't want to be gay (DSM III) 3. 1987: ego-dystonic homosexuality removed (DSM III-R) 4. currently: no diagnosis exists
homosexuality
semihospital or residential crisis center
houses or other structures in community that provide 24-hour nursing care for people w/ severe mental disorders
correlational question
how common is a disorder in a particular population?
causal/experimental question
how does a disorder affect the quality of a person's life?
causal/experimental question
how does family communication & structure affect family members?
back wards
human warehouses filled with hopelessness
self-actualization
humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness & growth
client-centered therapy
humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers
client-centered therapy
humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, & genuineness
gestalt therapy
humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls
1.clinical interviews 2. tests 3. observations
hundreds of clinical assessment tools have been developed & fall into 3 categories:
hysterical disorders
hypnotism helped
bipolar II disorder
hypomanic episodes alternate w/ major depressive episodes
helper T-cells
identifies antigens & then multiplies & triggers production of other kinds of immune cells
catatonic
if it is marked by either immobility or excessive activity {what additional category of major depressive disorder}
peripatrum
if it occurs during pregnancy or w/in 4 wks of giving birth {what additional category of major depressive disorder}
melancholic
if person is almost totally unaffected by pleasurable events {what additional category of major depressive disorder}
conduct disorder
if wait too long then its too late to help
↑ hunger, ↓ metabolic rate → binges
if weight falls below set point:
↓ hunger, ↑ metabolic rate
if weight rises above set point:
coronary heart disease
illness of heart caused by a blockage in coronary arteries
hallucinations
imagined sights or sounds
1. regain lost weight 2. recover from malnourishment 3. eat normally again
immediate aims of treatment for anorexia nervosa are to:
1. eliminate binge-purge patterns 2. establish good eating habits 3. eliminate underlying cause of bulimic patterns
immediate aims of treatment for bulimia nervosa are to:
social skills training groups & assertiveness training groups
in ... & ..., members try out & rehearse new social behaviors w/ other group members
an intelligence test
in 1905, French psychologist Alfred Binet & his associate Theodore Simon produced ...
directed insurance companies to provide equal coverage for mental & medical problems
in 2011, a federal parity law went into effect. Law that
scientific forms of investigation, & it controlled all edcuation
in Europe during the Middle Ages, the church rejected
confound
in an experiment, a variable other than the IV that is also acting on the DV
lycanthropy
in another form of mass madness, people thought they were possessed by wolves or other animals
-30% adults -19% children & adolescents
in any given year as many as ...% of adults & ...% of children & adolescents in the U.S. display serious psychological disturbances & are in need of clinical treatment
prolactin
in both men & women, a high level of hormone ... can lead to low sex drive
alcohol use disorder
in general people who abuse alcohol drink large amounts regularly & rely on it to enable them to do things that would otherwise make them anxious
anorexia nervosa
in life-threatening cases {of ...} clinicians may need to force *tube & intravenous feedings* on the patient
synergistic effect
in pharmacology, an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time
secondary gain
in psychodynamic theory, gain people derive when their somatic symptoms elicit kindness from others or provide an excuse to avoid unpleasant activities
primary gain
in psychodynamic theory, gain people derive when their somatic symptoms keep their internal conflicts out of awareness
multicultural psychologists
in response o growing diversity in U.S., this new area of study has emerged ...
somatic symptom disorder
in some cases, symptoms have no known cause
psychotropic medications
in the 1950s, researchers discovered a # of new ...
moral treatment
in the U.S. Benjamin Rush & Dorthea Dix were the primary proponents of ...
experimental model
in this model statistics & research design are very important
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
in this procedure, an MRI scanner detects rapid changes in the flow or volume of blood in areas across the brain while an individual is experiencing emotions or performing specific cognitive tasks
computerized axial tomography (CAT scan or CT scan)
in which X rays of the brain's structure are taken at diff angles & combined
token economy program
in which a person's desirable behaviors are reinforced systematically thruout day be awarding of tokens that can be exchanged for goods or privileges
managed care program
in which the insurance company determines key care issues
relational psychoanalytic therapy
in which therapists take a more supportive & egalitarian posture
primary narcissism
in which they recognize & meet only their own needs
anhedonia
inability to feel pleasure to take interest in things
basic irrational assumptions
inaccurate & inappropriate beliefs held by people w/ various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis
positive symptoms
inappropriate affect {what type of symptom of schizophrenia)
benzodiazepines
includes Valium & Xanax
statistical significance
indicates whether a participant's improvement in functioning--large or small--occurred bc of treatment
clinical significance
indicates whether the amount of improvement is meaningful in the individual's life
somatization pattern
individual experiences a large & varied # of bodily symptoms
relational aggression
individual is socially isolated & primarily engages in social misdeeds such as slandering others, spreading rumors, & manipulating friendships
idiographic understanding
individualistic understanding of abnormal behavior; clinical practitioners seek this
overt-destructive pattern
individuals display openly aggressive & confrontational behaviors
clinical interviews
individuals may be intentionally misleading: limitation of ...
covert-nondestructive pattern
individuals secretly commit nonaggressive behaviors, such as being truant from school
dysthymic disorder
individuals who experience a longer-lasting (at least 2 years) but less disabling pattern of depression
analogue experiment
induce laboratory subjects to behave in ways that seem to resemble real life
enmeshed family patterns (patterns)
influential family theorist Salvador Minuchin cites "...." as casual factors in eating disorders. These (~1) include overinvolvement in, & overconcern about, family member's lives
rap groups
initial term for group therapy sessions among veterans, in which members meet to talk about & explore problems in an atmosphere of mutual support
maladaptive assumptions
initially cognitive theorists suggested that GAD is primarily caused by ....
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
integrative treatment for borderline personality disorder
neurodevelopmental disorders
intellectual disability {what type/category of disorders}
malingering
intentionally feigning illness to achieve some external gain, such as financial compensation or deferment from military service
dysfunctional
interfering w/ person's ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way
borderline personality disorder
interpersonal relationships are also unstable
forensic psychology
intersection b/w mental health field & legal & judicial systems are collectively referred to as ...
prevention
interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before they can develop
clinical interviews
interviewers may be biased or may make mistakes in judgement: limitation of ...
clinical interviews
interviews, particularly unstructured ones, may lack reliability: limitation of ...
quasi-experiment
investigators do not randomly assign participants to groups, but make use of groups that already exist
Broca's area
investigators found more blood flow in ... area while patients were having auditory hallucinations
tardive dyskinesia
involves involuntary movements that some patients have after they have taken conventional antispychotic drugs for an extended time
cirrhosis
irreversible condition in which liver becomes scarred & dysfunctional
general paresis
irreversible disorder with both physical and mental symptoms: including paralysis and delusions of gradeur
-although modern pressures may contribute, they are hardly the primary cause; *no* -every society, past & present, has witnessed psychological abnormality
is bc most people have difficulty coping at various times the fault of modern society?
causal/experimental question
is cause A more influential than cause B?
correlational question
is culture (or gender or race) generally linked to mental disorders?
paranoid personality disorder
is diagnosed when a person has unjustified suspicions that others are harming them, has persistent unfounded doubts about loyalty of friends, reads threatening meanings into benign events, persistently bears grudges, & has recurrent unjustified suspicions about faithfulness of life partners
correlational question
is social support tied to mental disorders?
causal/experimental question
is treatment A more helpful than treatment B?
causal/experimental question
is treatment X more helpful than no treatment at all?
correlational question
is treatment responsiveness tied to culture?
Alzheimer's disease
it appears that ... often has a genetic basis
health & beauty
it gas not always done so, but Western society today equates thinness w/ ... & ...
ethyl alcohol
it is absorbed into the blood thru the stomach lining & takes effect in the bloodstream & CNS
methamphetamine
it is also available in the form of crystals (also known by street names *ice* & *crystal meth*), which users smoke
comorbidity
it is common for someone w/ a personalty disorder to also suffer from another disorder, a relationship called ...
cocaine
it is most powerful natural stimulant known
phenothiazines
it was discovered that one group of antihistamines, ... , could be used to help calm patients about to undergo surgery
psychopathic deviate
items showing a repeated & gross disregard for social customs & an emotional shallowness
hypochondriasis
items showing abnormal concern w/ bodily function
depression
items showing extreme pessimism & hopeplessness
hysteria
items suggesting that the person may use physical or mental symptoms as a way of unconsciously avoiding conflicts & responsibilities
masculinity-femininity
items that are thought to separate male & female resondents
paranoia
items that show abnormal suspiciousness & delusions of grandeur or persecution
schizophrenia
items that show bizarre or unusual thoughts or behavior
hypomania
items that show emotional excitement, overactivity, & flight of ideas
psychasthenia
items that show obsessions, compulsions, abnormal fears, & guilt & indecisiveness
social introversion
items that show shyness, little interest in people, & insecuriity
latent content
its symbolic meaning (dreams)
self-stimulatory behaviors
jump, flap their arms, twist their hands & fingers, rock, walk on their toes, spin, & make faces
participant observers
key people in the client's environment
neuroprotective proteins
key proteins w/in certain neurons whose job is to prevent cell death
idiographic data
knowing the specific details & background of patient's problem
clinical practitioners
knowledge acquired by clinical scientists is used by ...
synthetic
laboratory-blended
"*conditions of worth*" (harsh self-standards)
lack of "*unconditional positive regard*" in childhood leads to ...
unstructured interview
lack of structure allows the interviewer to follow leads & explore relevant topics that could not have been anticipated before interview
*motivational symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
lacking drive, initiate, spontaneity {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
mass madness
large numbers of people apparently shared delusions and hallucinations
short-term hospitalization
lasts a few weeks
malpractice suit
lawsuit charging a therapist w/ improper conduct in course of treatment
paraprofessionals
lay people who receive training & ongoing supervision from outside mental health professionals
delirium & dementia
leading cog disorders among elderly are ... & ...
self-instruction training
learn to replace negative statements during sex w/ "coping statements"
state-dependent learning
learning that becomes associated w/ conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under same conditions
civil commitment
legal process by which a person can be forced to undergo mental health treatment
criminal commitment
legal process by which people accused of a crime are instead judged mentally unstable & sent to a treatment facility
right to refuse treatment
legal right of patients to refuse certain forms of treatment
right to treatment
legal right of patients, particularly those who are involuntarily committed, to receive adequate treatment
Durham test
legal test for insanity that holds people to be insane at time they committed a crime if their act was result of a mental disorder or defect
irresistible impulse test
legal test for insanity that holds people to be insane at time they committed a crime if they were driven to do so by an uncontrollable "fit of passion"
M'Naghten test
legal test for insanity that holds people to be insane at time they committed a crime if, bc of a mental disorder, they did not know nature of act or did not know right from wrong
American Law Institute test
legal test for insanity that holds people to be insane at time they committed a crime if, bc of a mental disorder, they did not know right from wrong or could not resist an uncontrollable impulse to act
law in psychology
legislative & judicial systems act upon clinical field, regulating certain aspects of mental health care
professional boundaries
legislative & judicial systems have helped change ... that separate one clinical profession from another. These bodies have given more authority to psychologists & have blurred lines b/w psychiatry & psychology
ulcer
lesion that forms in wall of stomach or of duodenum
*behavioral symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
less active, less productive {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
statistical significance
less than a 5% probability that a study's findings are due to chance
severe ID
level of intellectual disability (IQ b/w 20 & 34) at which people require careful supervision & can learn to perform basic work in structured & sheltered settings
moderate ID
level of intellectual disability (IQ b/w 35 & 49) at which people can learn to care for themselves & can benefit from vocational training
mild ID
level of intellectual disability (IQ b/w 50 & 70) at which people can benefit from education & can support themselves as adults
profound ID
level of intellectual disability (IQ below 20) at which people need a very structured environment w/ close supervision
the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood
levels of impairment are closely tied to ...
