Nutrition Final
chemical that denatures proteins is ______
HCl acid
Which "healthy" lipoprotein brings cholesterol and fats back to the liver?
HDL
structures called ___ regulate the flow of food particles through the GI tract
Lower esophegal sphincter
Which eating pattern is known to have many health benefits including: prevent heart disease, reduce inflammatory processes, lowers cholesterol, and aids in weight management?
Mediterranean diet
For someone who has high cholesterol, protein intakes should ______________.
a and c
Phenylalanine
a disorder involving this essential amino acid may lead to brain damage
the digestive system consists of the organs of the GI tract and ___ organs
accessory
requires a carrier and energy
active transport
Which protein attracts water into the cells?
albumin
Linoleic and Linolenic fatty acids are known as ______________.
all of the above
dietary fiber is found in which food group(s)
all of the above
which of the following is equivalent to one serving of protein?
all of these provide 1 serving of protein
primary function of the anus
allow passage of waste
What is the basic building block of a protein?
amino acid
Tryptophan
amino acid that can be converted to the neurotransmitter serotonin
type 1 diabetes mellitus
an autoimmune disease that inhibits insulin production
The difference between animal proteins and plant proteins is that all animal proteins (including food products from animals) _____________________.
are complete proteins
type 2 diabetes mellitus
associated with insulin resistance
What substance is secreted by the gallbladder to emulsify fats?
bile
glucose
blood sugar
The major goal for weight reduction in the treatment of obesity is the loss of:
body fat
Marasmus can be characterized as a condition in which _________________.
both b and c
the absorptive surface of the small intestine made of the villi and microvilli is called the
brush border
Which pathway releases energy through the breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones?
catabolic
a person who does not have sufficient lactase will experience difficulty in digesting
cheese, milk, and ice cream
the semi-liquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum is called
chyme
An oil that is partially hydrogenated sometimes changes one or more of its double bond configurations from ___________.
cis to trans
all organs and glands associated with the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion of food make up the
digestive system
with long term constipation, areas along the colon wall can become weak and develop protruding, inflamed pouches. what is this condition called?
diverticulitis
___________ is responsible for directing the assembly of amino acids and is found in the ________ of the cell.
dna, nucleus
the first section of the small intestine is called
duodenum
albumin
edema
the more carbohydrates provided, the faster blood sugar will rise
false
Under what circumstances would the body need to create ketone bodies?
fasting/starvation
What is the chemical composition of fats?
fatty acids and glycerol
foods high in essential fatty acids include
fish and nuts
which monosaccharide is the most abundant "sugar" in fruits and vegetables?
fructose
celiac disease
gas, bloating, and diarrhea are symptoms of this autoimmune disorder
lactose intolerance
gas, bloating, and diarrhea are symptoms of this non-allergic reaction
celiac disease is an autoimmune disease of the small intestine that occurs in response to foods that contain
gluten
Homocysteine
high levels of this amino acid is associated with increased risk of strokes
the state of equilibrium by the body's control system is called
homeostasis
glucagon
hormone responsible for releasing glucose into the bloodstream
insulin
hormone responsible for the uptake of glucose into the cell
What "control center" in the body responds to hunger and satiety cues?
hypothalamus
Arginine
improves blood flow in the arteries
Benefits of Omega 3s include all EXCEPT:
increase risk for cataracts
glucose + galactose
lactose
Which of the body's tissues is considered active tissue and is responsible for regulating an individual's metabolic rate?
lean body mass (muscles)
What do the Dietary Guidelines recommend for intake of saturated fat?
less than 10%
what is the RDA/RDI for added sugars
less than 10% of total kcals
Which macronutrient enters the lymphatic system before being delivered to the liver?
lipids
glycogen is stored in the
liver and muscles
glucose + glucose
maltose
What part of the cell is considered the "powerhouse?"
mitochondria
Which type of fatty acid is found in high amounts in olive oil?
monounsaturated
the GI tract can be thought of as a hollow tune that runs from the __ to __
mouth, anus
Before protein becomes an energy source, what must be removed from the molecule?
nitrogen
When nutrients affect gene expression, it is known as:
nutrigenomics
the accessory organs participate in digestion, but are not part of the GI tract, they include
pancreas, liver, gallbladder
what type of compound is lecithin
phospholipid
Characteristics of hydrogenated oils include all of the following EXCEPT ____________.
products containing them become rancid sooner, contributing to a shorter shelf-life
insulin
protein that aids in the transport of glucose
which is a function of protein
proteins are responsible for all of these
hemoglobin
quaternary structure that carries oxygen and iron
condensation
reaction that creates water when particles combine
anabolic
reaction that occurs when building molecules
catabolic
reaction that occurs when molecules are broken down
hydrolysis
reaction that uses water to breakdown particles
High LDL levels are associated with an increased intake of _____________.
saturated fats
the food in the digestive tract is mixed and moved by way of muscular contractions called ___ and ___
segmentation, peristalsis
collagen
skin repair
alternative sweetener as a herbal product
stevia
glucose + fructose
sucrose
sweetest disaccharide that is comprised of glucose and fructose molecules is called
sucrose
All of the following about cholesterol are true EXCEPT:
the liver cannot make cholesterol therefore, it is required in the diet
Which fats does FDA require to be on the nutrition label?
trans and saturated
Fatty acids are typically found in food and ___________ form in our bodies.
triglycerides
Lack of sleep can impact one's health by increasing ghrelin secretion which leads to an increased appetite and weight gain.
true
What type of obesity is associated with increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension?
visceral adiposity
as dietary fiber intake increases, it is important to increase intake of ___
water
which of the following is a symptom of hypoglycemia
weakness and hunger during the day
How many g/kg of protein should a healthy adult consume?
0.8 g/kg
pH of stomach acid
1.5 - 3.5
considered the normal range for fasting blood glucose
100 - 125 mg/dL
how many grams of CHO are in one serving
15 g
What is the AMDR (or DRI Recommendation) for dietary fat?
20-35%