Nutrition Final

chemical that denatures proteins is ______

HCl acid

Which "healthy" lipoprotein brings cholesterol and fats back to the liver?

HDL

structures called ___ regulate the flow of food particles through the GI tract

Lower esophegal sphincter

Which eating pattern is known to have many health benefits including: prevent heart disease, reduce inflammatory processes, lowers cholesterol, and aids in weight management?

Mediterranean diet

For someone who has high cholesterol, protein intakes should ______________.

a and c

Phenylalanine

a disorder involving this essential amino acid may lead to brain damage

the digestive system consists of the organs of the GI tract and ___ organs

accessory

requires a carrier and energy

active transport

Which protein attracts water into the cells?

albumin

Linoleic and Linolenic fatty acids are known as ______________.

all of the above

dietary fiber is found in which food group(s)

all of the above

which of the following is equivalent to one serving of protein?

all of these provide 1 serving of protein

primary function of the anus

allow passage of waste

What is the basic building block of a protein?

amino acid

Tryptophan

amino acid that can be converted to the neurotransmitter serotonin

type 1 diabetes mellitus

an autoimmune disease that inhibits insulin production

The difference between animal proteins and plant proteins is that all animal proteins (including food products from animals) _____________________.

are complete proteins

type 2 diabetes mellitus

associated with insulin resistance

What substance is secreted by the gallbladder to emulsify fats?

bile

glucose

blood sugar

The major goal for weight reduction in the treatment of obesity is the loss of:

body fat

Marasmus can be characterized as a condition in which _________________.

both b and c

the absorptive surface of the small intestine made of the villi and microvilli is called the

brush border

Which pathway releases energy through the breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones?

catabolic

a person who does not have sufficient lactase will experience difficulty in digesting

cheese, milk, and ice cream

the semi-liquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum is called

chyme

An oil that is partially hydrogenated sometimes changes one or more of its double bond configurations from ___________.

cis to trans

all organs and glands associated with the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion of food make up the

digestive system

with long term constipation, areas along the colon wall can become weak and develop protruding, inflamed pouches. what is this condition called?

diverticulitis

___________ is responsible for directing the assembly of amino acids and is found in the ________ of the cell.

dna, nucleus

the first section of the small intestine is called

duodenum

albumin

edema

the more carbohydrates provided, the faster blood sugar will rise

false

Under what circumstances would the body need to create ketone bodies?

fasting/starvation

What is the chemical composition of fats?

fatty acids and glycerol

foods high in essential fatty acids include

fish and nuts

which monosaccharide is the most abundant "sugar" in fruits and vegetables?

fructose

celiac disease

gas, bloating, and diarrhea are symptoms of this autoimmune disorder

lactose intolerance

gas, bloating, and diarrhea are symptoms of this non-allergic reaction

celiac disease is an autoimmune disease of the small intestine that occurs in response to foods that contain

gluten

Homocysteine

high levels of this amino acid is associated with increased risk of strokes

the state of equilibrium by the body's control system is called

homeostasis

glucagon

hormone responsible for releasing glucose into the bloodstream

insulin

hormone responsible for the uptake of glucose into the cell

What "control center" in the body responds to hunger and satiety cues?

hypothalamus

Arginine

improves blood flow in the arteries

Benefits of Omega 3s include all EXCEPT:

increase risk for cataracts

glucose + galactose

lactose

Which of the body's tissues is considered active tissue and is responsible for regulating an individual's metabolic rate?

lean body mass (muscles)

What do the Dietary Guidelines recommend for intake of saturated fat?

less than 10%

what is the RDA/RDI for added sugars

less than 10% of total kcals

Which macronutrient enters the lymphatic system before being delivered to the liver?

lipids

glycogen is stored in the

liver and muscles

glucose + glucose

maltose

What part of the cell is considered the "powerhouse?"

mitochondria

Which type of fatty acid is found in high amounts in olive oil?

monounsaturated

the GI tract can be thought of as a hollow tune that runs from the __ to __

mouth, anus

Before protein becomes an energy source, what must be removed from the molecule?

nitrogen

When nutrients affect gene expression, it is known as:

nutrigenomics

the accessory organs participate in digestion, but are not part of the GI tract, they include

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

what type of compound is lecithin

phospholipid

Characteristics of hydrogenated oils include all of the following EXCEPT ____________.

products containing them become rancid sooner, contributing to a shorter shelf-life

insulin

protein that aids in the transport of glucose

which is a function of protein

proteins are responsible for all of these

hemoglobin

quaternary structure that carries oxygen and iron

condensation

reaction that creates water when particles combine

anabolic

reaction that occurs when building molecules

catabolic

reaction that occurs when molecules are broken down

hydrolysis

reaction that uses water to breakdown particles

High LDL levels are associated with an increased intake of _____________.

saturated fats

the food in the digestive tract is mixed and moved by way of muscular contractions called ___ and ___

segmentation, peristalsis

collagen

skin repair

alternative sweetener as a herbal product

stevia

glucose + fructose

sucrose

sweetest disaccharide that is comprised of glucose and fructose molecules is called

sucrose

All of the following about cholesterol are true EXCEPT:

the liver cannot make cholesterol therefore, it is required in the diet

Which fats does FDA require to be on the nutrition label?

trans and saturated

Fatty acids are typically found in food and ___________ form in our bodies.

triglycerides

Lack of sleep can impact one's health by increasing ghrelin secretion which leads to an increased appetite and weight gain.

true

What type of obesity is associated with increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension?

visceral adiposity

as dietary fiber intake increases, it is important to increase intake of ___

water

which of the following is a symptom of hypoglycemia

weakness and hunger during the day

How many g/kg of protein should a healthy adult consume?

0.8 g/kg

pH of stomach acid

1.5 - 3.5

considered the normal range for fasting blood glucose

100 - 125 mg/dL

how many grams of CHO are in one serving

15 g

What is the AMDR (or DRI Recommendation) for dietary fat?

20-35%