polygraph
lie detector
agranulocytosis
life-threatening drop in WBCs
antidepressant drugs
lift the mood of depressed people
binge-eating/purging type anorexia nervosa
like those w/ bulimia nervosa, people w/ this subtype may engage in eating binges
-reported by *biased observers* -relies on *subjective evidence* ~has low `internal validity` -provides *little basis for generalization* ~has low `external validity`
limitations of the case study
antisocial personality disorder
linked to adult criminal behavior
fear hierarchy
list of feared objects or situations, ordered from mildly to extremely upsetting
DSM-5
lists approximately 500 disorders
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
lists both medical & psychological disorders
restricted emotional reactivity
little reaction to emotionally arousing situations
axon
long fiber extending from neuron's body
Hippocrates
looked to an unbalance of the 4 fluids, or humors
psychodynamic model
looks at people's unconscious internal processes & conflicts
sociocultural model
looks to social and cultural forces as the keys to human functioning
restricting-type anorexia nervosa
lose weight by cutting out sweets & fattening snacks, eventually eliminating nearly all food
binge-eating/purging type anorexia nervosa
lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics, & they may even engage in eating binges, a pattern called ...
localized amnesia
loss of all memory of events occurring w/in a limited period of time
generalized amnesia
loss of memory beginning with an event, but extending back in time
selective amnesia
loss of memory for some, but not all, events occurring within a period
negative symptoms
loss of volition {what type of symptom of schizophrenia)
differences (BN)
low frustration tolerance {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
testosterone
low level of male sex hormone ... can lead to low sex drive
serotonin & dopamine
low sexual desires may be linked to excessive activity of NTs ... & ...
antiandrogens
lower production of testosterone & reduce sex drive
neoligisms
made-up words that typically have meaning only to the person using them
1. a refusal to maintain more than 85% of normal body weight 2. intense fears of becoming overweight 3. distorted view of weight & space 4. amenorrhea
main symptoms of anorexia nervosa:
projective test
mainly used by psychodynamic practitioners
catatonic rigidity
maintain a rigid, upright posture for hours & resist efforts to be moved
experimenters can never be certain that the phenomena observed in the lab are the same as the psychological disorders being investigated
major limitation of all analogue research is that
hypnotic amnesia
makes people forget facts, events, & even their personal identities
delayed ejaculation
male dysfunction characterized by persistent inability to ejaculate or very delayed ejaculations during sexual activity w/ a partner
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
male dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex & hence a low level of sexual activity
IV
manipulated variable
antisocial
many behvaiorists have suggested that ... symptoms may be learned thru modeling or unitentional reinforcement
anxiety
many individuals w/ ... also experience depression
psychomotor symptoms
many move relatively slowly & a # make awkward movements or repeated grimaces & odd gestures that seem to have a private purpose - perhaps ritualistic or magical
locus coeruleus
many of its neurons use norepinephrine
borderline personality disorder
many of pateints who come to mental health emergency rooms are individuals w/ ... who have intentionally hurt themselves
depression
many people w/ eating disorders, particularly bulimia nervosa, have symptoms of ...
schizoid personality disorder
many psychodynamic theorists, particularly object relations theorists, link ... to an *unsatisfied need for human contact*. Parents of those w/ disorder are believed to have been unaccepting or abusive of their children
cannabis intoxication
many smokers report sharpened perceptions & fascination w/ the intensified sounds & sights around them. Time seems to slow down, & distances & sizes seem greater than they actually are. This overall "high" is technically called
narcissistic personality disorder
many sociocultural theorists see a link between narcissistic personality disorder and "eras of narcissism" in society
*societal* pressures
many theorists believe that current Western standards of female attractiveness are partly responsible for the emergence of eating disorders (what does this fall under)
Korsakoff's syndrome
marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, & other neurological symptoms
disengagement (displayed by families)
marked by very rigid boundaries b/w the members
flat affect
marked lack of apparent emotions
Alzheimer's disease
marked most prominently by memory impairment
projective test
may be biased against minority ethnic groups: weakness of ...
1. gene forms that start ball rolling by first promoting beta-amyloid protein formations & plaques, & 2. gene forms that more directly promote tau protein abnormalities & tangle formations
may be that there are multiple genetic causes for formation of numerous tangle formations & onset of Alzheimer's disease:
clinical assessment
may be used to evaluate treatment progress
cyclothymic disorder
may eventually blossom into bipolar I or II disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
may experience general feelings of anxiety & worry
vascular neurocognitive disorder
may follow a cerebrovascular accident, or *stroke*, during which blood flow to specific areas of brain was cut off, w/ resultant damage
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
may have trouble expressing affection & their relationships are often stiff & superficial
structured interview
may include a mental status exam
catatonia
may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing
clinical interviews
may lack validity or accuracy: limitation of....
generalized amnesia
may lose sense of identity
visual hallucinations
may produce vague perceptions of color or clouds or distinct visions of people or objects
residual phase
may retain some negative symptoms, such as blunted emotion, but have a lessening of striking symptoms of active phase
tactile hallucinations
may take form of tingling, burning, or electric-shock sensations
tardive dyskinesia
meaning "late-appearing movement disorder"
quasi
means half
"statistical significance"
means that the finding is unlikely to have occurred by chance
validity
measure of the accuracy of a test's or study's results
affective inventories
measure the severity of such emotions as anxiety, depression, & anger
differences
medical complications {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
asthma
medical problem marked by narrowing of trachea & bronchi, which results in shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, & a choking sensation
L-dopa
medication that raises Parkinson's patients' dopamine levels
short-term memory
mem system that collects new info
long-term memory
mem system that contains all info that we have stored over the years
models, actors, dancers, & certain athletes
members of certain subcultures are at greater risk from these {societal} pressures:
intelligence test
members of minority groups may have less experience & be less comfortable w/ these types of tests, influencing their results
rapid eye movement (REM)
men typically have erections during ... , the phase of sleep where dreaming takes place
reverse anorexia nervosa or muscle dysmorphia
men w/ this disorder are very musculature but still see themselves as scrawny & small & therefore continue to strive for a "perfect" body thru extreme measures such as excessive weight lifting or abuse of steroids
stress-reduction & problem-solving seminar
mental health professionals teach employees how to cope w/ & solve problems & reduce stress
psychology in law
mental health professions often play a role in criminal justice system
employee assistance program
mental health program offered by a business to it employees
short-term hospitalization
mental hospital or a general hospital's psychiatric unit
trial
mentally unstable at time of ... = committed until competent to stand trial [not able to participate in defense]
crime
mentally unstable at time of ... = if found NGRI, committed until improved enough to be released
lithium
metallic element that occurs in nature as a mineral salt & is an effective treatment for bipolar disorders
sign language and simultaneous communication
method combining sign language & speech
augmentative communication system
method for enhancing communication skills of people w/ ASD, intellectual disability, or cerebral palsy by teaching them to point to pictures, symbols, letters, or words on a communication board or computer
Treponema pallida
microorganism responsible for syphilis
purging-type bulimia nervosa
misuing laxatives, diuretics, or enemas {what type of BN}
jury selection
more & more lawyers have turned to clinicians for advise in conducting trials. "jury specialists". They advise lawyers about which jury candidates are likely to favor their side & which strategies are likely to win jurors' support during trial
"dramatic" personality disorders
more commonly diagnosed than the others although cause is not well understood & treatments range from ineffective to moderately effective
egoistic suicide
more likely in people who are isolated, alienated, & nonreligious
behavioral & cognitive clinicians (how they do assessments)
more likely to use assessment methods that reveal specific dysfunctional behaviors & cognitions
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
more recent version of MRI
bulimia
more than 1/3 of people w/ ... display characteristics of a personality disorder, particularly borderline personality disorder {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
medical narcotics usually prescribed to relieve pain
morphine, *codeine*, & *oxycodone* are ...
conversion disorder
most begin b/w late childhood & young adulthood
anxiety disorders
most common diagnosis is DSM-V
benzodiazepines
most common group of antianxiety drugs
anxiety disorders
most common mental disorders in US
social breakdown syndrome
most common pattern of decline as a result of institutionalization
one-way amnesic relationships
most common relationship pattern
localized amnesia
most common type of dissociate amnesia
auditory hallucination
most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia
Alzheimer's disease
most common type of neurocognitive disorder
benzodiazepines
most commonn group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium & Xanax
cannabis
most effects of ... last 2-6 hours. Mood changes may continue longer
bipolar I disorder
most experience an alternation of episodes
naturalistic observation
most focus on parent-child, sibling-child, or teacher-child interactions
prefrontal cortex
most important structures in short-term mem is ...
temporal lobes & diencephalon
most important structures in transforming short-term mem into long-term mem are ...
anxiety disorders
most individuals w/ 1 ... also suffer from a 2nd disorder
metabolized
most of alcohol is broken down, or ... , by the liver into carbon dioxide & water, which can be exhaled & excreted
caffeine
most often consumed in coffee
amphetamine
most often taken in pill or capsule form
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
most other countries rely primarily on a system called ...
dangerous
most people don't show this "D"
1. Rorschach Test 2. Thematic Apperception Test 3. Sentence completion tests 4. Drawings
most popular projective tests:
polygraph
most popular pschophysiological test is the ...
multidimensional risk perspective
most theorists & researchers us a ... to explain eating disorders
schizotypal personality disorder
most therapists agree on need to help clients "reconnect" & recognize limits of their thinking & powers. Cognitive-behavioral therapists further try to teach clients to objectively evaluate their thoughts & perceptions & provide speech lessons & social skills training
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
most widely used neuropsychological test is the ...
Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI)
most widely used personality inventory test
dieters & perfectionistic themselves
mothers of those w/ eating disorders are more likely to be .... & ....
catatonic excitement
move excitedly, sometimes wildly waving their arms & legs
vaginismus
muscles around outer third of vagina *involuntarily* contract, preventing entry of the penis
hysterical disorders
mysterious bodily ailments that had no apparent physical basis
partial antagonists
narcotic antagonists that produce less severe withdrawal symptoms
threatment/therapy
needs a "trained healer" and a series of systematic contacts b/w healer and sufferer
structural
negative symptoms of type II schizophrenia may be tied largely to ... abnormalities in brain
1. As many as 25% of patients remain troubled for years 2. Even when it occurs, recovery is not always permanent -usually triggered by new stresses -Many patients still express concerns about their weight and appearance 3. Lingering emotional problems are common
negatives of treatment for anorexia nervosa:
parasympathetic nervous system
nerve fibers of ANS that help return bodily processes to normal
sympathetic nervous system
nerve fibers of ANS that quicken heartbeat & produce other changes experienced as arousal & fear
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
network of nerve fibers that connect CNS to all other organs of body
mild neurocognitive disorder
neurocognitive disorder in which decline in cognitive functioning is modest & does not interfere w/ a person's ability to be independent
major neurocognitive disorder
neurocognitive disorder in which decline in cognitive functioning is substantial & interferes w/ a person's ability to be independent
neuroimaging techniques
neurological tests that provide images of brain structure or activity, such as CT scans, PET scans, & MRIs; also called brain scans
endorphins
neurotransmitters that help relieve pain & reduce emotional tension
methamphetamine
nicknamed *crank*
abnormal psychology
no definition of this word has won total acceptance yet
communication problems
nonverbal behaviors are often at odds w/ their efforts at verbal communication
metacommunication
nonverbal communication
acquired type
normal sexual functioning preceded dysfunction
response inventories
not all have been subjected to careful standardization, reliability, &/or validity procedures: weakness of ...
euthanasia
not necessarily initiated by the patient
male-female gender dysphoria: autogynephilic type
not sexually attracted to males; rather, they are attracted to idea of themselves being female
glove anesthesia
numbness begins sharply at wrist & extends evenly right to finger tips
automatic thoughts
numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction
VMH
obese
personality inventory
objectively scored & standardized: strength of ...
naturalistic observation
observations are generally made by "participant observers" & reported to a clinician
naturalistic & analog observations
observations may lack *cross-situational validity*: weakness of ...
observer bias
observer's judgments may be influenced by information & expectations they already have about the person
cognitive & perceptual dysregulation
odd thought processes & sensory experiences
conversion disorder
often similar to "genuine" medical ailments, physicians sometimes rely on oddities in patient's medical pic to help distinguish the 2
illness anxiety disorder
often their symptoms are merely normal bodily changes, such as occasional coughing, sores, or sweating
histrionic personality disorder
once called *hysterical personality disorder*
seek to treat it
once clinicians decide that a person is suffering from abnormality, ...
professionals
one final key development in study & treatment of mental disorders has been a growing appreciation of the need for effective ...
similar actions
one kind of synergistic effect occurs when 2 or more drugs have ... actions. For instance, alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbituates, & opiods - all depressants - may severely depress the CNS when mixed
dopamine-2 (D2) receptor gene
one line of investigation has found an abnormal form of the so-called ... in a majority of research participants w/ substance use disorders
administration, scoring, & interpretation
one must standardize .......
heroin
one of most addictive substances derived from opium
marijuana
one of the cannabis drugs, derived from the buds, leaves, & flowering tops of the hemp plant *Cannabis sativa*
depression
one of the most common mental health probs of older adults
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
one of the most famous & most powerful hallucinogens
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway
one route by which brain & body produce arousal & fear
bulimia nervosa anorexia nervosa
only half of women w/ ... experience amenorrhea vs. almost all women w/ ... {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
1. Opioids bind to the receptors in the brain that ordinarily receive endorphins (NTs that naturally help relieve pain and decrease emotional tension) 2. When these sites receive opioids, they produce pleasurable and calming feelings, just as endorphins do 3. In addition to reducing pain and tension, opioids can cause nausea, narrowing of the pupils, and constipation
opioids create these effects by *depressing* CNS:
opioid
opium or any if drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, & codeine
disruptive behavior disorder
oppositional defiant disorder {what type/category of disorders}
syphilis
organic disease that led to general paresis
semen is ejaculated
orgasm phase for men:
outer third of vagina walls contract
orgasm phase for women:
1. therapist's theoretical orientation 2. current research 3. general state of clinical knowledge - currently focusing on empirically supported, evidence-based treatment
other factors for treatment decisions:
1. get *minimum wage* if work in mental institutions 2. patients released from state mental hospitals have a right to *aftercare* & *appropriate community residence* 3. right to receive treatment in *least restrictive facility* available
other rights court decisions have protected:
hypothalamus
other {biological} theorists believe that eating disorders may be related to dysfunction of ...
*teachers* of more functional behavior & thought
others see abnormality as a problem in living & therapists as
personality traits
our particular characteristics
cortex
outer layer of brain
strong emotional reactions
overreactions to emotionally arousing situations
fetishistic disorder
paraphilic disorder consisting of recurrent & intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve use of a nonliving object or nongenital part, often to exclusion of all other stimuli, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment
transvestic disorder
paraphilic disorder consisting of repeated & intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve dressing in clothes of opposite sex, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment
voyeuristic disorder
paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated & intense sexual desires to observe unsuspecting people in secret as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse, & either acts on these urges w/ nonconsenting people or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment
pedophilic disorder
paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated & intense sexual urges or fantasies about watching, touching, or engaging in sexual acts w/ children, & either acts on these urges or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment
sexual sadism disorder
paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated & intense sexual urges or fantasies that involve inflicting suffering on others, & either acts on these urges w/ nonconsenting individuals or experiences clinically significant distress of impairment
frotteuristic disorder
paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated & intense sexual urges or fantasies that involves touching & rubbing against a nonconsenting person, & either acts on these urges w/ nonconsenting person or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment
sexual masochism disorder
paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated & intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment
exhibitionistic disorder
paraphilic disorder in which persons have repeated sexually arousing urges or fantasies about exposing their genitals to others, & either act on these urges with nonconsenting individuals or experience clinically significant distress or impairment
parent management training
parents are again taught more effective ways to deal w/ their children, & parents & children meet together in behavioral-oriented family therapy
Munchausen syndrome by proxy
parents or caretakers make up or produce physical illnesses in their children
basal ganglia & substantia nigra
parkinsonian & related symptoms seem to be result of medication-induced reactions of dopamine activity in the ... & ...
1. muscle tremor & rigidity 2. bizarre movements of face, neck, tongue, & back 3. great restlessness, agitation, & discomfort of the limbs
parkinsonian symptoms include:
hypothalamus
part of the brain that helps regulate various bodily functions, including eating & hunger
ABAB (reversal) design
participant is , essentially, compared against themselves under diff conditions rather than against control subjects
sample
participants in a given study
experimental group
participants in an experiment who are exposed to the IV under investigation
physician-assisted suicide
particular form of euthanasia
tease technique
partner keeps caressing man, but if man gets an ejection, partner stops caressing him until he loses it
basal ganglia & substantia nigra
parts of brain that coordinate movement & posture
predominant pain pattern
patients may receive this diagnosis when psychosocial factors play a central role in onset, severity, or continuation of pain
affectual awareness
patients visualize sexual scenes in order to discover any feelings of anxiety, vulnerability, & other negative emotions they may have concerning sex
normal -marked weight fluctuations -anorexia
patients w/ bulimia nervosa are generally of ... weight -often experience ... {~weight} -some may also qualify for a diagnosis of ...
mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs)
patients w/ psychotic disorders as well as substance use disorders
anaclitic depression
pattern of depressed behavior found among very young children that is caused by separation from one's mother
catatonia
pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia
substance use disorder
pattern of long-term maladaptive behaviors & reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance
paraphilias
patterns in which a person has recurrent & intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects, children, nonconcenting adults, or experiences of suffering or humiliation
stop-start, or pause, procedure
penis is manually stimulated until man is highly aroused. Couple then pauses until his arousal subsides, after which stimulation is resumed. This sequence is repeated several times before stimulation is carried thru to ejaculation, so man ultimately experiences much more total time of stimulation than he has ever experienced before
manic episode; mania; psychotic
people are considered to be in a full ... episode when, for at least one week, they display an abnormally high or irritable mood, increased activity or energy, & at elast 3 other symptoms of ... In extreme cases, symptoms are ...
mentally disordered sex offenders
people categorized this way are found guilty of a crime & judged to be responsible but are committed to a mental health facility *instead* of prison
delusional disorder
people develop beliefs that are false but not bizarre
self-monitoring
people observe themselves & carefully record the frequency of certain behaviors, feelings, or thoughts as they occur over time
Beck Depression Inventory
people rate their level of sadness & its effect on their functioning
expressed emotion
people recovering from schizophrenia are considered more likely to relapse if their families rate high in ...
hypoxyphilia
people strangle or smother themselves (or ask their partner to strangle them) in order to enhance their sexual pleasure
histrionic personality disorder
people w/ ... are often described as vain, self-centered, & demanding. Some make suicide attempts, often to manipulate others
borderline personality disorder
people w/ ... are prone to bouts of anger, which sometimes result in physical aggression & violent. Just as often, however, they direct their impulsive anger inward & harm themselves
antisocial personality disorder
people w/ ... are sometimes described as "psychopaths" or "sociopaths"
Korsakoff's syndrome
people w/ ... cannot remember the past or learn new info & may make up for their memory losses by *confabulating*
"odd" personality disorders
people w/ ... disorders typically have odd or eccentric behaviors that are similar to but not as extensive as those seen in schizophrenia, including extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, & peculiar ways of thinking & perceiving things
paranoid personality disorder
people w/ ... do not typically see themselves as needing help, & few come to treatment willingly
narcissistic personality disorder
people w/ ... exaggerate their achievements & talents, & often appear arrogant
significant cognitive deterioration
people w/ ... experience significant mem losses along w/ losses in other cog functions, such as abstract thinking or language. People may also experience changes in personality & behavior
schizoid personality disorder
people w/ ... focus mainly on themselves & are often seen as flat, cold, humorless, & dull
borderline personality disorder
people w/ ... frequently form intense conflict-ridden relationships while struggling w/ recurrent fears of impending abandonment
avoidant personality disorder
people w/ ... have difficulty *initiating* relationsips
dependent personality disorder
people w/ ... have difficulty w/ *separation*
antisocial personality disorder
people w/ ... have little regard for other individuals, & can be cruel, sadistic, aggressive, & violent
somatization pattern
people w/ ... have many long-lasting physical ailments that have little or no organic basis
schizotypal personality disorder
people w/ ... perform poorly on backward masking
bulimia
people w/ ... suffer damage caused by purging, especially from vomiting & laxatives {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
schizotypal personality disorder
people w/ ... tend to drift aimlessly & lead an idle, unproductive life, choosing undemanding jobs in which they are not required to interact w/ other people
senile plaques & neurofibrillary tangles
people w/ Alzheimer's disease have an excessive # of such ... & ...
diathesis-stress relationship
people w/ a biological predisposition will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of events or stressors are also present
*think in distorted ways*: -usually have a low opinion of their body shape -tend to overestimate their actual proportions: adjustable lens assessment technique -hold maladaptvie attitudes & misperceptions
people w/ anorexia nervosa also ..... - ~body shape - ~ actual proportions - ~ thoughts
*psychological problems*: -depression -anxiety -low self-esteem -insomnia or other sleep disturbances -substance abuse -obsessive-compulsive patterns -perfectionism
people w/ anorexia nervosa also display certain:
restricting-type anorexia nervosa
people w/ anorexia nervosa who reduce their weight by restricting their intake of food, a pattern called ...
(including hostility, which is also found in negative affectivity group) 1. manipulativeness 2. deceitfullness 3. grandiosity 4. attention seeking 5. callousness 5. hositlity
people w/ antagonism may exhibit any of the following traits:
1-30
people w/ bulimia nervosa may have b/w ... & ... binge episodes per week
1. restricted emotional reactivity 2. depressivity 3. suspiciousness 4. withdrawal 5. anhedonia 6. intimacy avoidance
people w/ detachment may exhibit any of the following traits:
1. irresponsibility 2. impulsivity 3. distractibility 4. risk taking 5. imperfection/disorganization
people w/ disinhibition may exhibit any of the following traits:
1. emotional lability 2. anxiousness 3. separation insecurity 4. perseveration 5. submissiveness 6. hostility 7. depressivity 8. suspiciousness 9. strong emotional reactions
people w/ negative affectivity exhibit 1 or more of following traits:
fixated
people w/ obsessive-compulsive PD are anal retentive bc of overly harsh toilet training during anal stage, they become filled w/ anger, and remain ... at this stage
1. unusual beliefs & experiences 2. eccentricity 3. cpgnitive & perceptual dysregulation
people w/ psychoticism may exhibit any of the following traits:
somatic symptoms
people w/ these disorders suffer actual changes in their physical functioning. Often hard to distinguish from genuine medical problems & it is always possible that a diagnosis is a mistake & patient's problem has an undetected organic cause
"anxious" personality disorders
people w/ this cluster of PD typically display anxious & fearful behavior
antisocial personality disorder
people w/ this disorder are likely to lie repeatedly, be reckless, & impulsive
paranoid personality disorder
people w/ this disorder believe that everyone intends them harm so they shun close relationships
schizotypal personality disorder
people w/ this disorder often have great difficulty keeping their attention focused; conversation is typically digressive & vague, even sprinkled w/ loose associations
illness anxiety disorder
people w/ this disorder unrealistically intrprt bodily symptoms as signs of a serious illness
Durham test
people were not criminally responsible if their "unlawful act was product of mental disease or defect"
participants
people who are chosen for a study/its subjects
antagonism
people who display ... behave in ways that put them at odds w/ other people
psychoticism
people who display ... have unusual & bizarre experiences
major depressive disorder
people who experience a major depressive episode w/ no history of mania
pedophilic disorder
people who initiate sexual contact w/ children, for ex, warrant a diagnosis of ... regardless if how trouble individuals may or may not be over their behavior
disinhibition
people who manifest ... behave impulsively, w/out reflecting on potential future consequences
detachment
people who manifest ... tend to withdraw from other people & social interactions
lifelong type
people who struggle w/ a sexual dysfunction their whole lives
severe *mental instability*
people who suffer from ... may not be responsible for their actions or be able to defend themselves in court
anxiety disorders
people who suffer from, disabling fear & anxiety where they cannot lead normal lives have ... Their discomfort is too severe or too frequent, lasts too long, or is triggered too easily
personality disorder -- trait specific field (PDTS)
people would receive this diagnosis if they had significant impairment in their functioning as a result of 1 or more very problematic traits
autoerotic asphyxia
people, usually males & as young as 10 yrs old, may accidentally induce a fatal lack of oxygen by hanging, suffocating, or strangling themselves while masturbating
learned helplessness
perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over one's reinforcements
intelligence test
performance can be influenced by nonintelligence factors (e.g. motivation, anxiety, test-taking experiences): weakness of ...
panic attacks
periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak w/in minutes, & gradually pass
persistent depressive disorder
persistent & chronic sadness
projection
person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desired to other individuals
repression
person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious
rationalization
person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives
displacement
person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object & onto a safer subsitute
intellectualization
person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a prob
regression
person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly
denial
person simply refused to acknowledged the existence of an external source of anxiety
death initiator
person who attempts suicide believing that process of death is already under way & that they are simply hastening the process
death ignorer
person who attempts suicide w/out recognizing the finality of death
death seeker
person who clearly intends to end their life at time of a suicide attempt
predominant pain pattern
person's primary bodily problem is experience of pain
stress response
person's reactions to the demands
1. destroys families, social relationships, & careers -Plays a role in suicides, homicides, assaults, rapes, and accidents -Long-term excessive drinking can seriously damage physical health -Long-term excessive drinking can cause major nutritional problems
personal & social impacts of alcoholism:
Type A personality style
personality pattern characterized by hostility, cynicism, drivenness, impatience, competitiveness, & ambition
Type B personality style
personality pattern in which a person is more relaxed, less aggressive, & less concerned about time
*cognitive symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
pessimistic {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
desire phase
phase of sexual response cycle consisting of an urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, & sexual attraction
orgasm phase
phase of sexual response cycle during which a person's sexual pleasure peaks & sexual tension is released as muscles in pelvic region contract rhythmically
excitement phase
phase of sexual response cycle marked by changes in pelvic region, general physical arousal, & increases in HR, muscle tension, BP, & rate of breathing
community mental health approach
philosophy that emphasizes community care for people with severe psychological disturbances
direct assistance
physicians may *actually* end a patient's life
indirect assistance
physicians may *advise* patients about how to end their life
psychiatrists
physicians who complete 3-4 additional years of training after medical school (a *residency*) in the treatment of abnormal mental functioning
thematic aperception test
pictorial protective test where black-&-white pics of individuals in vague situations are shown & they are asked to make up a dramatic story about each card
mainstreaming
placement of children w/ intellectual disability in regular school classes
Szasz; myth
places such emphasis on society's role that he finds the whole concept of mental illness to be invalid, a ... of sorts
neurotransmitters
play a key role in moving info thru the brain
basal ganglia
plays a crucial role in planning & producing movement
amygdala
plays a key role in emotional memory
differences (BN)
poor coping {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
dangerous
posing risk of harm
biochemical
positive symptoms of type I schizophrenia may be linked more closely to ... abnormalities in brain
1. Weight gain is often quickly restored 2. Menstruation often returns with return to normal weight 3. The death rate from anorexia nervosa is declining
positives of treatment for anorexia nervosa:
negative symptoms
poverty of speech {what type of symptom of schizophrenia)
euthanasia
practice of killing someone who is terminally sick or badly injured to stop the sufferring
deinstitutionalization
practice, begun in 1960s, of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals
factitious disorder
precise cause of ... are not understood, although clinical reports have pointed to factors such as depression, unsupportive parental relationships during childhood, & an extreme need for social support
similarity
preoccupation w/ food, weight, appearance {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
Rorschach test
presenting one inkblot card at a time & asking respondents what they see, what the inkblot seems to be, or what it reminds them of
positive psychology
prevention programs have been further energized by the growing interest in ...
somatic symptom disorder
previously called *hysterical disorders*
significant cognitive deterioration
previously called dementia
intellectual disability (ID)
previously called mental retardation
illness anxiety disorder
previously known as hypochondriasis
confidentiality
principle that certain professionals will not divulge info they obtain from a client
normalization
principle that institutions & community residences should provide people w/ intellectual disability types of living conditions & opportunities that are similar to those enjoyed by rest of society
duty to protect
principle that therapists must break confidentiality in order to protect a person who may be intended victim of a client
1. abuse 2. dependence 3. overdose
problems barbituates can cause include:
1. difficult to assess dangerousness 2. legal definitions of "mental illness" & "dangerousness" are vague 3. CC has questionable therapeutic value [i.e. recidivism]
problems w/ civil commitment:
orgasmic reorientation
procedure for treating certain paraphilias by teaching clients to respond to new, more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation
masturbatory satiation
procedure is expected to produce a feeling of boredom that becomes linked to object
standardize
process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual's score can be measured
self-hypnosis
process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes or purpose of forgetting unpleasant events
scientific method
process of systematically gathering and evaluating info thru careful observations to understand a phenomenon
hydrochloride powder
processed cocaine (...) is odorless, white, fluffy powder
sedative-hypnotic drugs
produce feelings of relaxation & drowsiness
cocaine
produces a euphoric rush of well-being
B cells
produces antibodies, mark them for destruction, & prevent them from causing infection
clinical psychologists
professionals who earn a doctorate in clinical psychology by completing 4-5 years of graduate training in abnormal functioning and its treatment and also complete a one-year internship in a mental health setting
aftercare
program of posthospitalization care & treatment in community
day center
program that offers hospital-like treatment during day only
bulimia nervosa
programs for ... treatment emphasize education as much as therapy
biological model
proponents believe that a full understanding of someones thoughts, emotions, & behavior must include an understanding of their biological basis
sheltered workshop
protected & supervised workplace that offers job opportunities & training at a pace & level tailored to people w/ various psychological disabilities
*psychodynamic clinicians* to help assess the unconscious drives & conflicts they believe to be at the root of abnormal functioning
protective tests are used primarily by ... clinicians to help assess the unconscious drives & conflicts they believe to be at the root of abnormal functioning
antibodies
protein molecules that recognize & bind to antigens
self-monitoring
provides a means of measuring private thoughts or perceptions: strength of ...
working thru
psychoanalytical process of facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, & overcoming one's problems
antisocial personality disorder
psychodynamic theorists propose that this disorder begins w/ an absence of parental love, leading to a lack of basic trust
ego theory
psychodynamic theory that emphasizes role of ego & considers it an independent force
self theory
psychodynamic theory that emphasizes role of self - our unified personality
object relations theory
psychodynamic theory that views desire for relationships as key motivating force in human behavior
retrospective anaylsis
psychological autopsy in which clinicians piece together info about a person's suicide from person's past
1. The presence of a general medical condition. 2. Psychological factors adversely affecting the general medical condition in one of the following ways: (a) Influencing the course of the general medical condition. (b) Interfering with the treatment of the general medical condition. (c) Posing additional health risks. (d) Stress-related physiological responses precipitating or exacerbating the general medical condition.
psychological factors affecting medical conditions
ego
psychological force that employs reason & operates in accordance w/ reality principle
id
psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, & impulses
superego
psychological force that represents a person's values & ideals
*behavioral symptoms* {of unipolar depression}
psychomotor disturbances {... symptoms of unipolar depression}
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder in which personal, social, & occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, & motor abnormalities
antipsychotic drugs
psychotropic drugs that help correct the confusion, hallucinations, & delusions found in psychotic disorders
antianxiety drugs
psychotropic drugs that help reduce tension & anxiety
mood stabilizing drugs
psychotropic drugs that help stabilize moods of people suffering from bipolar disorder
antibipolar drugs
psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from a bipolar mood disorder
antidepressant drugs
psychotropic drugs that improve moods of people w/ depression
state hospitals
public mental hospitals in the US, run by individual states
experiment
questions about causal relationships can only be answered by an
continuous amnesia
quite rare in cases of dissociative amnesia
delirium
rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention & orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate & think in a clear & organized manner
frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
rare disorder that affects frontal & temporal lobes
metabolic rate
rate at which body expends energy
parkinsonian symptoms
reactions that closely resemble features of neurological disorder Parkinson's disease
all
recently, dieting & preoccupation w/ thinness, along w/ rates of eating disorders, are increasing in ... groups
confabulating
reciting made-up events to fill the gaps
conduct disorder
recividivism for juvenile delinquency
electroenceohalogram (EEG)
records *brain waves,* the electrical activity that takes place w/in the brain as a result of neurons firing
depressants
reduce tension & inhibitions & may interfere w/ a person's judgement, motor activity, & concentration
antianxiety drugs
reduce tension and worry
categorical info
refers to the name of the distinct category (disorder) indicated by the client's symptoms
orbitofrontal cortex
region of brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, & other primitive activities normally arise
stimulant use disorder
regular use of either cocaine or amphetamines may lead to ...
gustatory hallucinations
regularly find that their food or drink tastes strange
second-generation antispychotic drugs
relatively new group of antipsychotic drugs whose biological action is different from that of traditional antipsychotic drugs
naturalistic & analog observations
reliability is a concern: weakness of ...
catharsis
reliving past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts & overcome probs
delayed echolalia
reoeat a sentence days after they have heard it
perseveration
repeat their words & statements again & again
binge eating disorder
repeated eating binges during which they feel no control over their eating
pica
repeated eating of nonnutritious substances (rocks, glass, etc)
panic disorder
repeated outbreaks of panic
self-injurious behaviors
repeatedly lunging into or banging their head against a wall, pulling their hair, or biting themselves
vomiting
repeating ... affects the ability to feel satisfied --- greater hinger & bingeing
perseveration
repetition of certain behaviors despite repeated failures
compulsion
repetitive & rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety
illness anxiety disorder
replacing term "hypochondrias" w/ the new term ...
neurocognitive disorder
replacing the term "dementia" w/ the new term
gender dysphoria
replacing the term "gender identity disorder" w/ the new term ...
intellectual disability
replacing the term "mental retardation" w/ the new term ...
*number* of the coefficient
represents its magnitude
Compulsatory Outpatient Treatment
require court needs to require people released to take meds
psychophysiological test
require expensive equipment that must be tuned & maintained: weakness of ...
projective test
require that clients interpret vague & ambiguous stimuli or follow open-ended instruction
2PCs (2-physician certificates)
requires agreement of 2 physicians &/or mental health professionals
expirement
research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulation's effect on another variable is observed
correlational method
research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with each other
no treatment of than placebo
research suggests that therapy is generally more helpful than ...
schizotypal personality disorder
researchers have also begun to link ... to some of same biological factors found in schizophrenia, such as high dopamine acitivty
1. lateral hypothalamus 2. ventromedial hypothalamus
researchers have identified 2 separate areas that control eating:
anandamide
researchers have identified a neurotransmitter called ... that operates much like THC; excessive use of marijuana may reduce the production of this NT
endocrine system
researchers have learned that mental disorders are sometimes related to abnormal chemical activity in the body's
matched control participants
researchers match the experimental participants with control participants who are similar in age, sex, race, # of children in family, socioeconomic status, type of neighborhood, or other characteristics
halfway house
residence for people w/ schizophrenia or other severe problems, often staffed by paraprofessionals
social skills inventories
respondents indicate how they would react in a variety of social situations
negative symptoms
restricted affect {what type of symptom of schizophrenia)
stimulants
result in increased blood pressure & heart rate, more alertness, & sped-up behavior & thinking
ulcer
results in burning sensations or pain, vomiting, & stomach bleeding
residual phase
return to a prodromal-like level of functioning
cognitive inventories
reveal a person's typical thoughts & assumptions & can help uncover counterproductive patterns of thinking
epidemiological studies
reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population
work w/ hypnotism: -Friedrich Mesmer & hysterical disorders - Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis
rise in popularity of psychogenic perspective was based on ...
naturalistic & analog observations
risk of "overload," "observer drift," & observer bias: weakness of ...
paradigm
same as model
abnormal psychology
scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning
70
score above ... = deviant on the MMPI
intelligence quotient (IQ)
score derived from intelligence tests that theoretically represents a person's overall intellectual capacity
selective amnesia
second most common type of dissociate amnesia
their biological operation differs from that of conventional antipsychotic medications
second-generation drugs were called *atypical* bc ...
LD: drugs have a calming or sedative effect HD: they are sleep inducers, or hypnotics I: 1. barbituates 2. benzodiazepines
sedative-hypnotic drugs: -at low dosages: -at high dosages: -include:
natural killer cells
seeks out & destroys body cells that have already been infected by viruses, thus helping to stop spread of a viral infection
hyperreactivity
seem overstimulated by sights & sounds & appear to be trying to block them out
hyporeactivity
seem understimulated & appear to be performing self-stimulatory actions
trait anxiety
seems to be a general trait that each of us brings to events in our lives
biological model
sees physical processes as key to human behavior
1. focus on toughing - except genitals & breasts 2. touch any part of body -intercourse not allowed 3. mutual touching --- intercourse
sensate focus:
identity
sense of who we are & where we fit in our environment
depersonalization
sense that one's own mental functioning or body are unreal or detached
derealization
sense that one's surroundings are unreal or detached
transgender experiences
sense that their actual gender identity is different from their assigned gender or a sense that it lies outside the usual male vs female categories
sensate focus, or nondemand pleasuring
series of sensual tasks, sometimes called "petting" exercises, in which partners focus on sexual pleasure that can be achieved by exploring & caressing each other's body at home, w/out demands to have intercourse or reach orgasm
weight set point
set by genetic inheritance & early eating practices, this mechanism is responsible for keeping an individual at a particular weight level
personality
set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence our behaviors, emotions, thoughts, & interactions
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
set unreasonably high standards for themselves & others &, fearing a mistake, may be afraid to make decisions
Protection & Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act
set up *protection & advocacy* systems in all states & US territories [insurance covers payment]
1. naturalistic 2. analog 3. self-monitoring
several kinds of clinical observations:
new-wave cognitive explanations Ellis & Beck
several new explanations for GAD, sometimes called the ..., have emerged. Each of them builds on the work of ... & ... & their emphasis on danger
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
severe or premenstrual sadness & related symptoms
prior to onset of puberty it is =; then girls out diagnose boys 2:1
sex differences related to development of depression:
directed masturbation trainign
sex therapy approach that teaches women w/ female arousal or orgasmic problems how to masturbate effectively & eventually to reach orgasm during sexual interactions
genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
sexual dysfunction characterized by significant physical discomfort during intercourse
libido
sexual energy
differences (BN)
sexually experienced & active {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
restricting-type anorexia nervosa
show almost no variability in diet
blunted affect
show less anger, sadness, joy, & other feelings than most people
dementia; neurocognitive disorder
significant cog deterioration, previously called ... , is now categorized as ...
*sign* of the coefficient
signifies the direction of the correlation
a fear of humiliation & low confidence
similarities b/w avoidant PD & social anxiety disorder include:
outpatient care
since 1950s, ... has continued to be the preferred mode of treatment for those w/ moderate disturbances
receptors
site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter
Parkinson's disease
slowly progressive neurological disorder marked by tremors, rigidity, & unsteadiness
olfactory hallucinations
smell odors that no one else does, such as smell of poison or smoke
negative symptoms
social withdrawal {what type of symptom of schizophrenia)
hashish
solidified resin of cannabis plant
GAD: Psychodynamic theory
some children experience particularly high levels of anxiety, or their defense mechanisms are particularly inadequate, & they may develop *GAD* {belief of what perspective}
bipolar I disorder
some have mixed episodes
1. coordination of patient services 2. short-term hospitalization 3. partial hospitalization 4. supervised residencies 5. occupational training
some key features of effective community care programs are:
cocaine-induced psychosis
some people have hallucinations, delusions, or both, a condition called .... [referring to cocaine]
one-way amnesic relationships
some subpersonalities are aware of others, but awareness is not mutual
weight set point
some theorists believe that the hypothalamus, related brain areas, & chemicals together are responsible for ...
SAD: *circumstances* APD: *relationships*
some theorists believe that there is a key difference b/w avoidant PD & social anxiety disorder -- namely, that people w/ SAD primarily fear social ... , while people w/ APD tend to fear close social ...
*cure* the illness
some view abnormality as an illness so consider therapy a procedure that helps
pica
some w/ encopresis do this
prodromal phase
someone in ... phase may withdraw socially, speak in vague or odd ways, develop strange ideas, or express little emotion
hallucinogen intoxication
sometimes called *hallucinosis*
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
sometimes called major stress hormone
active phase
sometimes this phase is triggered by stress or trauma in person's life
aftercare
soon after patients improve {in short-term hospitalization}, they are released for ...
senile plaques
sphere-shaped deposits of *beta-amyloid protein* that form in spaces b/w certain brain cells & in certain blood vessels as people age
late-onset Alzheimer's disease
sporadic (what type of Alzheimer's disease)
conditions of worth
standards that tell them they are lovable & acceptable only when they conform to certain guidelines
conduct disorder
starts w/ inanimate things then quickly goes to animate obect
LH
starve to death (prisoners of war)
parens patriae
state can take action to protect patients from self-harm, including thru involuntarily hospitalizing them
psychosis
state in which a person loses contact w/ reality in key ways
fear
state of immediate alarm in response to a serious, known threat to one's well-being
mental incompetence
state of mental instability that leaves defendants unable to understand legal charges & proceedings they are facing & unable to prepare an adequate defense w/ their attorney [need to be able to understand charges & can help lawyer]
spectator role
state of mind that some people experience during sex, focusing on their sexual performance to such an extent that their performance & their enjoyment are reduced
state hospitals
state-run public mental institutions in the US
state school
state-supported institution for people w/ intellectual disability
social norms
stated & unstated rules for proper conduct
MMPI
statements describe physical concerns, mood, morale, attitudes toward religion, sex, & social activities, & psychological symptoms
methylphenidate
stimulant drug known better by trade name *Ritalin*, commonly used to treat ADHD
stimulant use disorder
stimulate dominates individual's life & leads to poor function in social relationships & at work
community mental health act
stipulates that patients w/ psychological disorders were to receive a range of mental health services -- outpatient therapy, inpatient treatment, emergency care, preventative care, & aftercare -- in their communities rather than being transported to institutions far from home
catatonic stupor
stop responding to their environments, remaining motionless & silent for long stretches of time
delusions
strange false belief of firmly held despite evidence to the contrary
ego defense mechanisms
strategies developed by ego to control unacceptable id impulses & to avoid or reduce anxiety they arouse
magnitude
strength
juvenile training centers
strengthen delinquent behavior rather than resocialize young offenders
somatic & dissociative
stress & anxiety also contribute to several other kinds of disorders, particularly disorders that focus on ... & ... symptoms
humanistic-existential model
stresses the role of values & choices
behavior & cognitive clinicians who need to pinpoint behaviors, attitudes, or thinking processes that may underlie abnormal behavior
structured interview formats are widely used by ... & ... clinicians
caudate nuclei
structures in brain, w/in region known as basal ganglia, that help convert sensory info into thoughts & actions
early-onset Alzheimer's disease
studies have found that mutations in particular genes increase likelihood of plaque & tangle formations &, in turn, ...
caffeine
studies suggest correlations b/w high doses of ... & heart rhythm irregularities, high cholesterol levels, & risk of heart attacks
therapy outcome studies
studies that measure the effects of various treatments
positive psychology
study & enhancement of positive feelings, traits, & abilities
psychoneuroimmunology
study of connections b/w stress, body's immune system, & illness
longitudinal studies
study that observes same participants on many occasions over a long period of time
mutually amnesic relationships
subpersonalities have no awareness of one another
similarity
substance abuse {similarity or difference b/w BN & AN}
agonist
substitute
bodily illusions
such as sensing an external "force" or presence
ineffective parents
such children {w/ ... parents} may grow up confused & unaware of their own internal needs & turn, instead, to external guides
Hippocrates
suggested treatments attempted to "rebalance"
metacognitive theory
suggests that people w/ GAD implicitly hold both positive & negative beliefs about worrying
avoidance theory
suggests that people w/ this disorder have greater bodily arousal (higher HR, perspiration, respiration) than other people & that worrying actually serves to *reduce* this arousal, perhaps by distracting individuals from their unpleasant physical feelings
sheltered workshop
supervised workplace for people who are not yet ready for competitive jobs
sex-change surgery
surgical procedure that changes a person's sex organs, features, &, in turn, sexual identity
lobotomy
surgical procedure that supposedly cured schizophrenia
avolition
symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy & an inability to start or complete a course of action
somatic symptom disorder
symptoms are longer-lasting but less dramatic than those found in conversion disorder
prodromal phase
symptoms are not yet obvious, but person is beginning to deteriorate
active phase
symptoms become apparent
conversion disorder
symptoms may be at odd w/ way nervous system is known to work
Onset before 3: -extreme unresponsiveness -poor communication -bizarre responses (ritualistic & repetitive behaviors) -neoligisms (made up words) -pronominal reversal
symptoms of ASD: (onset ...)
1. restlessness 2. fatigue 3. difficulty concentrating 4. muscle tension 5. sleep problems (must have at least 3 for 3 months)
symptoms of GAD
1. poor muscle coordination 2. grandiosity 3. bad judgement 4. anger 5. aggression 6. compulsive behavior 7. anxiety 8. confusion
symptoms of cocaine:
negative symptoms
symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be deficits in normal thought, emotions, or behaviors
positive symptoms
symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be excesses of or bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors
schizotypal personality disorder
symptoms of this disorder include ideas of reference & bodily illusions
conversion disorder
symptoms often seem neurological, such as paralysis, blindness, or loss of feeling
amphetamine psychosis
syndrome very similar to schizophrenia
methadone
synthetic opioid
peer review system
system by which clinicians paid by an insurance company may periodically review a patient's progress & recommend continuation or termination of insurance benefits
endocrine system
system of glands located thruout body that help control important activities such as growth & sexual activity
detoxification
systematic & medically supervised withdrawal from a drug
clinical observations
systematic observations of behavior
research
systematic search for facts through the use of careful observations and investigations
contingency management approach
systematically ignoring a client's depressive behaviors while praising or otherwise rewarding constructive statements & behavior, such as going to work
mindfulness mediation
teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts & feelings that are flowing thru their minds during mediation & to accept such thoughts in a nonjudgmental way
guilty w/ diminished capacity
temporarily; drink too much & kill -- not murder; more poor, black, women *don't* get off on this
alcohol intoxication
temporary state of poor judgement, mood changes, irritability, slurred speech, & poor coordination
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
tend to be rigid & stubborn
sentence-completion test
test is considered a good springboard for discussion & a quick & easy way to pinpoint topics to explore
field studies
test the merits of the new criteria & categories
test-retest reliability
test yields similar results every time it is given to the same people
sentence-completion test
test-taker completes a series of unfinished sentences
response inventories
tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes
personality inventory
tests fail to allow for cultural differences in responses: weakness of ...
intelligence test
tests may contain cultural biases in language or tasks: weakness of ...
1. a normal to slightly overweight female has been on a diet 2. escalation toward anorexia nervosa may follow a stressful event -separation of parents -move away from home -experience personal failure 3. most patients recover -however, ~2% to 6% become seriously ill & dies as a result of medical complications or suicide
the "typical" case of anorexia nervosa:
-a normal to slightly overweight female has been on an intense diet -research suggests that even among normal participants, bingeing often occurs often strict dieting 1. like anorexia nervosa, about 90-95% of bulimia nervosa cases occur in females 2. peak age of onset is b/w 15-21 years {vs 14-18 for AN} 3. symptoms may last for several years w/ periodic letup
the "typical" case of bulimia nervosa:
accuracy of the info that its diagnostic categories provide
the *validity* of a classification system is the ...
MMPI
the ... consists of more than 500 self-statements that can be answered "true," "false," or "cannot say"
1. judgement & inhibition 2. additional areas in the CNS 3. increase; slow
the 1st brain area affected is that which controls .... Next affected are .... , leaving the drinker even less able to make sound judgments, speak clearly, & remember well Motor difficulties ... as drinking continues, & reaction times ...
high or nod
the brief spasm is followed by several hours of a pleasant feeling called a ... or ... (referring to narcotic)
-offer *tentative support* for a theory -*challenge a theory's assumptions* -inspire *new therapeutic techniques* -offer opportunities to study *unusual problems*
the case study may:
-correct the social conditions that underlie psychological problems (poverty/violence) -help individuals at risk for developing disorders
the community mental health approach has given rise to the prevention movement. Many of today's programs aim to:
a morbid fear of weight gain
the core issue of the rise in eating disorders in the past 3 decades is ...
+1.00 (perfect positive correlation) -1.00 (perfect negative correlation)
the correlation coefficient can vary from ... (...) to ... (...)
-do not offer richness of detail -do allow researchers to draw broad conclusions -preferred method of clinical investigations ~typically involve observing many individuals ~researchers apply procedure uniformly (studies can be replicated) ~researchers use *statistical tests* to analyze results
the correlational method & the experimental method:
FEAR -of becoming obses -of giving in to the desire to eat -if losing control of body size & shape
the driving motivation of anorexia nervosa is ... :
synesthesia
the drug [LSD] may also cause different senses to cross, an effect called ... Colors, for ex, may be "heard" or "felt"
concentration, or proportion,
the extent of the effect of ethyl alcohol is determined by its ... in the blood
1. both may occur in response to severe stress 2. both have traditionally been viewed as forms of escape from stress 3. # of individuals suffer from both types of disorders 4. theorists & clinicians often explain & treat two groups of disorders in similar ways
the groups of disorders {featuring somatic symptoms} have much in common:
cannabis sativa
the hemp plant
1. jockeys 2. wrestlers 3. distance runners 4. body builders 5. swimmers
the highest rates of male eating disorders have been found among:
1. alcohol & substance abuse 2. reckless behavior, including driving & unsafe sex 3. self-injurious or self-mutilation behavior 4. suicidal actions & treats
the impulsive, self-destructive behavior of people with borderline personality disorder can include:
becoming thin
the key goal for people with anorexia nervosa is ...
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
the main active ingredient of cannabis substances
enmeshed structure (families)
the members are grossly over-involved in one another's activities, thoughts, & feelings
mind-body dualism
the mind, or soul, is totally separate from the body - a position called ...
1. vomiting 2. laxatives & diuretics
the most common compensatory behaviors: {of BN}
-PDT: early interactions w/ demanding parents -CT: maladaptive assumptions are to blame (such as "people are evil & will attack you if given the chance) _BT: genetic causes & have looked at twin studies to support this model
the proposed *explanations for Paranoid PD*, like those of most other PDs, have little systemic research -psychodynamic theorists trace the pattern back to ... -cognitive theorists suggest that ... -biological theorists propose ...
larger population
the sample must be representative of the
"fear" & preoccupation
the socially accepted prejudice against overweight people may also add to the ... & ... about weight
the clinician's theoretical orientation
the specific tools used in an assessment depend on ...
coconscious subpersonalities
the subpersonalities that are aware
1. depressants 2. stimulants 3. hallucinogens 4. cannabis
the substances people misuse fall into several categories:
combined
the use of .... treatment approaches has greatly improved the outlook for people w/ anorexia nervosa. But even w/ it, recovery is difficult
rapid detoxification
the use of antagonists to help people withdraw is often called ... bc antagonists speed things along
multicultural perspective
the view that each culture w/in a larger society has a particular set of values & beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior & functioning of its members
control group
their experience is still similar to that of the experimental group
schizoid personality disorder
their extreme social withdrawal prevents most people w/ this disorder from entering therapy unless some other disorder makes treatment necessary. Even then, patients are likely to remain emotionally distant from therapist, seem not to care about tx, & make limited progress
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
their problem is sometimes describes as *free floating*
reward-deficiency syndrome
their reward center is not readily activated by the usual events in their lives, so they turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway, particularly time in stress
clinical practitioners
their role is to detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning
degree dimensional
theorists believe that PDs differ more in ... than in type of dysfunction & should instead be classified by severity of personality traits rather than by presence or absence of specific traits---a procedure called a ... approach
multidimensional risk perspective
theory that identifies several kinds of risk factors that are thought to combine to help cause a disorder. the more factors present, the greater the risk of developing the disorder
downward shift theory
theory that schizophrenia causes its sufferers to fall from a higher to a lower socioeconomic level or to remain poor bc they are unable to function effectively
dopamine hypothesis
theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of NT dopamine
double-blind hypothesis
theory that some parents repeatedly communicate pairs of messages that are mutually contradictory, helping to produce schizophrenia in their children
problem-solving skills training
therapists combine modeling, practice, role-playing, & systematic rewards to help teach children constructive thinking & positive social behaviors
parent management training
therapists often use this when kids reach school age
parent-child interaction therapy
therapists teach parents to work w/ their child positively, to set appropriate limits, to act consistently, to be fair in their discipline decisions, & to establish more appropriate expectations regarding the child
structural family therapy
therapists try to change the family power structure, the roles each person plays, & the relationships b/w members
biased observers
therapists who have a personal stake in seeing their treatments succeed
reinforcement
therapists who take a ... approach arrange for removal or rewards for a client's "sickness" symptoms & increase rewards for healthy behaviors
confrontational
therapists who take a ... approach try to force patients out of their sick role by straightforwardly telling them that their bodily symptoms are w/out medical basis
integrative behavioral couples therapy
therapists who teach ... teach specific communication & problem-solving skills to couples & further guide them to be more accepting of each other
cognitive-behaviroal therapies
therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors & dysfunctional ways of thinking
couple therapy
therapy format in which therapist works w/ 2 people who share a long-term relationship
gestalt therapy
therapy in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition & self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing & self-discovery exercises
client-centered therapy
therapy in which clinicians try to help clients by being accepted, empathizing accurately, & conveying genuieness
schizotypal personality disorder
therapy is as difficult in cases of ... , as in cases of paranoid & schizoid personality disorders
1. is therapy in *general* effective? 2. are *particular* therapies generally effective? 3. are *particular* therapies effective for *particular* problems
therapy outcome studies typically assess one of the following questions:
empirically supported treatment
therapy that has received clear research support for a particular disorder & has corresponding treatment guidelines
unrelated
there is no consistent relationship between the variables
clinical interviews
these face-to-face encounters are often the first contact b/w a client & a clinician/assessor
binge eating disorder
these individuals do *not* perform inappropriate compensatory behavior
paranoid personality disorder
they are critical of weakness & fault in others, particularly at work. They are unable to recognize their own mistakes & are extremely sensitive to criticism. Often blame others for things that go wrong in their lives & repeatedly bear grudges
personality inventory
they cannot be considered *highly valid* - measured traits often cannot be directly examined - how can we really know the assessment is correct?: weakness of ...
dysfunction
this alone does not necessarily indicate psychological abnormality
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
this disease has symptoms that include spasms of the body
vascular neurocognitive disorder
this disorder is progressive but its symptoms begin suddenly, rather than gradually
sildenafil
this drug increases blood flow to penis w/in 1 hour of ingestion; increased blood flow enables user to attain an erection during sexual activity
late-onset Alzheimer's disease
this form of the disease appears to result from a combination of genetic, environment, & lifestyle factors
delirium
this state of massive confusion typically occurs over a short period of time, usually hours or days
irresistible impulse test
this test emphasized inability to control one's actions ("fir of passion" defense)
sexually violent predator laws
those convicted for sex crimes & have served their sentence in prison are removed from prison before their release & committed involuntarily to a mental hospital for treatment (prison *in addition* to treatment)
suggestion
those who employ ... offer emotional support to patients & tell them persuasively (or hypnotically) that their physical symtoms will soon disappear
type I schizophrenia
thought to be dominated by positive symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, & certain formal thought disorders
early 20th century
time period of dual perspectives
the 19th century
time period of reform & moral treatment
Europe in the middle ages
time period when abnormality was seen as a conflict b/w good & evil: God & the devil
Rensaissance
time period when across Europe, religious shrines were devoted to the humane & loving treatment of people w/ mental disorders
Renaissance
time period when demonological views of abnormality continued to decline
Europe in the middle ages
time period when demonology returns
Europe in the middle ages
time period when religious beliefs dominant: were highly superstitious & demonological
Rensaissance
time period when saw a rise of *asylums*
Europe in the middle ages
time period when some of the earlier demonoligcal treatments reemerged
Renaissance
time period when the care of people w/ mental disorders continued to improve
synapse
tiny space that separates the nerve ending of one neuron & the dendrite of another
standardize
to .... a technique is to set up common steps to be followed whenever it is administered
matched control groups
to address the problem of confounds, researchers use
responsible; capable
to arrive at just & appropriate punishments, courts need to know whether defendants are ... for committing crimes & ... of defending themselves in court
blind design
to avoid bias by the participants, experimenters employ a ...
standardized & have clear reliability & validity
to be useful, assessment tools must be ...
self-instruction training
to help change their negative reactions to sex
tertiary prevention
to provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders do not become long-term problems (what level)
somatization pattern
to receive a diagnosis, a patient must have a range of ailments, including several pain symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, a sexual symptom, and a neurological symptom
managed care program
today the dominant form of insurance coverage is the
operant conditioning
token economics is based on ... principles
hallucinogens
tolerance & withrawal w/ ... are rare. But the drugs do pose dangers
cross-tolerance
tolerance for a substance that one has not taken before as a result of using another substance similar to it
prevalence
total # of cases in the population during a given period (both existing and new cases)
community mental health center
treatment facility that provides medication, psychotherapy, & emergency care for psychological problems & coordinates treatment in the community
bulimia nervosa
treatment for ... is frequently offered in eating disorder clinics
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
treatment for depression in which electrodes attached to a patient's head send an electrical current thru the brain, causing a convulsion
force the demons from the body thru trephination & exorcism
treatment for severe abnormality in the ancient times was to
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
treatment procedure for depression in which a pacemaker powers electrodes that have been implanted in Brodmann Area 25, thus stimulating that brain area
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
treatment procedure for depression in which an electromagentic coil, which is placed on or above a patient's head, sends a current into individual's brain
vagus nerve stimualtion
treatment procedure for depression in which an implanted pulse generator sends regular electrical signals to a person's vagus nerve; nerve then stimulates the brain
antisocial personality disorder
treatments are typically ineffective. A major obstacle is the individual's lack of conscience or desire to chane: most have been forced to go to treatment. Some cog therapists try to guide clients to think about moral issues & needs of other people: hospitals & prisons have attempted to create therapeutic communities. Atypical antipsychotic drugs have also been tried by systematic studies are still needed
1. Therapists help patients recognize their need for independence and control 2. Therapists help patients recognize and trust their internal feelings 3. A final focus of treatment is helping clients change their attitudes about eating and weight: Using cognitive approaches, therapists correct disturbed cognitions and educate about body distortions 4. Family therapy is important for anorexia nervosa treatment: The main issues are often separation and boundaries
treatments for anorexia nervosa:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, other forms of psychotherapy, and in some cases, antidepressant medications are provided to help reduce or eliminate the binge-eating patterns and to change disturbed thinking such as being overly concerned with weight and shape
treatments for binge-eating disorders
releasing/expelling evil spirits & curing mental dysfunctioning
trephination could have been performed for the purpose of
neurofibrillary tangles
twisted protein fibers that from w/in certain brain cells as people age
type I schizophrenia
type ... schizophrenia patients generally seem to have been better adjusted prior to disorder, to have later onset of symptoms, & to be more likely to show improvement, especially when treated w/ medications
bipolar I disorder
type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic & major depressive episodes
bipolar II disorder
type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypo-maniac) episodes & major depressive episodes
schizophrenogenic mother
type of mother---supposedly cold, domineering, & uninterested in needs of her children---who was once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child
ABAB (reversal) design
type of single-subject design
conversion disorder
unconscious of causing symptoms
schizophrenia
under standard of M'Naghten test, ~ 2/3s of defendants acquitted by reason of insanity qualify for a diagnosis of ...
iatrogenic
unintentionally produced by practitioners
somatoform
unlike psychophysiological disorders, in which psychosocial factors interact with genuine physical ailments, ... disorders are psychological disorders masquerading as physical symptoms
distress
unpleasant & upsetting to the person
withdrawal
unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug
automatic thoughts
unrelentingly negative thoughts that flood the mind & produce the symptoms of depression
emotional lability
unstable emotions
psychodynamic & humanistic
unstructured interviews typically appeal to ... & ... clinicians
psychomotor symptoms
unusual movements or gestures
motor movements
unusual, rigid, & repetitive
extrapyramidal effects
unwanted movements, such as severe shaking, bizarre-looking grimaces, twisting of the body, & extreme restlessness, sometimes produced by conventional antipsychotic drugs
clang
use ... or rhyme, to think or express themselves
psychodynamic clinicians (how they do assessments)
use methods that assess a client's personality & probe for unconscious conflicts they may be experiencing
torture
use of brutal, degrading, & disorienting strategies to reduce victims to a state of utter helplessness
cybertherpay
use of computer technology, such as Skype or avatars, to provide therapy
quasi-experiment
use when can't humanistically do an experiment
tease technique
used during sensate-focus exercises
social skills inventories
used particularly by behavioral & family-social clinicians
clinical interviews
used to collect detailed info, especially personal history, about a client
clinical assessment
used to determine how & why a person is behaving abnormally & how that person may be helped
demonological model
used to explain abnormal functioning during the Middle Ages
parent-child interaction therapy
used w/ preschoolers
self-monitoring
useful for observing overly frequent behaviors: strength of ...
self-monitoring
useful in assessing infrequent behaviors: strength of ...
cross-tolerance
users who display .... can reduce the symptoms of withdrawal from one drug by taking the other
clinical picture
using all available info, clinicians attempt to paint a ... Influenced by their theoretical orientation
diagnosis
using assessment data & the clinical picture, clinicians attempt to make a ...
conversion disorder
usually appear suddenly, at times of stress, & are thought to be rare
personality inventory
usually based on self-reported responses
response inventories
usually based on self-reported responses
conduct disorder
usually begins before 10
factitious disorder
usually begins during early adulthood
Alzheimer's disease
usually begins w/ mild mem probs, lapses of attention, & difficulties in language & communication
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
usually first appears in childhood or adolescence
Alzheimer's disease
usually occurring after age of 65
naturalistic & analog observations
validity is a concern: weakness of ...
self-monitoring
validity is often a problem: weakness of ...
negative correlation
value of one variable increases as the value of the other variable decreases
DV
variable being observed
dependent variable
variable in an experiment expected to change as the IV is manipulated
independent variable
variable in an experiment that is manipulated to determine whether it has an effect on another variable
negative correlation
variables change in opposite direction
low magnitude
variables which do not vary as closely together; loosely scattered around the line of best fit
high magnitude
variables which vary closely together; fall close to line of best fit
primary communication
verbal communication
guilty but mentally ill
verdict stating that defendants are guilty of committing a crime but are also suffering from a mental illness that should be treated during their imprisonment
not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI)
verdict stating that defendants are not guilt of a crime bc they were insane at time of crime
migraine headache
very severe headache that occurs on one side of the head, often preceded by a warning sensation & sometimes accompanied by dizziness, nausea, or vomiting
Carl Roger's explanation (about unconditional positive regard and conditions of self worth)
view of humanistic perspective of GAD is best illustrated by ...
somatogenic perspective
view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes
psychogenic perspectives
view that chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological
obsessive-compulsive disorder
viewing it as a prob that is diff from the anxiety disorders & grouping it instead along w/ other .... disorders such as "hoarding disorder," body dysmorphic disorder," "trichotillomania" (hair pulling disorder), & "Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
posttraumatic stress disorder
viewing it as a prob that is distinct from the anxiety disorders
supported employment
vocational agencies & counselors help clients find competitive jobs in the community & provide psychological support while clients are employed
bulimia nervosa -stress -1. had a longer history of symptoms 2. vomited frequently 3. had histories of substance use 4. have lingering interpersonal problems
w/ ... *relapse can be a significant problem, even among those who respond successfully to treatment* -relpases are usually triggered by ... -relapsed are more likely among people who:
alcohol use disorder
w/ ... eventually drinking interferes w/ social behavior & ability to think & work
that different clinicians are likely to agree on a diagnosis using the system to diagnose the same client
w/ classification system *reliability* means ...
delirium & dementia
w/ elderly people psychotic symptoms are usually due to underlying medical conditions such as ... & ...
natural experiments
w/ this experiment broad generalizations cannot be made
hallucinogen intoxication; hallucinosis (focus on small things/details)
w/in 2 hours of being swallowed, LSD brings on a state of ... , sometimes called ... , marked by a general strengthening of perceptions, particularly visual perceptions, along w/ psychological changes & physical symptoms
morphine
was derived from opium
smooth pursuit eye movement
weaknesses that may be related again to attention problems
weight set point
weight level that a person is predisposed to maintain, controlled in part by hypothalamus
-can induce strong emotions, from joy to anxiety or depression -perception of time may slow dramatically -long-forgotten thoughts & feelings may resurface -physical symptoms can include: sweating, palpitations, blurred vision, tremors, & poor coordination
what LSD can cause: {symptoms & feelings}
-Deviance -Distressing -Dysfunctional -Dangerous
what are "The 4 D's"
more boys pre-puberty then = after
what is the sex differences for oppositional defiant disorder
psychotic disorder
what type of disorder is delusional disorder
epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
when *adrenal medulla* is stimulated, chemicals ... & ... are released
triple-blind design
when a judge asses the patients' improvements and they are also blind to group assignments
Rosenthal effect
when experimenter acts confident when providing medications but frown or hesitate when providing the placebo
outpatient therapy
when patients visited therapists in their offices for sessions of approximately an hour & then went about their daily activities
binge drinking episode
when people consume 5 or more drinks on a single occasion, it is called a ...
self-monitoring
when people monitor themselves, they often change their behavior: weakness of ...
incentive-sensitization theory
when substances repeatedly stimulate this reward center, the center develops a hypersensitivity to the substances. Neurons in the center fire more readily when stimulated by the substances, contributing to future desires for them. This theory is called ...
hypomanic episode
when symptoms are less severe, the person is said to be expereiencing a ... episode
positive correlation
when variables change the same way
dendrites
where an impulse is first received
correlational question
which symptoms of a disorder disappear altogether?
dissociative disorders
while probs in mem & related cog processes can occur w/out biological causes (in the form of ...), more cog probs have organic roots, particularly when they appear later in life
lymphocytes
white blood cells that circulate thru lymph system & bloodstream, helping body identify & destroy antigens & cancer cells
causal/experimental question
why does treatment X work?
schizoid personality disorder
withdrawn & reclusive, people w/ ... do not have close ties w/ other people; they genuinely prefer to be alone
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
women are diagnosed more often than men by a 2:1 ratio
alcohol dehydrogenase
women have less ...
endocrine glands
work along w/ neurons to control such vital activities as growth, reproduction, sexual activity, heart rate, body temp, energy & responses to stress
clinical scientists & clinical practitioners
workers in the ab psych field
stress-reduction & problem-solving seminar
workshop or series of group sessions offered by a business
caffeine
world's most widely used stimulant
avoidant personality disorder
Psychodynamic theorists focus mainly on the general sense of shame felt by people with ...
narcissistic personality disorder
Psychodynamic theorists more than others have theorized about this disorder, focusing on cold, rejecting parents. Object-relations theorists interpret this grandiose self-presentation as a way for people with this disorder to convince themselves that they are self-sufficient and without need of warm relationships. In support of this theory, research has found increased risk for developing the disorder among abused children and those who lost parents through adoption, divorce, or death
1. free association 2. therapist interpretations of transference, resistance, & dreams 3. specific treatments for GAD: -Freudians focus less on fear & more on control of id -object-relations therapists attempt to help patients identify & settle early relationship problems
Psychodynamic therapists use same general techniques to treat all psychological problems (w/ *GAD*):
histrionic personality disorder
Psychodynamic therapy and group therapy have also been applied to help clients deal with their dependency
borderline personality disorder
Psychotherapy can eventually lead to some degree of improvement for people with this disorder. It is extraordinarily difficult, though, for a therapist to strike a balance between empathizing with a patient's dependency and anger and challenging his or her way of thinking
1400 - 1700 A.D.
Renaissance time period
1. people w/ GAD are particularly likely to use defense mechanisms (especially repression) 2. adults, who as children suffered extreme punishment for expressing id impulses, have higher levels or anxiety later in life
Researchers have found some support for psychodynamic perspective (w/ *GAD*):
psychological
Researchers have found that people with anorexia nervosa must overcome their underlying ... problems to achieve lasting improvement
LH
START
VMH
STOP
morphine
So many wounded soldiers in US received ... during Civil War that morphine addiction became known as "soldier's disease"
histrionic personality disorder
Sociocultural and multicultural theorists believe the disorder is caused in part by society's norms and expectations. The vain, dramatic, and selfish behavior may be an exaggeration of femininity as our culture once defined it
sociocultural views
Some theorists propose that people are more likely to develop patterns of substance abuse or dependence when living in stressful socioeconomic conditions {under what view}
-OR: anger & underlying wish -B&C: anxiety & improve interpersonal skills. Restructure clients' maladaptive assumptions & intrpretations -of limited help
TREATMENTS for *paranoid PD*: -object relations therapists try to see past patient's ... & work on ... for a satisfying relationship -behavioral & cognitive therapists try to help clients control ... & ... Also try to ... -drug therapy is
*supportive nursing care*, nutritional counseling, & high-calorie diets
The most popular weight-restoration technique has been the combination of ......
histrionic personality disorder
The psychodynamic perspective was originally developed to explain cases of hysteria, and theorists have retained their interest in the disorder today. Most psychodynamic theorists believe that, as children, people with this disorder experienced unhealthy relationships in which cold parents left them feeling unloved and afraid of abandonment. To defend against deep-seated fears of loss, the individuals learned to behave dramatically, inventing crises that would require people to act protectively
1. early trauma 2. conditioned fears 3. upsetting beliefs 4. biochemical abnormalities
Theorists often assume that avoidant personality disorder has the same causes as anxiety disorders, including:
dependent personality disorder
They are at risk for depression, anxiety, and eating disorders and may be especially prone to suicidal thoughts
narcissistic personality disorder
This disorder is one of the most difficult personality patterns to treat. Clients who consult therapists usually do so because of a related disorder, most commonly depression. Once in treatment, the individuals may try to manipulate the therapist into supporting their sense of superiority None of the major treatment approaches have had much success
binge eating disorder
Today's treatments for ... are often similar to those for bulimia nervosa
cognitive techniques
Typically teach individuals to identify and challenge the negative thoughts that precede the urge to binge {what type of technique}
histrionic personality disorder
Unlike people with most other personality disorders, those with ... are more likely to seek treatment on their own. Working with them can be difficult because of their demands, tantrums, seductiveness, and attempts to please the therapist
thinner
Western standards have changed thruout history toward a ... ideal
-try to discover universal laws, or principles, of abnormal psychological functioning: ~search for *nomothetic understanding* ~do not typically assess, diagnose, or treat individual clients ~rely on the *scientific method* to pinpoint relationships b/w variables ~use 3 methods of investigation to form and test hypotheses & to draw broad conclusions
What do Clinical Researchers Do?
neurotoxicity
[methamphetamine] it damages nerve endings, a problem called ...
weight set point
a "weight thermostat" of sorts
biosocial therory
a # of theorists currently use a ... to explain borderline personality disorder
moral treatment
a 19th century approach to treating people w/ mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance & humane & respectful treatment/techniques
contingency management
a behavioral approach that has been effective in short-term treatment of people who are addicted to cocaine & several other drugs is ...
exposure & response prevention
a behavioral treatment for OCD
systematic desensitization
a behavioral treatment in which clients w/ phobias learn to react calmly instead of w/ intense fear to objects or situations they dread
systemic desensitization
a behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training & a fear hierarchy to help clients w/ phobias react calmly to objects or situations they dread
electrovonvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes thru electrodes attached to patient's forehead
ethyl alcohol
a chemical that is quickly absorbed into the blood thru lining of the stomach & intestine
neurotransmitters
a chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons
persistent depressive disorder
a chronic form of unipolar depression marked by an ongoing & repeated symptoms of either major or mild depression
syndrome
a cluster of symptoms that usually occur together
rational-emotive therapy
a cognitive therapy developed Albert Ellis that helps clients identify & change irrational assumptions & thinking that help cause their psychological disorder
relapse-prevention training
a cognitive-behavioral approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to keep track of their drinking behavior, apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking, & plan ahead for risky situations & reactions
positrom emmision tomography (PET scan)
a computer-produced motion pic of chemical activity thruout the brain
fixation
a condition in which the id, ego, & superego do not mature properly & are frozen at an early stage of development
glove anesthesia
a conversion symptom called ...
case study
a detailed account of a person's life and psychological problems
diagnosis
a determination that a person's problems reflect a particular disorder
diagnosis
a determination that a person's psychological problems constitute a particular disorder & is based on an existing classification system
clinical test
a device for gathering info about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning from which broader info about the person can be inferred
electromyograph (EMG)
a device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body
opposite, or antagonistic, actions
a different kind of synergistic effect results when drugs have ... , or ..., actions. Stimulant drugs, for ex, interfere w/ the liver's usual disposal of barbiturates & alcohol
posttraumatic stress disorder
a disorder in which a person continues to experience fear & related symptoms long after a traumatic event
acute stress disorder
a disorder in which a person experiences fear & related symptoms soon after a traumatic event but for less than a month
dissociative amnesia
a disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events & info
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
a disorder marked by persistent & excessive feelings of anxiety & worry about numerous events & activities
gambling disorder
a disorder marked by persistent & recurrent gambling behavior, leading to a range of life problems
internet gambling disorder
a disorder marked by persistent, recurrent, & excessive Internet gambling. Recommended for further study by the DSM-5 task force
dissociative identity disorder
a dissociative disorder in which a person develops 2 or more distinct personalities
depersonalization-derealization disorder
a dissociative disorder marked by presence of persistent & recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both
reward center
a dopamine-rich pathway in the brain that produces feelings of pleasure when activated
uniformity myth
a false belief that all therapies are equivalent despite differences in the therapists' training, experience, theoretical orientations, & personalities
behavioral medicine
a field that combines psychological & physical interventions to treat or prevent medical problems
antigen
a foreign invader of the body, such as a bacterium or virus
psychological debriefing
a form of crisis intervention in which victims are helped to talk about their feelings & reactions to traumatic incidents
dissociative fugue
a form of dissociative amnesia in which a person travels to a new location & may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting their past
relational psychoanalytic therapy
a form of psychodynamic therapy that believes the reactions & beliefs of therapists should be openly included in the therapy process
nomothetic understanding
a general understanding of the nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal functioning, in the form of laws or principles
validity
a good assessment tool must accurately measure what it is supposed to
reliability
a good tool will always yield the same results in the same situation
self-help group
a group made up of people w/ similar problems who help & support one another w/out the direct leadership of a clinician
corticosteroids
a group of hormones, including cortisol, released by adrenal glands at times of stress
control group
a group of research participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the IV
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
a group of second-generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, w/out affecting other neurotransmitters
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
a hallucinogenic drug derived from ergot alkaloids
hypothesis
a hunch or prediction that certain variables are related in certain ways
dopamine
a key NT in this pleasure pathway [reward center?] appears to be ...
mental vs. medical
a key problem is that reimbursements for .... disorders tend to be lower than those for .... disorders
backward masking
a lab test of attention that requires a person to identify a visual stimulus immediately after a previous stimulus has flashed on & off the screen
prescription drugs
a leading kind of substance abuse in the elderly is misuse of ...
classification system
a list of disorders, along w/ descriptions of symptoms & guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses
depression
a low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms
reliability
a measure of the consistency of test or research results
rapprochement movement
a movement to identify a set of common factors, or common strategies, that run thru all successful therapies
norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression & panic disorder
serotonin
a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, OCD, & eating disorders
norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder & depression
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
a neurotransmitter whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder
ABAB (reversal) design
a participant's reactions are measured and compared not only during a baseline period (condition A) and after introduction of IV (condition B) but also after the IV has been removed (condition A again) and after it has been reintroduced one more time (condition B again)
crashing
a pattern that may also include headaches, dizziness, & fainting
culture
a people's common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technologies, & arts
phobia
a persistent & unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation
obsession
a persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, & interpret them as harmful
death darer
a person who is ambivalent about the wish to die even as they attempt suicide
neutralizing
a person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for unacceptable thoughts
stimulus generalization
a phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli
physician-assisted suicide
a physician helps a patient to end their life in response to the patient's request
residential treatment center
a place where people formerly addicted to drugs live, work, & socialize in a drug-free environment
lobotomy
a pointed instrument was inserted into frontal lobe of brain and rotated, destroying much brain tissue
methamphetamine
a powerful amphetamine drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, posing major health & law enforcement problems
crack
a powerful, ready-to-smoke freebase cocaine
diathesis-stress
a predisposed tendency
preparedness
a predisposition to develop certain fears
placebo therapy
a pretend treatment that the participant in an experiment believes to be genuine
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a procedure that uses the magnetic property of certain hydrogen atoms in the brain to create a detailed pic of the brain's structure
biological challenge test
a procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in presence of a researcher or therapist
classical conditioning
a process of learning by temporal association in which 2 events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind & produce the same response
classical conditioning
a process of learning in which 2 events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind & so produce the same response
modeling
a process of learning in which a person observes & then imitaes others
modeling
a process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing & imitating others
operant conditioning
a process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated
psychopharmacologist
a psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medications
free association
a psychodynamic technique in which patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant
dimensional info
a rating of how severe a client's symptoms are & how dysfunctional the client is across various dimensions of personality & behavior
social networking, Internet activities, & television browsing
a recent survey of adolescent girls ties eating disorders & body dissatisfaction to .......
flashbacks
a recurrence of the sensory & emotional changes after the LSD has left the body. May occur days or even months after the last LSD experience
repressive coping style
a reluctance to express discomfort, anger, or hostility
family pedigree study
a research design in which investigators determine how many & which relatives of a person w/ a disorder have the same disorder
single-subject experiment
a research method in which a single participant is observed and measured both before and after the manipulation of an IV
analogue experiment
a research method in which the experimenter produces abnormal-like behavior in laboratory participants and then conducts experiments on the participants
random assignment
a selection procedure that ensures that participants are randomly placed in either the control group or in the experimental group
alcoholics anonymous (AA)
a self-help organization that provides support & guidance for people with alcohol use disorder
suicide
a self-inflicted death in which the person acts intentionally, directly, & concioiusly
dream
a series of ideas & images that form during sleep
paradigm
a set of assumptions & concepts that help scientists explain & interpret observations
mental status exam
a set of interview questions & observations designed to reveal the degree & nature of a client's abnormal functioning
specific phobia
a severe & persistent fear of a specific object or situation
social anxiety disorder
a severe & persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur
schizopherenia
a severe disorder that causes people to lose contact with reality
major depressive disorder
a severe pattern of depression that is disabling & is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
a severe, potentially fatal reaction
conditioning
a simple form of learning
support group approach
a small # of people w/ *agoraphobia* go out together for exposure sessions that last for several hours
locus coeruleus
a small area of brain that seems to be active in regulation of emotions
amygdala
a small, almond-shaped structure in brain that processes emotional info
anomie (literally, "w/out law")
a societal condition, called ..., leaves people w/out a sense of belonging
the elusive nature of abnormality
a society selects general criteria for defining abnormality & then uses those criteria to judge particular cases
rush
a spasm of warmth & ecstasy that is sometimes compared w/ orgasm
mania
a stage or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking
interview schedule
a standard set of questions designed for all interviews
mania
a state of frenzied activity
observer drift
a steady decline in accuracy as a result of fatigue or of a gradual unintentional change in the standards used when an observation continues for a long period of time
amphetamine
a stimulant drug that is manufactured in the laboratory
hallucinogens
a substance that causes powerful changed primarily in sensory perception, including strengthening perceptions & producing illusions & hallucinations
parasuicide
a suicide attempt that does not result in death
treatment/therapy
a systematic procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior
freebashing
a technique for ingesting cocaine in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame, & inhaled w/ a pipe
biofeedback
a technique in which a client is given info about physiological reactions as they occur & learns to control the reactions voluntarily
anxiety sensitivity
a tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations assess them illogically, & causes anxiety
projective test
a test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to
intelligence test
a test designed to measure a person's intellectual ability
neurological test
a test that directly measures/assess brain function by assessing brain structure & activity
neuropsychological test
a test that indirectly assess brain function by assessing cognitive, perceptual, & motor functioning
psychophysiological test
a test that measures physical responses (such as HR & muscle tension) as possible indicators of psychological problems
personality inventory
a test, designed to measure broad personality characteristics
family systems theory
a theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns & unstated rules
modeling
a therapy approach based on same principle
social skills training
a therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills & assertiveness thru role playing & rehearsing of desirable behaviors
cognitive therapy
a therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people identify & change the maladaptive assumptions & ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders
cognitive therapy
a therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize & change their faulty thinking processes
family therapy
a therapy format in which the therapist meets w/ all members of a family & helps them to change in therapeutic ways
couple therapy
a therapy format in which the therapist works w/ two people who share a long-term relationship
group therapy
a therapy format which is a group of people w/ similar problems meet together w/ a therapist to work on those problems
existential therapy
a therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives & to live w/ greater meaning & value
predictive validity
a tool accurately predicts future characteristics or behaviors
face validity
a tool appears to measure what it is supposed to measure; does not necessarily indicate true validity
concurrent validity
a tool's results agree w/ independent measures assessing similar characteristics or behaviors
methadone maintenance program
a treatment approach in which clients are given legally & medically supervised doses of methadone - a heroin substitute - to treat heroin-centered substance use disorder
community mental health treatment
a treatment approach that emphasizes community care
flooding
a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly & intensively to a feared object & made to see that it is actually harmless
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
a treatment for unipolar depression that is based on belief that clarifying & changing on'e interpersonal problems helps lead to recovery
aversion therapy
a treatment in which clients are repeatedly presented w/ unpleasant stimuli while they are performing undesirable behaviors such as taking a drug
hypnotic therapy
a treatment in which patient undergoes hypnosis & is then guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities
relaxation training
a treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations
asylums
a type of institution that first became popular in 16th century to provide care for persons w/ mental disorders
multicultural factor
a widely publicized study found that eating behaviors & attitudes of young African American women were more positive than those of young white American women (what factor does this statement fall under)
aversion therapy
a widely used behavioral treatment for substance use disorder is ...